158-472: The Coalition Avenir Québec ( French: [kɔalisjɔ̃ avniʁ kebɛk] , lit. ' Quebec Future Coalition ' or ' Future Quebec Coalition ' ; CAQ ) is a Quebec nationalist , autonomist and conservative provincial political party in Quebec . It was founded by former Parti Québécois (PQ) cabinet minister François Legault and businessman Charles Sirois ; Legault also serves as
316-706: A nation within a united Canada". In 2021, François Legault 's Coalition Avenir Québec government in Quebec proposed to amend the Charter of the French Language and the provincial constitution to more strongly entrench French as the sole official language. In response to this, the Bloc Québécois initiated a motion in the House of Commons endorsing the constitutionality of Legault's initiatives and reasserting Quebecers' nationhood. The Commons passed
474-626: A "Whistleblower Protection Directive" containing broad free speech protections for whistleblowers in both the public and the private sectors, including for journalists, in all member states of the European Union . The Directive prohibits direct or indirect retaliation against employees, current and former, in the public sector and the private sector. The Directive's protections apply to employees, to volunteers, and to those who assist them, including to civil society organizations and to journalists who report on their evidence. In October 2021,
632-567: A CAQ government will demand greater power for Quebec. The party is critical of the system of equalization payments in Canada and plans to remove Quebec from receiving such payments. The party introduced an electoral reform bill in September 2019. It abandoned plans to hold a referendum on electoral reform in the 2022 general election claiming there was not enough time. Quebec nationalism Quebec nationalism or Québécois nationalism
790-423: A backlog of nearly 37,000 pre-approved applications. This bottleneck has led to significant strain on the immigration system, resulting in numerous families being separated for extended periods. The human impact of these delays has been profound, with many families experiencing prolonged separation, leading to feelings of frustration and betrayal among Quebec residents awaiting reunification. This situation contradicts
948-425: A claim or narrative. A case involving the scientific community engaging in research fraudulence is that of Dr. Cyril Burt . Dr Cyril Burt was a British psychologist who proposed that he had discovered a heritable factor for intelligence based on studying twins. Dr. Oliver Gillie , a former colleague of Dr. Burt, inquired about Dr. Burt’s work, doubting the authenticity of the data and the certain twins that Dr. Burt
1106-399: A climate whereby employees are more likely to report or seek guidance regarding potential or actual wrongdoing without fear of retaliation. The coming anti-bribery management systems standard, ISO 37001 , includes anonymous reporting as one of the criteria for the new standard. External whistleblowers report misconduct to outside people or entities. In these cases, depending on the nature of
1264-547: A commitment, of the law or regulations, or a serious threat or harm to general interest, which he or she has become personally aware of. " It excludes certain professional secrets such as national defense secrecy, medical secrecy or the secrecy of relations between a lawyer and his client. In 2022, two laws are passed to transpose the European Directive 2019/1937 of 23 October 2019 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law. One of them strengthens
1422-530: A common denominator was that both English and French speakers were happy with the end to Maurice Duplessis's conservative party the Union Nationale that brought much social and political repression. The Quiet Revolution beginning in the 1960s gathered momentum with the many reformations carried out by Jean Lesage including changes to the education, social welfare, hospitalization, hydro-electricity, regional development and greater francophone participation in
1580-414: A firmer academic basis in virtue ethics . It is likely that many people do not even consider whistleblowing not only because of fear of retaliation but also because of fear of losing relationships both at and outside work. Persecution of whistleblowers has become a serious issue in many parts of the world: Employees in academia, business or government might become aware of serious risks to health and
1738-451: A good-faith report of a whistleblowing action or cooperating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit arising under said action. Federal whistleblower legislation includes a statute protecting all government employees. In the federal civil service, the government is prohibited from taking, or threatening to take, any personnel action against an employee because the employee disclosed information that they reasonably believed showed
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#17327648664751896-495: A job at the Caisse de dépôt et placement . The subsequent 20 October 2014 by-election was won by CAQ candidate François Paradis with 47 per cent of the popular vote. Following much speculation, Gérard Deltell announced on 7 April 2015, that he would be running for the federal Conservative Party of Canada in the riding of Louis-Saint-Laurent in the upcoming 2015 federal election . His resignation as MNA for Chauveau took effect
2054-464: A manager or to external factors, such as their lawyer or the police. Whistleblowing in the private sector is typically not high-profile or openly discussed in major news outlets, though occasionally, third parties expose human rights violations and exploitation of workers. Many governments attempt to protect such whistleblowers. In the United States, for example, there are organizations such as
2212-612: A motivating forces. A 2012 study shows that individuals are more likely to blow the whistle when others know about the wrongdoing, because they fear the consequences of keeping silent. In cases where one person is responsible for wrongdoing, the whistleblower may file a formal report, rather than directly confronting the wrongdoer, because confrontation would be more emotionally and psychologically stressful. Furthermore, individuals may be motivated to report unethical behavior when they believe their organizations will support them. Professionals in management roles may feel responsibility to blow
2370-644: A national debate by adopting with more than 80% support a resolution calling on the Government of Canada to recognize the Quebec nation within Canada. A month later, the said resolution was taken to Parliament first by the Bloc Québécois , then by the Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper . On November 27, 2006, the House of Commons of Canada passed a motion recognizing that the "Québécois form
2528-431: A new Quebec with a new meaning behind the word Nationalism would continue to change and progress overtime with the 1960s being the start of this change. Understanding contemporary Quebec nationalism is difficult considering the ongoing debates on the political status of the province and its complex public opinion. No political option (outright independence, sovereignty-association , constitutional reforms, or signing on to
2686-480: A progressive province being brought into the North American culture. Duplessis's main ideas to transform Quebec were through rapid industrialization, urbanization and a greater and faster development of the province's natural resources. English speakers of the province hoped that industrialization and urbanization would replace the outdated French Canadian society. These changes launched French Canadians into
2844-458: A result of litigation regarding harms such as unfair dismissal, which they often face with little or no support from unions. Whistleblowers who continue to pursue their concerns may also face long battles with official bodies such as regulators and government departments. Such bodies may reproduce the "institutional silence" adopted by employers, adding to whistleblowers' stress and difficulties. Thus, whistleblowers often suffer great injustice that
3002-1221: A result of whistleblowing. Revealing a whistleblower's identity can automatically put their life in danger. Some media outlets associate words like "traitor" and "treason" with whistleblowers, and in many countries around the world, the punishment for treason is the death penalty , even if whoever allegedly committed treason may not have caused anyone physical harm. In some instances, whistleblowers must flee their country to avoid public scrutiny, threats of death or physical harm, and in some cases criminal charges. Whistleblowers are often protected under law from employer retaliation, but in many cases, punishment such as termination , suspension , demotion , wage garnishment , and/or harsh mistreatment by other employees occurs. A 2009 study found that up to 38% of whistleblowers experienced professional retaliation in some form, including wrongful termination. Following dismissal, whistleblowers may struggle to find employment due to damaged reputations, poor references, and blacklisting . The socioeconomic impact of whistleblowing through loss of livelihood and family strain may also impact whistleblowers' psychological well-being. Whistleblowers often experience immense stress as
3160-717: A sharp decline in ethical practices, as opposed to a gradual worsening. There are generally two metrics by which whistleblowers determine if a practice is unethical . The first metric involves a violation of the organization's bylaws or written ethical policies. These violations allow individuals to concretize and rationalize blowing the whistle. On the other hand, "value-driven" whistleblowers are influenced by their personal codes of ethics or by public service motivation which comes from an alignment of personal, cultural and organisational values. In these cases, whistleblowers have been criticized for being driven by personal biases. In addition to ethics, social and organizational pressure are
3318-493: A significant shift in Quebec's traditionally welcoming approach to newcomers. The party's immigration policy emphasizes the reduction of immigration levels and the implementation of stricter controls across various migration categories. This policy shift was a central component of the CAQ's successful 2018 electoral campaign, which saw the party increase its parliamentary representation from 21 to 74 seats, securing an absolute majority in
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#17327648664753476-419: A specific goal, adjusting how data is shown or explained, looking at data in a biased manner, and leaving out parts about data analysis and conclusions. Dr. Paolo Macchiarini is well-known within the scientific community as a thoracic surgeon and former regenerative researcher. Dr Macchiarini claimed to have made profound advancements in trachea transplantation by using synthetic tracheal scaffolds planted with
3634-653: A strong majority government. The CAQ won 37.4 percent of the vote, four percentage points fewer than what the Liberals tallied four years earlier, and the lowest vote share on record for a party winning an outright majority. However, the CAQ dominated its traditional heartlands and also scored sweeps or near-sweeps in Mauricie , Estrie , Lanaudière , Montérégie , the Laurentides and northern Quebec . Historically, Quebec elections have seen very large disparities between
3792-441: A topic called guerrilla government. "Rather than acting openly, guerrillas often choose to remain "in the closet", moving clandestinely behind the scenes, salmon swimming upstream against the current of power. Over the years, I have learned that the motivations driving guerrillas are diverse. The reasons for acting range from the altruistic (doing the right thing) to the seemingly petty (I was passed over for that promotion). Taken as
3950-532: A violation of law, gross mismanagement, and gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public safety or health. To prevail on a claim, a federal employee must show that a protected disclosure was made, that the accused official knew of the disclosure, that retaliation resulted, and that there was a genuine connection between the retaliation and the employee's action. Research fraud involves data, processes, or observations that were never there to begin with or later added on to fit
4108-944: A wall of silence and hostility by management or colleagues. Depression is often reported by whistleblowers, and suicidal thoughts may occur in up to about 10%. General deterioration in health and self care has been described. The range of symptomatology shares many of the features of posttraumatic stress disorder , though there is debate about whether the trauma experienced by whistleblowers meets diagnostic thresholds. Increased stress -related physical illness has also been described in whistleblowers. The stresses involved in whistleblowing can be huge and may deter whistleblowing out of fear of failure and reprisals. Some whistleblowers speak of overwhelming and persistent distress, drug and alcohol problems, paranoid behavior at work, acute anxiety , nightmares , flashbacks , and intrusive thoughts . This fear may indeed be justified because an individual who feels threatened by whistleblowing may plan
4266-455: A wall of silence, and prevent any organization from experiencing the improvements that may be afforded by intelligent failure. Some whistleblowers who break ranks with their organizations have had their mental stability questioned, such as Adrian Schoolcraft , the NYPD veteran who alleged falsified crime statistics in his department and was forcibly committed to a mental institution. Conversely,
4424-456: A whole, their acts are as awe inspiring as saving human lives out of a love of humanity and as trifling as slowing the issuance of a report out of spite or anger." For example, of the more than 1,000 whistleblower complaints that are filed each year with the Pentagon's Inspector General , about 97 percent are not substantiated. It is believed throughout the professional world that an individual
4582-557: Is a feeling and a political doctrine that prioritizes cultural belonging to, the defence of the interests of, and the recognition of the political legitimacy of the Québécois nation , particularly its French Canadian population. It has been a movement and a central issue in Quebec politics since the beginning of the 19th century. Québécois nationalism has seen several political, ideological and partisan variations and incarnations over
4740-792: Is a reality of the 19th century. The idea of a nation canadienne was supported by the liberal or professional class in Lower Canada: lawyers, notaries, librarians, accountants, doctors, journalists, and architects, among others. A political movement for the independence of the Canadien people slowly took form following the enactment of the Constitutional Act of 1791 . This act of the British Parliament created two colonies, Lower Canada and Upper Canada, each of which had its own political institutions. In Lower Canada,
4898-419: Is bound to secrecy within their work sector. Discussions of whistleblowing and employee loyalty usually assume that the concept of loyalty is irrelevant to the issue or more commonly, that whistleblowing involves a moral choice that pits the loyalty that an employee owes an employer against the employee's responsibility to serve the public interest. Robert A. Larmer describes the standard view of whistleblowing in
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5056-482: Is ethnic have often expressed their opinion that the sentiments of Quebec's nationalists are insular and parochial and concerned with preserving a pure laine population of white francophones within the province. Despite these accusations being denounced by many Quebec nationalists who see both the separatist and nationalist movement as multi-ethnic, there is much evidence to suggest that both movements are based on ethnicity, rather than on territory. An example of this
5214-461: Is less likely. There are examples of "early warning scientists" being harassed for bringing inconvenient truths about impending harm to the notice of the public and authorities. There have also been cases of young scientists being discouraged from entering controversial scientific fields for fear of harassment . In order to help whistleblowers, private organizations have formed whistleblower legal defense funds or support groups. Examples include
5372-475: Is never acknowledged or rectified. In a few cases, however, harm is done by the whistleblower to innocent people. Whistleblowers can make unintentional mistakes, and investigations can be tainted by the fear of negative publicity. An example occurred in the Canadian health ministry , when a new employee wrongly concluded that nearly every research contract she saw in 2012 involved malfeasance. The end result
5530-501: Is part of a broader global trend where political leaders, such as Matteo Salvini of Italy, Viktor Orbán of Hungary, and Donald Trump of the United States, have promoted anti-immigration rhetoric in regions previously less influenced by such discourse. This trend reflects emerging challenges in regions like Quebec, which have historically been open to immigration but are now grappling with concerns over cultural integration and economic demands. In contrast to Quebec's restrictive policies,
5688-460: Is said to have coined the phrase in the early 1970s in order to avoid the negative connotations found in other words such as "informer" and "snitch". However, the origins of the word date back to the 19th century. The word is linked to the use of a whistle to alert the public or a crowd about such problems as the commission of a crime or the breaking of rules during a game. The phrase whistle blower attached itself to law enforcement officials in
5846-592: Is the French language . People who feel that Quebec nationalism is linguistic have often expressed their opinion that Quebec nationalism includes a multi-ethnic or multicultural French-speaking majority (either as mother tongue or first language used in public). The entrenchment of the French language in Quebec has been a central goal of Quebec nationalism since the 1970s. In 1974, the Quebec Legislature passed
6004-424: Is the activity of a person, often an employee, revealing information about activity within a private or public organization that is deemed illegal, immoral, illicit, unsafe or fraudulent. Whistleblowers can use a variety of internal or external channels to communicate information or allegations. Over 83% of whistleblowers report internally to a supervisor, human resources , compliance , or a neutral third party within
6162-567: Is the most basic of ethical traits and simply telling the truth to stop illegal harmful activities or fraud against the government/taxpayers. In the opposite camp, many corporations and corporate or government leaders see whistleblowing as being disloyal for breaching confidentiality, especially in industries that handle sensitive client or patient information. Hundreds of laws grant protection to whistleblowers, but stipulations can easily cloud that protection and leave them vulnerable to retaliation and sometimes even threats and physical harm. However,
6320-543: Is to enhance public confidence in Canada's federal public institutions and in the integrity of public servants. Mandated by the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act , PSIC is a permanent and independent agent of Parliament . The act, which came into force in 2007, applies to most of the federal public sector , approximately 400,000 public servants . This includes government departments and agencies, parent Crown corporations,
6478-549: Is when Premier of Quebec Jacques Parizeau , commenting on the failure of the 1995 Quebec referendum said "It is true, it is true that we were beaten, but in the end, by what? By money and ethnic votes, essentially." (" C'est vrai, c'est vrai qu'on a été battus, au fond, par quoi? Par l'argent puis des votes ethniques, essentiellement. "). Another example of this was the implementation of Quebec's Bill 21 , which sparked controversy after it banned people from wearing religious clothing in certain professions. This law hugely impacted
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6636-453: The Journal of Business Ethics by explaining that an employee possesses prima facie (based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise) duties of loyalty and confidentiality to their employers and that whistleblowing cannot be justified except on the basis of a higher duty to the public good . It is important to recognize that in any relationship which demands loyalty
6794-544: The Official Language Act under Premier Robert Bourassa . This legislation made French the sole official language of Quebec and the primary language of services, commercial signing, labour relations and business, education, and legislation and justice. In 1977, this Official Language Act was superseded by the Charter of the French Language , which expanded and entrenched French within Quebec. This charter
6952-626: The National Assembly of Quebec . This victory was unprecedented since 1970, as it was the first time neither the Quebec Liberal Party nor the Parti Québécois had governed the province. Under the leadership of François Legault , the CAQ has argued that "Quebec has exceeded its integration capacity," advocating for a decrease in the number of admitted immigrants. One of the most controversial proposals introduced by
7110-563: The National Whistleblower Center in the United States and Whistleblowers UK and Public Concern at Work (PCaW) in the United Kingdom. Depending on the circumstances, it is not uncommon for whistleblowers to be ostracized by their coworkers, discriminated against by future potential employers, or even fired from their organization. A campaign directed at whistleblowers with the goal of eliminating them from
7268-489: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and other federal public sector bodies. Not all disclosures lead to an investigation as the act sets out the jurisdiction of the commissioner and gives the option not to investigate under certain circumstances. On the other hand, if PSIC conducts an investigation and finds no wrongdoing was committed, the commissioner must report his findings to the discloser and to
7426-709: The Seven Years' War , the British invaded New France as part of the French and Indian War , winning a conclusive victory at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . At the Treaty of Paris , France agreed to abandon its claims over New France in return for the island of Guadeloupe . From the 1760s onward, Canadien nationalism developed within a British constitutional context. Despite intense pressure from outside Parliament,
7584-677: The Thirteen Colonies , this has, in its contemporary assessment, been viewed as an act of appeasement and was largely effective at dissolving Canadien nationalism in the 18th century (especially considering the threat and proximity of American revolutionary ideology) yet it became less effective with the arrival of Loyalists after the revolutions. With the Loyalists splitting the Province of Quebec into two identities; Upper Canada and Lower Canada , Canadiens were labelled by
7742-665: The United States Department of Labor (DOL) and laws such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations (FSGO) that protect whistleblowers in the private sector. Thus, despite government efforts to help regulate the private sector, the employees must still weigh their options. They either expose the company and stand the moral and ethical high ground; or expose
7900-469: The "Sapin 2 Law") provides for the first time a single legal definition of whistleblowers in France. It defines him or her as " an individual who discloses or reports, in a disinterested manner and in good faith, a crime or an offence, a serious and manifest breach of an international commitment duly ratified or approved by France, a unilateral act of an international organization adopted on the basis of such
8058-436: The 1950s. A new leader, Quebec and ideology of nationalism would emerge and sweep across the province finally providing French-Canadians their greatly awaited need for change. The events leading up to the 1960s were catalysts that would tear down and reconstruct the foundation of what it meant to be a Quebec Nationalist. Nationalism in the 1960s represented a completely new mantra unlike the aged significance placed upon it in
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#17327648664758216-656: The 1950s. The 1960s in Quebec was a period of the Quiet Revolution, the Liberal Party of Canada the election of the Parti Québécois , a site of a thriving economy and the beginning of a variety of independent movements. During this time, Quebec was a place of enlightenment, there were changes in the society, values, and economy. This was a time of radical thinking, culture and ideologies, one ideology would finally emerge after centuries of dormancy. Quebec would change from its old fashioned roots and be brought into
8374-403: The 1960s for people who revealed wrongdoing, such as Nader. It eventually evolved into the compound word whistleblower . Most whistleblowers are internal whistleblowers, who report misconduct on a fellow employee or superior within their company through anonymous reporting mechanisms often called hotlines . Within such situations, circumstances and factors can cause a person to either act on
8532-457: The 1960s. The province has a history of colonization and conquest that is complex and multi layered. The past history of this province can be seen in the city's landscape marked with a variety of memoir commemorating the overtaking powers. The province's Francophones as well as ethnic and racial minority groups did not have any power, they were living in the poorest parts of cities. It was hard for these groups to progress in their careers or climb
8690-536: The 19th century because they used a whistle to alert the public or fellow police. Sports referees , who use a whistle to indicate an illegal or foul play , also were called whistle blowers. An 1883 story in Wisconsin's Janesville Gazette called a policeman who used his whistle to alert citizens about a riot a whistle blower , without the hyphen. By the year 1963, the phrase had become a hyphenated word, whistle-blower . The word began to be used by journalists in
8848-630: The 19th century, because the Canadiens saw themselves as a people culturally distinct from the French even in the time of New France. The cultural tensions were indeed palpable between the governor of New France, the Canadian-born Pierre de Vaudreuil and General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm , a Frenchman, during the French and Indian War. However, the use of the expression la nation canadienne (the Canadian nation) by French Canadians
9006-738: The British government drafted the Quebec Act which guaranteed Canadiens the restoration of French civil law; guaranteed the free practice of the Catholic faith; and returned the territorial extensions that they had enjoyed before the Treaty of Paris. In effect, this "enlightened" action by leaders in the British Parliament allowed French Canada to retain its unique characteristics. Although detrimental to Britain's relationship with
9164-575: The CAQ is the requirement for immigrants to pass a French and culture examination after three years of residence in Quebec, with the potential consequence of expulsion for those who fail to meet the standards. This measure aims to reinforce the province's commitment to preserving its French language and cultural identity, aligning with the provincial motto, "Je me souviens," which underscores the importance of collective memory, history, and traditions in Quebec society. The CAQ's immigration policies have sparked significant debate within Quebec, particularly among
9322-563: The CAQ's gains came at the expense of the PQ, with several ridings that had been in PQ hands for four decades or more falling by landslide margins. The CAQ then took the seat vacated by the resignation of former premier Philippe Couillard in a by-election held 10 December 2018, increasing its total to 75 seats. In December 2019, the party won the by-election in Jean-Talon and in April 2022 won
9480-472: The CAQ's standing. Therefore, early voting results revealed a disastrous outcome for the party, while ballots cast on Election Day were much more favourable. Also, overall returns marked a significant geographic shift in the CAQ electoral base. In the Capitale-Nationale area, reputed for its conservative leanings and the influence of its talk-radio hosts, the Quebec Liberal Party won four of
9638-408: The CAQ's stated goals of promoting integration and social cohesion within the province. Additionally, the rigid quotas set by the provincial government are viewed as limiting the federal government's ability to expedite family reunification processes, thereby exacerbating the backlog. Critics of the CAQ's family reunification policy argue that it represents a failure in both administrative efficiency and
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#17327648664759796-552: The CAQ, becoming the new party's first sitting members. In January 2012, PQ MNA François Rebello switched party affiliation to the CAQ, becoming its fifth sitting member. On 21 January 2012, the results of the ADQ's mail-in vote were announced: of the 54% of members who voted, 70% approved the merger with the CAQ. The ADQ's four remaining MNAs— Sylvie Roy of Lotbinière , Janvier Grondin of Beauce-Nord , François Bonnardel of Shefford , and leader Gérard Deltell of Chauveau —joined
9954-526: The CAQ, boosting its caucus to nine. On 23 January 2012, the CAQ announced its first president, Dominique Anglade , who would also be a candidate for the party in the next election. She left the party in 2015, cited objections to the CAQ's positions on ethnic identity and immigration and ran for the Quebec Liberal Party. On 5 August 2012, Jacques Duchesneau , the whistleblower behind Quebec's anti-corruption unit, announced his candidacy for
10112-530: The Cabinet of the United Kingdom in 1837 led to a radicalization of the patriotic movement's actions. Louis-Joseph Papineau took the leadership of a new strategy which included the boycott of all British imports. During the summer, many popular gatherings ( assemblées populaires ) were organized to protest against the policy of Great Britain in Lower Canada. In November, Governor Archibald Acheson ordered
10270-763: The EU Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Equality and the Rule of Law emphasized that ministries, as legal entities in the public sector, are also explicitly required to establish internal reporting channels for their employees. It provides equal rights for whistleblowers in the national security sector who challenge denial or removal of their security clearances . Also, whistleblowers are protected from criminal prosecution and corporate lawsuits for damages resulting from their whistleblowing and provided with psychological support for dealing with harassment stress. Good government observers have hailed
10428-461: The EU directive as setting "the global standard for best practice rights protecting freedom of speech where it counts the most—challenging abuses of power that betray the public trust ," according to the U.S.-based Government Accountability Project . They have noted, however, that ambiguities remain in the directive regarding application in some areas, such as "duty speech", that is, when employees report
10586-541: The English Misplaced Pages, this section emphasizes the English-speaking world and covers other regimes only insofar as they represent exceptionally greater or lesser protections. There are laws in a number of states. The former Australian intelligence officer known as Witness K , who provided evidence of Australia's controversial spying operation against the government of East Timor in 2004, face
10744-616: The Francophone society, but rather evolving organized labor, educational reform, and the modernization of political process. There were many issues that the province had during this time due to the imbalance between the Francophones and Anglophones on a variety of levels. Even though the Francophones outnumbered the Anglophones, the Francophones were still seen as a minority. This oppression however dated further back than just
10902-527: The French-Canadian nation economically, socially, culturally and linguistically. Groulx successfully promoted Québécois nationalism and the ultra-conservative Catholic social doctrine, to which the Church would maintain dominance in political and social life in Quebec. In the 1920s–1950s, this form of traditionalist Catholic nationalism became known as clerico-nationalism . In the time leading up to
11060-609: The French-speaking and Catholic Canadiens held the majority in the elected legislative assembly, but were either a small minority or simply not represented in the appointed legislative and executive councils, both appointed by the governor, representing the British Crown in the colony. Most of the members of the legislative council and the executive council were part of the British ruling class, composed of wealthy merchants, judges, militia officers and other members of
11218-657: The Loyalists as French Canadians . From 1776 to the late 1830s, the world witnessed the creation of many new national states with the birth of the United States , the French Republic , Haiti , Paraguay , Argentina , Chile , Mexico , Brazil , Peru , Gran Colombia , Belgium , Greece and others. Often accomplished militarily, these national independence movements occurred in the context of complex ideological and political struggles pitting European metropoles against their respective colonies, often assuming
11376-457: The Muslim community in the province, with many citing it as proof of the movement's ethnic origins, and calling it Islamophobic, and discriminatory. Further controversy was sparked when most nationalist parties stated that the law was not Islamophobic, and instead stated that it was secular. Paul Plamondon , leader of the Parti Québécois (PQ) called someone in the Quebec government out for saying
11534-520: The National Assembly. The party includes former federal Conservatives, provincial Liberals and ex-péquistes. The party proposes government investment in education and partial decentralization of the healthcare system. They promise "to further develop the entrepreneurial culture in Québec" and provide government resources for the private sector. The party also supports austerity "to provide
11692-596: The PQ and of the Action démocratique du Québec (ADQ); the ADQ later merged with the CAQ in January 2012. The party is registered with the Director-General of Elections in Quebec under the name Coalition avenir Québec – L'équipe François Legault . Members and supporters of the party are referred to as "caquistes", derived from the French pronunciation of the party's initials. However, the party has requested that
11850-653: The adverse post-operational effects, and complications of the surgery. Patients experienced severe health problems; several died post-surgery. The acts of Dr. Macchiarini led to the retractions of research articles from the Lancet , the termination of his academic positions, and criminal inquiries in Sweden. It also sparked concerns over the supervision and control of clinical trials utilizing experimental techniques. Individual harm, damage to public trust, and threats to national security are three categories of harm that may come as
12008-415: The agricultural industry. Quebec did not align with the fast-paced urban life of Western society that was reflected across the nation and other countries. The lack of great progression is believed to be attributed to the premier of the province at this time Maurice Duplessis . Maurice Duplessis returned to win the 1944 election and stayed in the position of premier of Quebec for fifteen years whilst being
12166-541: The arrest of 26 leaders of the patriote movement, among whom Louis-Joseph Papineau and many other reformists were members of parliament. This instigated an armed conflict which developed into the Lower Canada Rebellion . Following the repression of the insurrectionist movement of 1838, many of the most revolutionary nationalist and democratic ideas of the Parti patriote were discredited. Although it
12324-546: The backlash. The CAQ losses in the Capitale-Nationale area were largely compensated with a significant breakthrough in the " 450 area " ( Laurentides , Lanaudière and Montérégie ), where it ended up with seven more seats. Meanwhile, the CAQ support in Chaudière-Appalaches and Centre-du-Québec remained steady. On 15 August 2014, CAQ MNA for Lévis Christian Dubé resigned his seat to take
12482-517: The broader societal goals of integration and community cohesion. According to data reported by the Journal de Montréal in July 2023, approximately 37,000 family sponsorship applications were pending, in stark contrast to the annual admission target of around 10,600 individuals. The CAQ contends that the near half-century debate over sovereignty has hampered Quebec's economic and political progress. While
12640-572: The business community in Montreal . Critics argue that the reduction in immigration could adversely affect the province's economy, which relies heavily on foreign workers to fill approximately 100,000 vacant job positions. With an unemployment rate of 5.3% and an economic growth rate of 3%, the Montreal Chamber of Commerce has highlighted the potential negative impact of the CAQ's proposals on economic stability. The CAQ's stance on immigration
12798-503: The by-election in Marie-Victorin , both of which had been Liberal and Parti Québécois strongholds, raising its seat total to 76. The party won another majority government in the 2022 elections , raising their seat count to 90. The party has been described as right-wing populist and conservative nationalist , as well as anti-immigration and sceptical of multiculturalism . The party self-described itself as being neither of
12956-966: The career destruction of the "complainant" by reporting fictitious errors or rumors. This technique, labelled as " gaslighting ", is a common approach used by organizations to manage employees who cause difficulty by raising concerns. In extreme cases, this technique involves the organization or manager proposing that the complainant's mental health is unstable. Organizations also often attempt to ostracize and isolate whistleblowers by undermining their concerns by suggesting that they are groundless, carrying out inadequate investigations, or ignoring them altogether. Whistleblowers may also be disciplined, suspended, and reported to professional bodies upon manufactured pretexts. Such extreme experiences of threat and loss inevitably cause severe distress and sometimes mental illness, sometimes lasting for years afterwards. This mistreatment also deters others from coming forward with concerns. Thus, poor practices remain hidden behind
13114-409: The city. Less than 150 people turned out for the occasion, and by the PQ, as well as other nationalist and separatist parties refusing to acknowledge the existence of systemic racism in Quebec. The president of Quebec's human's rights commission, Philippe-André Tessier, a separatist, called the term systemic racism an "attack on the Quebec people". Another primary expression of nationalism in Quebec
13272-593: The company or to blow the whistle on the company's wrongdoing. Discussions on whistleblowing generally revolve around three topics: attempts to define whistleblowing more precisely, debates about whether and when whistleblowing is permissible, and debates about whether and when one has an obligation to blow the whistle. Many whistleblowers have stated that they were motivated to take action to put an end to unethical practices after witnessing injustices in their businesses or organizations. A 2009 study found that whistleblowers are often motivated to take action when they notice
13430-1037: The company, hoping that the company will address and correct the issues. A whistleblower can also bring allegations to light by communicating with external entities, such as the media , government, or law enforcement. Some countries legislate as to what constitutes a protected disclosure, and the permissible methods of presenting a disclosure. Whistleblowing can occur in the private sector or the public sector. Whistleblowers often face retaliation for their disclosure, including termination of employment. Several other actions may also be considered retaliatory, including unreasonable increase in workloads, reduction of hours, preventing task completion, mobbing or bullying. Laws in many countries attempt to provide protection for whistleblowers and regulate whistleblowing activities. These laws tend to adopt different approaches to public and private sector whistleblowing. Whistleblowers do not always achieve their aims; for their claims to be credible and successful, they must have compelling evidence so that
13588-469: The company, lose their job, their reputation and potentially the ability to be employed again. According to a study at the University of Pennsylvania , out of three hundred whistleblowers studied, sixty-nine percent had foregone that exact situation and were either fired or forced to retire after taking the ethical high ground. It is outcomes like these that make it all that much harder to accurately track
13746-509: The day he was due to give deposition testimony as a whistleblower against aerospace company Boeing , and David Kelly , who was found dead two days after the UK parliamentary Intelligence and Security and Foreign Affairs Select Committees publicized that he would be called about the dubious claims used to convince the UK Parliament to vote to invade Iraq. U.S. civic activist Ralph Nader
13904-467: The decision and action has become far more complicated with recent advancements in technology and communication. The ethical implications of whistleblowing can be negative as well as positive. Some have argued that public sector whistleblowing plays an important role in the democratic process by resolving principal–agent problems . However, sometimes employees may blow the whistle as an act of revenge. Rosemary O'Leary explains this in her short volume on
14062-466: The dichotomy of monarchists against republicans . These battles succeeded in creating independent republican states in some regions of the world, but they failed in other places, such as Ireland , Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and Germany . There is no consensus on the exact time of the birth of a national consciousness in French Canada . Some historians defend the thesis that it existed before
14220-422: The educated classes of the colony. It further developed from the levelling of many langues d'oïl which led to the creation of a local accent. During this time, the newly arrived immigrants were no longer seen as immigrants but rather people who embodied not only a Canadian identity but also a provincial identity as well. Moreover, this was complemented by the fact that 95% of the colonists were Francophones, while
14378-562: The election of the legislative and executive councils. The movement of reform gathered the support of the majority of the representatives of the people among francophones but also among liberal anglophones. A number of the prominent characters in the reformist movement were of British descent, for example John Neilson , Wolfred Nelson , Robert Nelson and Thomas Storrow Brown or of Irish extraction, Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan , Daniel Tracey and Jocquelin Waller . Two currents existed within
14536-612: The elite supportive of the Tory party. From early 1800 to 1837, the government and the elected assembly were at odds on virtually every issue. Under the leadership of Speaker Louis-Joseph Papineau , the Parti canadien (renamed Parti patriote in 1826) initiated a movement of reform of the political institutions of Lower Canada. The party's constitutional policy, summed up in the Ninety-Two Resolutions of 1834, called for
14694-443: The emotional strain of a whistleblower investigation is devastating to the accused's family. Ethics is the set of moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior. Deeper questions and theories of whistleblowing and why people choose to do so can be studied through an ethical approach. Whistleblowing is a topic of several myths and inaccurate definitions. Leading arguments in the ideological camp maintain that whistleblowing
14852-439: The environment, but internal policies might pose threats of retaliation to those who report these early warnings. Private company employees in particular might be at risk of being fired, demoted, denied raises and so on for bringing environmental risks to the attention of appropriate authorities. Government employees could be at a similar risk for bringing threats to health or the environment to public attention, although perhaps this
15010-469: The eventual retraction of Dr. Burt’s work. Data manipulation is the changing or omitting of data or outcomes in such a way that the research is not accurately portrayed in the research record. Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk , a South Korean stem cell researcher gained international recognition for his groundbreaking work on cloning and stem cell research. Dr. Woo-Suk had a claim to successfully clone human embryos and derived patient-specific stem cell lines, forwarding
15168-536: The federal Canadian government has committed to a more expansive immigration strategy, aiming to welcome a record number of new immigrants—1.45 million by 2023—bringing the national population to approximately 39 million. While immigration has been a source of political division and the rise of extremism in various Western countries, Canada maintains a generally positive consensus on its value. Quebec stands out as an exception, where political discourse has increasingly capitalized on fears among Franco-Quebecer voters regarding
15326-447: The field of regenerative medicine which was published in the Journal of Science . Dr. Kim Seon-Jung expressed his concerns regarding the accuracy of the research data and the ethical conduct of the experiments. Independent committees, as well as journalists, scrutinized the research data and methodology leading to an eventual retraction of his work. Ethical violations can fall under the following: altering or making up new data to meet
15484-416: The future of Quebec ' ). In September 2011, the CAQ began discussions with the ADQ on the possibility of a merger between the two groups. The two parties were very similar ideologically. On 14 November 2011, Legault held a press conference to launch the movement as a political party under the slightly modified name of Coalition Avenir Québec, unveiling a new logo at the same time. The actual registration of
15642-530: The good of society. People who choose to act as whistleblowers often suffer retaliation from their employer. They most likely are fired because they are an at-will employee , which means they can be fired without a reason. There are exceptions in place for whistleblowers who are at-will employees. Even without a statute, numerous decisions encourage and protect whistleblowing on grounds of public policy. Statutes state that an employer shall not take any adverse employment actions against any employee in retaliation for
15800-629: The government or regulating body can investigate them and hold corrupt companies and/or government agencies to account. To succeed, they must also persist in their efforts over what can often be years, in the face of extensive, coordinated and prolonged efforts that institutions can deploy to silence, discredit, isolate, and erode their financial and mental wellbeing. Whistleblowers have been likened to ‘Prophets at work’, but many lose their jobs, are victims of campaigns to discredit and isolate them, suffer financial and mental pressures, and some lose their lives. Such examples include John Barnett , who died on
15958-413: The government with the flexibility it needs to adapt to the ongoing changes in the economy"; one measure specifically mentioned is leaving 6,000 open Hydro-Québec employment positions unfilled. The party supports abolishing school boards and increasing the autonomy of principals and their governing boards. The Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ) has adopted a notably restrictive stance on immigration, marking
16116-476: The identity of the whistleblower, these services are designed to inform the individuals at the top of the organizational pyramid of misconduct, usually via integration with specialized case management software . Implementing a third-party solution is often the easiest way for an organization to promote compliance, or to offer a whistleblowing policy where one did not previously exist. An increasing number of companies and authorities use third-party services in which
16274-420: The industrial sector. Quebec nationalism for the Francophones was on the rise at this time not only within the province but on a global scale as well. Quebec nationalism in the 1960s stemmed from the ideology of decolonization; this new type of nationalism was based on ideas happening on a global scale. Because of the new openness of the province, travelers and people of the church were encouraged to go and learn
16432-440: The information, whistleblowers may report the misconduct to lawyers, the media, law enforcement or watchdog agencies , or other local, state, or federal agencies. In some cases, external whistleblowing is encouraged by offering monetary rewards. Sometimes organizations use external agencies to create a secure and anonymous reporting channel for their employees, often referred to as a whistleblowing hotline. In addition to protecting
16590-571: The language of legislation, justice, civil administration, professional orders, employers, commerce and business, and educational instruction. Premier François Legault and his Coalition Avenir Québec government justified this as necessary to preserve the French language that is central to Quebec nationalism. On October 21, 2006, during the General Special Council of the Quebec wing of the Liberal Party of Canada initiated
16748-416: The law was "supremacist" while talking about systemic racism, which caused even more controversy and a backlash to the PQ by the Muslim community, and by the federalists. Quebec nationalism and separatism being ethnically based was further evidenced when the PQ held a protest in Montreal on November 23, 2020, which called for the assimilation of immigrants, and for the strengthening on the French Language in
16906-437: The leader of the conservative Union Nationale party . The Union Nationale party valued and upheld the traditional definition of nationalism. This meant the province would upkeep its long-established ways of operating with changes being made only within the scope of the conventional values. Because of this, the Union Nationale party was favored by those who wanted to stick to the accustomed lifestyle and disliked by those who wanted
17064-476: The left nor the right: it is not particularly economically conservative, with economic policies similar to the Quebec Liberal Party and social policies to their right. However, its politics have been described in the press as centre-right and populist . From the time the CAQ's merger with the ADQ until the Conservative Party of Quebec gained its first MNA in 2021, the CAQ was the right-wing party in
17222-539: The majority of the sovereigntists and essentially all Quebec federalist nationalists. Debates on the nature of Quebec's nationalism are currently going on and various intellectuals from Quebec or other parts of Canada have published works on the subject, notably Will Kymlicka , professor of philosophy at Queen's University and Charles Blattberg and Michel Seymour , both professors at the Université de Montréal . Many people feel that Quebec nationalism and separatism
17380-464: The matters of the state. Nationalism also represented conservation, and in that, not being influenced by the outside world but rather staying within their own borders without room for exploration. Quebec was very closed minded wanting to keep their people and province untouched by the more progressive ideas from the rest of the world. Even in terms of careers, the church governed the state in this aspect and people were working conventional jobs such as in
17538-481: The motion 281–2, with 36 abstentions. Quebec nationalism today and what it means to Québécois , Quebecers , Canadiens , Canadians , and others differs based on the individual. Nationalism today is more open than what it was in the past in some ways. A common theme that can be seen is the attachment that Québécois have towards their province, and the country of Canada. Whistleblower Whistleblowing (also whistle-blowing or whistle blowing )
17696-419: The newly arrived French settlers adapted to the terrain of New France. Over time, these settlers developed a regional Canadian identity. This could be seen in the developing of new accents, creation of new legends and stories, emerging societal traits and the use of the French language. The latter originated with the loss of the settlers' langue d'oïls and the adoption of standard French, which came to be used by
17854-421: The organization is referred to as mobbing . It is an extreme form of workplace bullying wherein the group is set against the targeted individual. There is limited research on the psychological impacts of whistle blowing. However, poor experiences with whistleblowing can cause a prolonged and prominent assault on the well-being of the whistleblower. As workers attempt to address concerns, they are often met with
18012-772: The organization's chief executive. Also, reports of founded wrongdoing are presented before the House of Commons and the Senate in accordance with the act. The act also established the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Tribunal (PSDPT) to protect public servants by hearing reprisal complaints referred by the Public Sector Integrity Commissioner . The tribunal can grant remedies in favour of complainants and order disciplinary action against persons who take reprisals. The European Parliament approved
18170-403: The other. Speaking out is difficult, especially in a culture where this is not promoted or even actively discouraged. Some academics (such as Thomas Faunce ) feel that whistleblowers should at least be entitled to a rebuttable presumption that they are attempting to apply ethical principles in the face of obstacles and that whistleblowing would be more respected in governance systems if it had
18328-461: The party does not support independence, it does identify as nationalist ; it believes Quebec can thrive in Canada if the federal government is willing to grant more powers to the province. On 10 April 2014, Legault, previously a staunch sovereignist, stated that a CAQ government would never hold a referendum on leaving Canada: "[There] will never be a referendum for the life of the coalition even after 10 years, even after 20 years, so that's clear. And I
18486-428: The party leader. The party membership includes both Quebec nationalists and federalists . Legault has said it will never endorse a referendum on sovereignty; the party does not explicitly support Quebec independence, but will seek more autonomy within Canada if necessary. Not long after its formation, the party gained nine sitting Members of the National Assembly of Quebec (MNAs) who had been elected as members of
18644-546: The party with the Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec had already taken place on 4 November. On 13 December 2011, the CAQ and the ADQ announced an agreement in principle to merge, pending final approval with the ADQ membership. On 19 December 2011, two former PQ MNAs ( Benoit Charette and Daniel Ratthé ) and two former ADQ MNAs ( Éric Caire and Marc Picard ) who had earlier left their respective parties to sit as independents announced that they were joining
18802-411: The party's capacity to uphold the fundamental values of Quebec society. There have been calls for urgent revisions to the province's immigration policies, emphasizing the need for better coordination with federal authorities and a more humane and responsive management of immigration applications. The CAQ's approach to family reunification is thus seen as detrimental not only to affected families but also to
18960-400: The patient’s own stem cells. The goal was that the stem cells would eventually provide the patient with a suitable replacement trachea. Dr. Karl-Henrik Grinnemo, a member of Dr. Machiarini’s research team, raised concerns about the accuracy of the reported results and the ethical conduct of the experiments. Dr. Macchiarini’s ethical violations include exaggeration of success, failure to disclose
19118-543: The possibility of jail if convicted. Whistleblowers Australia is an association for those who have exposed corruption or any form of malpractice, especially if they were then hindered or abused. The Public Sector Integrity Commissioner (PSIC) provides a safe and confidential mechanism enabling public servants and the general public to disclose wrongdoings committed in the public sector. It also protects from reprisal public servants who have disclosed wrongdoing and those who have cooperated in investigations. The office's goal
19276-515: The power of the Church and dissuade the public from popular-rule and secularist views. Groulx propagated French-Canadian nationalism and argued that maintaining a Roman Catholic Quebec was the only means to 'emancipate the nation against English power.' He believed the powers of the provincial government of Quebec could and should be used within Confederation, to bolster provincial autonomy (and thus Church power), and advocated it would benefit
19434-401: The present Canadian constitution ) has achieved decisive majority support and contradictions remain within the Quebec polity. One debated subject that has often made the news is whether contemporary Quebec nationalism is still "ethnic" or if it is "linguistic" or "territorial". The notion of " territorial nationalism " (promoted by all Quebec premiers since Jean Lesage) gathers the support of
19592-535: The preservation of cultural identity. The CAQ's immigration policy extends to family reunification, where it has faced substantial criticism due to prolonged processing times. The government's approach has resulted in waiting periods approaching three years for family reunification applications, significantly exceeding the national Canadian average of approximately 13 months. By the end of 2023, Quebec had nearly reached its maximum admissions quota for family reunification, with approximately 10,600 planned admissions against
19750-505: The prevalence of whistleblowing in the private sector. Public sector whistleblowing is connected to the concept of public service motivation , where a public servant's altruistic alignment to the people or communities they service overrides their adherence to their employer's rules. This connection has been demonstrated by research in many different countries, including the Poland, Thailand and United States of America. Recognition of
19908-470: The principles of the secularity of the State, and equality among men and women". The Party supported the Quebec ban on face covering but also argue the ban is not extensive enough. They propose to prohibit the wearing of religious symbols by personnel in a position of authority, including teachers. The party supports interculturalism to "integrate newcomers". This includes limiting immigration and promoting
20066-488: The progressive mainstream century. A main difference was the secularization of the Catholic Church, practiced by most French Canadians from the province itself. Unlike in the 1950s under Duplessis, the church and state were now separate entities removing the strict control the old fashioned ways of the church had over institutions. The shift gained the province its own independence. These ideologies took off after
20224-499: The radical changes of the Quiet Revolution the people of Quebec placed more importance on traditional values in life which included going back to their nationalistic roots. Nationalism at this time meant restoring the old regime and going back to the concept of a French-Canadian nation built upon Catholicism as it was in the past. The church and state were intertwined and the church greatly dictated legislature falling under
20382-502: The raw vote and actual seat count. This marked the first time since the 1966 election , which was won by the now-defunct Union Nationale , that a party other than the Quebec Liberals or the Parti Québécois formed government in Quebec. It was also the first time since then that a centre-right party had won government in the province. The CAQ picked up support from a number of former PQ supporters who had come to believe there
20540-430: The reformists of the Parti canadien : a moderate wing, whose members were fond of British institutions and wished for Lower Canada to have a government more accountable to the elective house's representative and a more radical wing whose attachment to British institutions was rather conditional to this proving to be as good as to those of the neighbouring American republics. The formal rejection of all 92 resolutions by
20698-465: The relationship works both ways and involves mutual enrichment. The ethics of Edward Snowden's actions have been widely discussed and debated in news media and academia worldwide. Snowden released classified intelligence to the American people in an attempt to allow Americans to see the inner workings of the government. A person is diligently tasked with the conundrum of choosing to be loyal to
20856-490: The remaining people were English-speaking. However, this would prove to create contention later on. Canada was first a French colony. Jacques Cartier claimed it for France in 1534, and permanent French settlement began in 1608. It was part of New France, which constituted all French colonies in North America. Up until 1760, Canadien nationalism had developed itself free of all external influences. However, during
21014-426: The requirement to speak French in many public and private settings. The preliminary notes of the bill make its purpose clear: "the purpose of this bill is to affirm that the only official language of Québec is French. It also affirms that French is the common language of the Québec nation." This act amended the Charter of the French language and introduced "new fundamental language rights," such as reinforcing French as
21172-471: The riding of Saint-Jérôme in the 2012 provincial election . He won the MNA seat. On 4 September 2012, the CAQ won 19 seats in the 2012 provincial election . In the 2014 provincial election held on 7 April, the CAQ won 22 seats, a gain of three seats. The TVA -sponsored second televised debate was noted as a turning point in the campaign and party leader François Legault's performance reflected positively on
21330-399: The rising democratic ideal that the people are sovereign and that the Church should have limited influence in governance. To protect the power of the Church and prevent the rise of democracy and the separation of church-and-state, Lionel Groulx and other intellectuals engaged in nationalistic 'myth-making' or propaganda, to build a nationalistic French-Canadian identity, in purpose to protect
21488-458: The same day. On 26 August 2015, CAQ MNA Sylvie Roy resigned to sit as an independent following personal issues with party leadership. On 2 October 2017, Geneviève Guilbault won a byelection in the riding of Louis-Hébert that had long been held by the Quebec Liberal Party, winning over 51 per cent of the vote. On 1 October 2018 , the CAQ won 74 seats, a gain of 53 seats compared to their performance in 2014, propelling them from third place to
21646-401: The same information in the course of a job assignment, for example, to a supervisor, instead of whistleblowing as formal dissent . In fact, duty speech is how the overwhelming majority of whistleblowing information gets communicated and where the free flow of information is needed for an organization's proper functioning. However it is in response to such "duty speech" employee communication that
21804-431: The six seats previously held by the CAQ. A strategic vote of the anti-PQ electorate, as well as a pledge by Legault to spend no public money on projects dear to Mayor Régis Labeaume , such as the construction of a $ 97.5 million covered ice rink, the completion of the $ 60 million theatre Le Diamant, promoted by Robert Lepage , and the $ 20 million revitalization of the French colonial era new barracks, are possible causes for
21962-540: The socio-economic ladder. For Francophones it was difficult because success was geared towards the English speaker and prestigious institutions were English speaking and devalued the culture and language of the French. By the early 1960s a group of French Canadians from all classes were receiving proper education but only to go into careers in Anglophone dominated institutions. Advocacy of the new form of nationalism
22120-453: The spot to prevent/stop illegal and unacceptable behavior, or report it. There are some reasons to believe that people are more likely to take action with respect to unacceptable behavior, within an organization, if there are complaint systems that offer not just options dictated by the planning and control organization, but a choice of options for absolute confidentiality. Anonymous reporting mechanisms, as mentioned previously, help foster
22278-493: The term "coalisés" be used instead. On 1 October 2018 , the CAQ won a majority of seats in the National Assembly of Quebec , allowing it to form a government for the first time. It increased its majority in the 2022 elections . In February 2011, François Legault and Charles Sirois held a press conference to announce the formation of a movement called the Coalition pour l'avenir du Québec ( lit. ' Coalition for
22436-416: The urban and industrial way of life. There were new opportunities created to provide economic and social stability but by doing so, decreased the importance and significance placed upon cultural and linguistic survival. However, the deaths of Maurice Duplessis in September 1959 and his successor Paul Sauve in January 1960 set in motion the final end to the old traditional definition of Quebec nationalism in
22594-401: The use of French without creating new barriers. However, they want to exempt Quebec from the requirements of multiculturalism . In 2018, it proposed cutting the number of immigrants by 20 per cent, to 40,000 annually. However, it plans to bring back numbers up to 52,000 a year in 2022. Legault has stated "aggressive[ly]" that a CAQ government would not repeal Bill 101 . He has also stated that
22752-813: The value of public sector whistleblowing has been growing over the last 50 years. Many jurisdictions have passed legislation to protect public service whistleblowing in part as a way to address unethical behaviour and corruption within public service agencies. In the United States, for example, both state and Federal statutes have been put in place to protect whistleblowers from retaliation. The United States Supreme Court ruled that public sector whistleblowers are protected from retaliation by their First Amendment rights. After many federal whistleblowers were covered in high-profile media cases, laws were finally introduced to protect government whistleblowers. These laws were enacted to help prevent corruption and encourage people to expose misconduct, illegal, or dishonest activity for
22910-648: The vast majority of retaliation against employees occurs. These observers have noted that the Directive must be understood as applying to protection against retaliation for such duty speech because without such an understanding the Directive will "miss the iceberg of what's needed". In France , several recent laws have established a protection regime for whistleblowers. Prior to 2016, there were several laws in force which created disparate legislation with sector-specific regimes. The 2016 law on transparency, fight against corruption and modernization of economic life (known as
23068-467: The victory of Jean Lesage's liberal party in the 1960 provincial election. The election of Jean Lesage and his liberal party finally ended the longstanding ancient regime the people of Quebec had been living under. It began the reinstitution of the outdated socioeconomic and political structures to fully modernize them once and for all. This movement would be known as the Quiet Revolution. The Quiet Revolution signified something different for Quebeckers but
23226-475: The ways of life in other parts of the world and then return to share, compare, and incorporate the ideologies into their lifestyle. The oppression of Francophones was also something that Lesage wanted to bring to light and change because of the longstanding cultural and society tension between the Francophones and Anglophones. Lesage had the desire to change the role that the state had over the province. He no longer wanted economic inferiority of French Canadians and
23384-602: The whistle to uphold the values and rules of their organizations. Legal protection for whistleblowers varies from country to country and may depend on the country of the original activity, where and how secrets were revealed, and how they eventually became published or publicized. Over a dozen countries have now adopted comprehensive whistleblower protection laws that create mechanisms for reporting wrongdoing and provide legal protections. Over 50 countries have adopted more limited protections as part of their anti-corruption, freedom of information, or employment laws. For purposes of
23542-403: The whistleblower is also anonymous to the third-party service provider, which is made possible via toll-free phone numbers and/or web or app-based solutions that apply asymmetrical encryption . Private sector whistleblowing is arguably more prevalent and suppressed in society today. An example of private sector whistleblowing is when an employee reports to someone in a higher position such as
23700-539: The years. Quebec nationalism plays a central role in the political movement for the independence of Quebec from Canada . Several groups and political parties claim to be Québécois nationalists. The autonomist political parties, which do not want the sovereignty of Quebec but the expansion of its powers and the defence of its specificity within Canada, such as the Coalition Avenir Québec , also claim to be Québécois nationalists. Quebec nationalism
23858-400: Was basing his research on. Dr. Gillies's inquiry revealed that there were discrepancies to Dr. Burt’s work with inconsistencies in the twin's birth dates particularly with the absence of records for twins to participate in the study, the falsification of data, and the “invention of crucial facts to support his controversial theory that intelligence is largely inherited.” This led to
24016-487: Was clear but people understood something else." François Legault added, "Once it is clear that there will never be a referendum with the Coalition Avenir Québec, the anglophones and allophones, who don't want a referendum, have to understand that we offer an alternative to the Liberals." According to the party, Quebec is defined by "its historical heritage, the French language , its democratic ideals and
24174-628: Was first known as "French Canadian nationalism". The term was replaced by "Québécois nationalism" during the Quiet Revolution . The settlement of New France was made up of 7 regions that spanned from the Maritimes to the Rockies and from the Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico. Although this landscape was vast, most efforts were made to colonize what is now present-day Canada. After the 17th century,
24332-465: Was no realistic chance of becoming independent from Canada. For instance, Patrick Légaré, a longtime PQ supporter from the longstanding sovereigntist stronghold of Terrebonne , told The Guardian that he decided to vote for the CAQ because he believed "the dream of a separate Quebec is dead." His main concern was finding "someone who can beat the Liberals–and it isn't the PQ." As it turned out, most of
24490-509: Was passed by the first Parti Québécois government of Premier René Lévesque , and its goal was "to make French the language of Government and the Law, as well as the normal and everyday language of work, instruction, communication, commerce and business." After a 45-year hiatus in language legislation in Quebec, the provincial legislature passed An Act respecting French, the official and common language of Québec in 2022. This act greatly expanded
24648-423: Was still defended and promoted up until the beginning of the 20th century, the French-Canadian liberal nationalism born out of the American and French revolutions began to decline in the 1840s, gradually being replaced by both a more moderate liberal nationalism and the ultramontanism of the powerful Catholic clergy as epitomized by Lionel Groulx . In opposition with the other nationalists, ultramontanes rejected
24806-740: Was the sudden firing of seven people, false and public threats of a criminal investigation, and the death of one researcher by suicide. The government ultimately paid the victims millions of dollars for lost pay, slander, and other harms, in addition to CA $ 2.41 million spent on the subsequent 2015 investigation into the false charges. Whistleblowers are seen by some as selfless martyrs for public interest and organizational accountability; others view them as "traitors" or "defectors". Some even accuse them of solely pursuing personal glory and fame, or view their behavior as motivated by greed in qui tam cases. Culturally it still has connotations of betrayal, from 'snitching' at one level to 'denunciations' at
24964-655: Was used to address the drastic conditions in the work place as well as living conditions. This was most apparent between the Francophones who believed in the new 1960s idea of nationalism and the predominantly English Canadian anti-nationalists. The goal of the new society was to overcome injustices for minority groups in everyday life. This sparked a number of movements such as the Black Power movement and Women's Rights Movement that were mainly seen in working-class neighbourhoods which gained publicity when journals, conferences and advocates fed into these movements. A movement of
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