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36-745: The Collegio Teutonico di S. Maria dell’ Anima is a residential college for priests who study at one of the Pontifical Athenaeums for advanced studies or work in the Roman Curia. It includes Santa Maria dell'Anima , the church of the German-speaking Catholics in Rome, and the adjacent Priests' College, a residential college of priests. The site of the Campo Santo dei Tedeschi goes back to the days of Charlemagne and

72-608: A German institution, it was until 1918 under the patronage of the Habsburg emperors, and priests had many other European nationalities than only German. In 1937 a chapel was built in commemoration of the First World War soldiers. Underneath about 450 soldiers, most of them unidentified, from Austria-Hungary were buried who died in POW camps in the vicinity of Rome. A project led by Tamara Scheer and Nikolaus Rottenberger with

108-650: A Hapsburg church than strictly German. During the Napoleonic occupation, the church was plundered and the sacristy used as a horse stable. In 1844, the (new) Belgian community moved to the Church of St. Julian of the Flemings . Under the influence of the era's nationalism, in 1859 a priest college was founded, named the Collegio Teutonico di Santa Maria dell' Anima . However, although being propagated as

144-641: Is called Austrian since Habsburg emperors were its protectors. According to tradition, the church received its name, from the picture of Our Lady which forms its coat of arms (the Blessed Virgin between two souls). Among the artworks housed inside is the Holy Family by Giulio Romano . It is the resting place of the Dutch Pope Adrian VI as well as of Cardinals William of Enckenvoirt and Andrew of Austria . Santa Maria dell'Anima

180-464: Is one of the many medieval charity institutions built for pilgrims in Rome. The church found its origin in 1350, when Johannes (Jan) and Katharina Peters of Dordrecht bought three houses and turned it into a private hospice for pilgrims, at the occasion of the Jubilee of 1350 . Jan Peters may have been a Dutch merchant or papal soldier; Dordrecht belonged to a region which later became independent as

216-633: The Netherlands . They named the hospice "Beatae Mariae Animarum" ("Blessed Mary's of the Souls"). It was erected on its present site in 1386. In the 15th century Santa Maria dell'Anima expanded to be a hostel for visitors from the entire Holy Roman Empire , though initially the occupants were primarily from the Low Countries and (from the middle 15th century) the Rhineland . The foundation of

252-587: The Palazzo Maccarani Stati (started 1522–23), was a considerable contrast, being a palazzo in the city centre, with shops on the ground floor, and a massive, imposing feel. The rustication and exaggerated size of keystones that were to be so prominent in his later buildings in Mantua, are already present on the ground floor, which dispenses with any classical order, but the two upper floors have increasingly shallow orders in pilasters, somewhat in

288-539: The Palladian motif for arches used in the design. He also helped rebuild the ducal palace in Mantua, reconstructed the cathedral, and designed the nearby Church of San Benedetto. Giulio sculpted the figure of Christ that is positioned above Castiglione's tomb in the church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, in Curtatone , near Mantua. Sections of Mantua that had been flood-prone were refurbished under Giulio's direction and

324-515: The classical orders is already in evidence; the Doric here has guttae , but no triglyphs , on its narrow entablature. The volutes of the Ionic capitals are repeated in the window surrounds between them: "The canonic orders here begin to be treated visually as independent from their structural purposes, and this liberation offered the architect new expressive possibilities." His last building in Rome,

360-560: The French court of Francis I . Giulio designed tapestries as well. It also is rumored that he contributed to a collection of drawings upon which a group entitled, I Modi , was engraved by Marcantonio Raimondi . All of those original drawings are said to have been destroyed because the content was no longer considered socially acceptable. Giulio Romano has the distinction of being the only Renaissance artist to be mentioned by William Shakespeare . In Act V, Scene II of The Winter's Tale ,

396-770: The German Empire or German provinces of Austria, who remained there for about two years pursuing their studies and officiating in the Church of Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici . The college has a library specializing in Christian archeology with an important collection of early Christian art put together by Anton de Waal , the rector. In 1888, the Roman institute of the Görresgesellschaft

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432-493: The Renaissance, Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574), tells how Baldassare Castiglione was delegated by Gonzaga to procure Giulio to execute paintings as well as architectural and engineering projects for the duchy of Mantua . In late 1524, Giulio agreed to move to Mantua , where he remained for the rest of his life. In Mantua, rather than his given name, "Giulio Romano" was used to identify him by his geographical origin because he

468-738: The Soul ) is a church in central Rome , Italy , just west of the Piazza Navona and near the Santa Maria della Pace church. It was founded during the course of the 14th century by Dutch merchants , who at that time belonged to the Holy Roman Empire . In the course of the 15th century, it became the national church of the whole Holy Roman Empire in Rome and henceforth the so-called German national church and hospice of German-speaking people in Rome. In some sources this institution

504-679: The Vatican has taken that role). The inscriptions found in Santa Maria dell'Anima, a valuable source illustrating the history of the church, have been collected and published by Vincenzo Forcella. During the Second Vatican Council , Joseph Ratzinger, the future Pope Benedict XVI, attempted to find lodging at the German pilgrim hostel at Santa Maria Dell'Anima, but was turned away due to no vacancy. Instead, he found lodging at

540-926: The Vatican. The Campo Santo houses the "Archconfraternity of Santa Maria della Pietà in the Campo Santo dei Teutonici and Fiamminghi", the Teutonic College of Santa Maria in Campo Santo, and the Roman Institute of the Görres Society. The Archconfraternity is the owner of the entire complex. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). " Campo Santo de' Tedeschi ". Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. 41°54′05″N 12°27′16″E  /  41.90139°N 12.45444°E  / 41.90139; 12.45444 Santa Maria dell%27Anima Santa Maria dell'Anima (English: Our Lady of

576-489: The college. Pope Benedict XVI raised the college to the Pontifical College of Priests. The Campo Santo is located within the Vatican borders next to the historic cemetery of German pilgrims in Rome. The adjacent church, Santa Maria della Pietà in Camposanto dei Teutonici , is outside the Vatican, but governed by the 1929 Lateran Treaty and has extraterritorial status. It can only be accessed from inside

612-560: The duke's patronage and friendship never faltered. The studio he established in Mantua became a popular school of art. Giulio's annual income amounted to more than 1000 ducats. In Italian Renaissance tradition, many works by Giulio were only temporary. According to Vasari: When Charles V came to Mantua, Romano, by the duke's order, made many fine arches, scenes for comedies and other things, in which he had no peer, no one being like him for masquerades , and making curious costumes for jousts, feasts, tournaments, which excited great wonder in

648-466: The emperor and in all present. For the city of Mantua at various times he designed temples, chapels, houses, gardens, facades, and was so fond of decorating them that, by his industry, he rendered dry, healthy and pleasant places previously miry, full of stagnant water, and almost uninhabitable. He traveled to France in the first half of the sixteenth century and brought concepts of the Italian style to

684-461: The end of the 15th century. While he held this office, the decision was made to rebuild the church for the Jubilee of 1500. The present church which owes its Renaissance style to the influence of Bramante , was built by German subscriptions, between 1499 and 1522. It stands on the site of the older church, built between 1431 and 1499, and was decorated by the great artists of the period. The church

720-597: The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Santa Maria dell'Anima became the national and religious centre as well as burial place in Rome of the Holy Roman Empire. Prominent citizens of the Holy Roman Empire residing in Rome became members of the Confraternity of Santa Maria dell'Anima, including William of Orange 's eldest son, Philip William . Johann Burchard from Strasbourg joined the Confraternity of Santa Maria dell'Anima and rose to be its provost at

756-507: The future Medici Pope Clement VII was given to Giulio on Raphael's death. It already shows his taste for playful surprises within the style of Renaissance classical architecture . Planned on a huge scale, it was incomplete by the Sack of Rome, and never finished. The Villa Lante al Gianicolo (1520–21) was a smaller suburban villa in Rome, with a famous view over the city. Romano made the whole building suggest lightness and elegance to exploit

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792-430: The hospice was confirmed by the bull of Pope Boniface IX on 9 November 1399, which granted it indulgences . In 1406, it was raised to the rank of a national institution and united with a Brotherhood governed by Provisors and a Congregation. On 21 May 1406 Pope Innocent VII in his bull Piae Postulatio declared the hospice exempt from all but papal jurisdiction, and took it under his immediate protection. In 1418, it

828-583: The master and after the death of Raphael in 1520, he took a leading role in completing the Vatican commissions, designing the frescoes of the life of Constantine as well as completing Raphael's Coronation of the Virgin and the Transfiguration in the Vatican. In Rome, Giulio decorated the Villa Madama for Cardinal Giuliano de' Medici, afterward Clement VII . The crowded frescoes he designed lack

864-407: The ridge-top position and to overcome the rather small Roman footprint. The orders are delicate, with Tuscan or Doric columns and pilasters in pairs on the main floor, and extremely shallow Ionic pilasters above, whose presence is mainly conveyed by a different colour. Alternate loggia openings are heightened by arches above the entablature . Romano's willingness to play with the conventions of

900-613: The stately and serene simplicity of his master. On Raphael's death, Michelangelo attempted to take over completion of the commission for the Raphael Rooms at the Vatican, but along with Perino del Vaga , Giulio was able to keep it, as they had the drawings for much of the uncompleted work that was being executed under the supervision of Raphael. From 1522 he was courted by Federico Gonzaga , ruler of Mantua , who wanted him as court artist, apparently especially attracted by his skill as an architect. The contemporaneous historian of

936-416: The statue of Queen Hermione that was described as coming to life during the play was identified by the bard as having been sculpted by "that rare Italian master, Julio Romano". He died in Mantua in 1546. According to Vasari, his best pupils were Giovanni dal Lione , Raffaellino dal Colle , Benedetto Pagni , Figurino da Faenza , Giovanni Battista Bertani and his brother Rinaldo, and Fermo Guisoni . On

972-583: The support of the Austrian Ministry of Defense, has started in 2021 aiming to identify these soldiers. Later the institution served as a ratline to aid Nazi war criminals such as Gustav Wagner and Franz Stangl in their flight from justice. Dutch Catholics retained the Anima as their national church, but after extended conflicts left it in 1939 (since 1992 the San Michele dei Frisoni near

1008-978: The temporary priest residence across the street. The church itself is now used exclusively as a parish for the German-speaking people of Rome. Among the artistic treasures of the church are (in chronological order): An internal courtyard houses some ancient findings. This article contains public domain text from the article Schmidlin, J. (1913). "College and Church of the Anima (in Rome)"  . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Giulio Romano Giulio Pippi ( c.  1499 – 1 November 1546), known as Giulio Romano and Jules Romain ( US : / ˌ dʒ uː l j oʊ r ə ˈ m ɑː n oʊ / JOOL -yoh rə- MAH -noh , Italian: [ˈdʒuːljo roˈmaːno] ; French : Jules Romain ),

1044-471: The whole, Giulio Romano was more influential as an architect than as a painter and his works had an enormous impact on Italian Mannerist architecture. He learned architecture the same way he learned painting, as an increasingly trusted assistant to Raphael, who was appointed the papal architect in 1514 and his early works are very much in Raphael's style. The project for the Villa Madama outside Rome, built by

1080-448: Was an Italian Renaissance painter and architect . He was a pupil of Raphael , and his stylistic deviations from High Renaissance classicism help define the sixteenth-century style known as Mannerism . Giulio's drawings have long been treasured by collectors; contemporary prints of them engraved by Marcantonio Raimondi were a significant contribution to the spread of sixteenth-century Italian style throughout Europe. Giulio Pippi

1116-703: Was born in Rome and he began his career there as a young assistant to the leading painter and architect Raphael . He became an important member of Raphael's large team working on the frescos in the Raphael Rooms and Vatican loggias using designs by Raphael and, later painting a group of figures in the Fire in the Borgo fresco. He also collaborated on the decoration of the ceiling of the Villa Farnesina . Despite his relative youth, increasingly he became indispensable to

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1152-486: Was built in the style of a hall church that was typical for Northern Europe, but which sits awkwardly amid the Italianate churches of Rome. Andrea Sansovino was retained as architect. The facade was completed by Giuliano da Sangallo . The new church was consecrated only on 25 November 1542. In 1699, Leopold I announced that Santa Maria dell'Anima would be placed under his personal protection. This made it more of

1188-728: Was established at the college. Together they publish a quarterly review, the " Römische Quartalschrift fur christliche Archäologie und Kirchengeschichte ". During World War I, the Italian government laid claim to the College Teutonico, but the attempt failed. During World War II, Hugh O'Flaherty operated the "Rome Escape Line" clandestinely from his room in the Collegio Teutonico. O'Flaherty and his associates managed to hide about 6,500 escapees, mainly Allied soldiers and Jews, in flats, farms and convents. Some young Italians avoiding military service also found refuge at

1224-421: Was greatly enriched by the legacy of its second founder, Diedrich of Niem . The Popes of the fifteenth century, with the exception of Pope Sixtus IV , showed it great favor. In 1431 a church was built on the place of the hospice's chapel (consecrated by Pope Eugene IV in 1444) and the community was united with the German hospice of St. Andrew which had been founded in 1372 by the priest Nicholas of Kulm. During

1260-538: Was not a native artist. Mantua is where he executed his most well-known work, hence that name became associated with him thereafter. His move to Mantua meant he escaped the disaster of the Sack of Rome in 1527, which hugely disrupted artistic patronage in Rome and dispersed the remainder of Raphael's workshop. His masterpiece of architecture and fresco painting in Mantua is the suburban Palazzo Te , with its famous illusionistic frescos ( c.  1525 –1535) and his use of

1296-598: Was then called the Schola Francorum, a hospice for pilgrims. In the course of time the German residents in Rome were buried in the church of the Schola, then called S. Salvatore in Turri. In 1454, a confraternity was established, and in addition the guilds of German bakers and cobblers had their quarters there. In 1876, the hospice was replaced by the Collegio Teutonico del Campo Santo , to receive priests belonging to

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