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53-642: The Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church is a Dutch Reformed congregation in Manhattan , New York City , which has had a variety of church buildings and now exists in the form of four component bodies: the Marble , Middle , West End and Fort Washington Collegiate Church , all part of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Churches of New York. The original congregation was established in 1628. Peter Minuit "had Kryn Frederick ,

106-583: A "murderer, thief, cheat, whoremonger, and villain." The anonymous author wrote: "Those who he stings he laughs at, and while he flatters he bites." In Representation of New Netherland , Adriaen van der Donck claimed that van Tienhoven would dress as a " wilden " and have intimate relations with Indigenous women. During the 1649 mission of van der Donck to the Netherlands to petition the States General for local governance, van Tienhoven went as

159-482: A Munsee woman, was wounded in the chest by an arrow. Van Tienhoven urged the militia to open fire on the Munsee. In the ensuing skirmish, three Munsee and three inhabitants of New Amsterdam were killed. The Munsee immediately retaliated with attacks on Pavonia and Staten Island, resulting in many deaths. More than 100 colonists, mostly women and children, were taken captive but were subsequently ransomed. In his report to

212-506: A heart of stone would have been softened. Some were thrown into the river, and when the fathers and mothers endeavored to rescue them, the soldiers would not let them come ashore again, but caused both old and young to be drowned... Some came to our people on the farms with their hands cut off; others had their legs hacked off and some were holding their entrails in their arms. A pamphlet published in Antwerp in 1649 described van Tienhoven as

265-503: A small amount, as did other colonists, but there was not enough. Fortunately, just at this time, a daughter of Bogardus , the minister, was married. At the wedding, when the guests were in good humor, a subscription-list was handed out. The guests tried to outdo one another in subscribing money for the new church. Next day some of the subscribers were sorry they had agreed to give so much, but the Governor accepted no excuses and insisted on

318-534: Is now Pearl Street in New York City facing the East River , to replace services held in lofts, was a simple timber structure with a gambrel roof and no spire. The lofts described probably indicate the premises provided by Kryn Frederick. Other sources claim a "second church" was built was located just outside the fort. In those sources, this claimed as the church that Governor Van Twiller built, which

371-732: Is one of the oldest Dutch Reformed Church built in America. The largest Dutch Reformed body in North America, the Christian Reformed Church in North America , split off from Reformed Church in America in 1857 under the leadership of Gijsbert Haan . Smaller related denominations and federations include the Canadian and American Reformed Churches , the Free Reformed Churches of North America (FRC),

424-872: Is strongly influenced under the Dutch reformed church, the first known church established in the country is "De Oude kerk" in Batavia in 1640. Christianity in Indonesia, like Sri Lanka, has been nationalised into different branches of Protestantism while retaining many of the reformed church elements, such as Protestant Church in Indonesia . The Dutch Reformed Church went with migrants to the Americas , beginning in 1628 in New Amsterdam . St. Thomas Reformed Church, founded in 1660 in St. Thomas , Danish West Indies , became

477-690: The Canons of Dort to the Confessions. The Canons of Dort, together with the previously adopted Belgic Confession and Heidelberg Catechism, were called the Drie formulieren van Enigheid (Three Forms of Unity). Most conflicts and splits in the Church arose because of disagreement over the substance and interpretation of these doctrinal documents. The government of the Dutch Republic , which had instigated

530-822: The Dutch East India Company and its workers, the Dutch Reformed Church was established in Ceylon in 1642. The Groote Kerk , built in 1755, still stands in Galle . The Dutch Reformed Church of Ceylon officially changed its name in 2007 to the Christian Reformed Church of Sri Lanka to reflect its Christian identity in the nation, rather than on its Dutch colonial heritage. As of 2007, its membership stands around 5,000, comprising both communicant and baptised members in 29 congregations, preaching stations, and mission outposts. Christianity in Indonesia

583-723: The East Village/Lower East Side Historic District , created in October 2012. It housed the New York Liberty Bell. A fire in December 2020 significantly damaged the facility. The West End Collegiate Church, located at the northeast corner of West End Avenue and West 77th Street was built 1891-92, to the design of Robert W. Gibson. The Fort Washington Collegiate Church at 470 Fort Washington Avenue began as an outreach of

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636-857: The Heritage Reformed Congregations (HRC), the Netherlands Reformed Congregations (NRC), the Protestant Reformed Churches in America (PRC), and the United Reformed Churches in North America (URC). The Dutch were mainly Protestant and Catholic before arrival to America, but became dominantly Protestant after settling in America. They spread their religion by forming bonds with the natives in The Ohio River Valley. In 1766, ministers of

689-766: The Nadere Reformatie , and a number of splits in the 19th century that greatly diversified Dutch Calvinism. The church functioned until 2004, the year it merged with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands to form the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (PKN), a united church of both Reformed and Evangelical Lutheran theological orientations. At

742-962: The Three Sister Churches of South Africa (the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) ( Nederduitse Gereformeerde Kerk ), the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NHK) ( Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk ), the Reformed Churches in South Africa ( Gereformeerde Kerke in Suid-Afrika )), the Afrikaans Protestant Church ( Afrikaanse Protestantse Kerk ), and the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa ( Verenigende Gereformeerde Kerk in Suid-Afrika ). Through

795-470: The 19th century, theological liberalism led to splits in the Dutch Reformed Church. King William I of the Netherlands imposed a new form of government for the church, in which the civil authorities selected the commissioners to the National Synod in 1816, making it increasingly difficult for ministers to speak out against perceived errors. In 1834, the minister Hendrik de Cock of the town of Ulrum

848-823: The Arminians' expulsion, subsequently prohibited the Reformed Church from assembling synodically. No Synod was held in the Netherlands until after the end of the Republic in 1795. The 17th and early 18th centuries were the age of the Dutch Nadere Reformatie (best translated in English as the Further Reformation ), led primarily by Gisbertus Voetius and Wilhelmus à Brakel , which was greatly influenced by English Puritanism . In

901-514: The Company's engineer, build a solid fort ... called Fort Amsterdam . It was surrounded by cedar palisades, and was large enough to shelter all the people of the little colony in case of danger. Inside this fort there was a house for the Governor, and outside the walls was a warehouse for furs, and a mill which was run by horse-power, with a large room on the second floor to be used as a church." The congregation's first church building, built on what

954-688: The Dutch Reformed Church founded Queen's College , which would later become Rutgers College , in the Province of New Jersey . Today, Rutgers University is a major public research institution in the state of New Jersey . As one of nine colonial colleges clustered in the eastern United States, Rutgers serves as a reminder of early Dutch cultural influence in the North American colonies. Former U.S. Presidents Martin Van Buren and Theodore Roosevelt , both of Dutch descent, were affiliated with

1007-616: The Dutch Reformed Church. Cornelis van Tienhoven Van Tienhoven, the son of Luyt (Lucas) Cornelisz van Tienhoven and Jannetje Adriaens de Haes, was born in Utrecht c.  1601 . He arrived in New Amsterdam as a Dutch West India Company bookkeeper in 1633 on the same ship as the new director of the colony, Wouter van Twiller. He was appointed provincial secretary by Willem Kieft in 1638 and retained that title when Peter Stuyvesant replaced Kieft in 1647. Van Tienhoven

1060-460: The English, the structure was reused as a military garrison church for the Anglican faith. The church that Walter Van Twiller had built was little better than a barn. The minister wanted a new one, and so did his congregation. Governor Kieft decided that there should be one of stone, and that it should be built inside the fort. There was a question as how to secure the money to build it. Kieft gave

1113-543: The Netherlands). It was the larger of the two major Reformed denominations, after the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands ( Gereformeerde kerk ) was founded in 1892. It spread to the United States , South Africa , Indonesia , Sri Lanka , Brazil , and various other world regions through Dutch colonization . Allegiance to the Dutch Reformed Church was a common feature among Dutch immigrant communities around

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1166-638: The Protestant movement. Two years later, in 1568, following an attack on the Netherlands by the forces of the Duke of Alba, many Netherlanders fled to the German city of Wesel , where a Synod was convened at which the Belgic Confession and Heidelberg Catechism were adopted, and provisions were made for the offices of pastor, elder, teacher and deacon. The first Synod of 23 Dutch Reformed leaders

1219-441: The Republic. Although it remained endorsed by the royal family, the Netherlands never had any public church afterwards. The Reformation was a time of religious violence between the established Catholic Church, Protestants and governments, in some cases. Efforts to form a Reformed church in the southern provinces stemmed from a secret meeting of Protestant leaders at Antwerp in 1566, and despite Spanish repression, many nobles joined

1272-508: The States General to be presented to Petrus Stuyvesant on March 8, 1649. As Burton describes the confrontation: Melyn appeared at this meeting and demanded that Their High Mightinesses' Letter and the mandamus be read and explained to the people. In the midst of considerable excitement, Melyn handed the mandamus to Arnoldus van Hardenbergh to be read aloud. Stuyvesant in a rage snatched the mandamus from van Hardenbergh's hands, and in

1325-1136: The West End Collegiate Church. The church was built in 1908-09 and was designed by the firm of Nelson & Van Wagenen in the Country Gothic style . In 1916, it became a full member of the Collegiate Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, along with the Marble, Middle and West End Collegiate Churches. It incorporates the congregation of the Hamilton Grange Reformed Church and former members of the Harlem Reformed Dutch Church. Notes Bibliography Dutch Reformed The Dutch Reformed Church ( Dutch : Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk , pronounced [ˈneːdərlɑntsə ɦɛrˈvɔr(ə)mdə ˈkɛr(ə)k] , abbreviated NHK [ˌɛnɦaːˈkaː] )

1378-430: The beginning of Kieft's War (1643–1645). Dutch explorer and patroon David Pieterszoon de Vries later included a description of the slaughter in his journal: ...infants were snatched from their mother's breasts, and cut to pieces in sight of their parents, and the pieces thrown into the fire and into the water; other sucklings were bound to boards, and cut and struck or bored through, and miserably massacred, so that

1431-536: The church received the name "Marble" in 1906, after its facade made of Tuckahoe marble . The pastor for many years was Norman Vincent Peale , well known for his book The Power of Positive Thinking . The St. Nicholas Collegiate Church at 600 Fifth Avenue at 48th Street was built in 1869-72, designed by W. Wheeler Smith in the Gothic Revival style , which critic Montgomery Schuyler called "Gothic gone roaring mad". Before being named after St. Nicholas, it

1484-501: The confusion the seal was torn off. Melyn then offered Stuyvesant a copy of the mandamus, whereupon the latter was induced by some of the bystanders to return the original, which was read, including of course the summons commanding Stuyvesant to enter appearance without delay at the Hague to defend the judgment. Stuyvesant replied: "I honor the States General, and their commission and will obey their commands, and will send an agent to maintain

1537-519: The directors of the West India Company, Stuyvesant blamed "hot-headed individuals" for the attack. In a private letter, he advised the West India Company to discharge van Tienhoven because he "is so much hated." Others were more blunt. Councillor Nicasius de Sille in a letter to Hans Bontemantel, a director of the West India Company wrote: "...the community and the householders who have sought refuge here, call for revenge and murder against

1590-709: The first Dutch Reformed Church in the Caribbean . During the period of Dutch settlement in Brazil in the 17th century colonists organised the Reformed Church in Pernambuco . In Canada and the United States , the oldest and second largest body is the Reformed Church in America , which was the American branch of the Dutch Reformed Church in the Netherlands between 1628 and 1819. The Brookville Reformed Church

1643-404: The fiscal [van Tienhoven] and two or three others, whom they loudly proclaim by name to have been the only cause [of the attacks]." The directors of the West India Company also concluded that van Tienhoven was to blame: "Whoever considers only his last transaction with the savages, will find, with clouded brains, filled with liquor, he was the prime cause of this dreadful massacre." In March 1656,

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1696-521: The judgment as it was well and legally pronounced." Melyn demanded a written reply, but this neither Stuyvesant nor his Secretary would give. The Garden Street Church, located on what is now Exchange Place, was built to replace the garrison church after its appropriation by the authorities. The congregation was granted a full charter as the Dutch Church in America by King William III of England on May 19, 1696. The original Middle Collegiate Church

1749-552: The largest church body in the Netherlands until the middle of the 20th century, when it was overtaken by the Catholic Church . The rapid secularisation of the Netherlands in the 1960s dramatically reduced participation in the mainstream Protestant church. From the '60s onward, a number of attempts were made to effect a reunion with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands ( Gereformeerde Kerken in Nederland ). This led to

1802-405: The law demanded that every public official should be a communicant member. Consequently, the Church had close relations with the Dutch government. A privilege of members of the Dutch Reformed Church was that they could have their businesses open on Sundays, otherwise considered a religious day and not one for business. The Dutch Reformed Church was officially disestablished in 1795 with the end of

1855-452: The money. It was collected, and the church was built. This church was the site where the Rev. Everardus Bogardus denounced Director-General of New Netherland Willem Kieft's administration during Kieft's War – which was probably the reason the church was moved into the fort in the first place – and where the banished shipwreck survivor Cornelis Melyn returned and caused a writ from

1908-598: The pluralistic nature of the merged church, which they allege contains partly contradicting Reformed and Lutheran confessions. This conservative group also opposes the ordination of women and the blessing of same-sex unions in Christian churches , which have been adopted as practices by the merged church. Dutch migrants carried the Dutch Reformed Church with them, planting several Reformed denominations in Kenya (The Reformed Church of East Africa), South Africa , including

1961-468: The relationship a secret, but when the affair became known, he smuggled Liesbeth aboard ship and returned to New Amsterdam. Liesbeth is said to have only discovered that van Tienhoven was married with three children when his wife Rachel met the ship at the dock. On September 15, 1655, while Director Stuyvesant and most of the garrison were on the Delaware River conquering New Sweden, New Amsterdam

2014-525: The representative of Director Peter Stuyvesant to argue against it. The right to establish a local government, however, was granted, and van Tienhoven became New Amsterdam's first official schout-fiscael although he had acted in this capacity for many years. Van Tienhoven married 16-year-old Rachel Vigne in New Amsterdam in 1639. In 1653, while in The Hague , van Tienhoven seduced a young woman named Liesbeth Croon. Van Tienhoven went to great lengths to keep

2067-495: The time of the merger, the Church had 2 million members organised in 1,350 congregations. A minority of members of the church chose not to participate in the merger and instead formed the Restored Reformed Church (HHK). Before the demise of the Dutch Republic in 1795, the Dutch Reformed Church enjoyed the status of "public" or "privileged" church. Though it was never formally adopted as the state religion ,

2120-649: The two churches uniting with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Kingdom of the Netherlands ( Evangelisch-Lutherse Kerk in het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden ) to establish the Protestant Church in the Netherlands in 2004. The 2004 merger led to a separation in which a number of congregations and members of the Dutch Reformed Church separated to form the Restored Reformed Church ( Hersteld Hervormde Kerk ). Estimations of their membership vary from 35,000 up to 70,000 in about 120 local congregations served by 88 ministers. The Restored Reformed Church disapproves of

2173-539: The world and became a crucial part of Afrikaner nationalism in South Africa. The Dutch Reformed Church was founded in 1571 during the Protestant Reformation in the Calvinist tradition, being shaped theologically by John Calvin , but also other major Reformed theologians. The church was influenced by various theological developments and controversies during its history, including Arminianism ,

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2226-513: Was a strong advocate for military action against the Munsee bands that lived near New Amsterdam. In 1640, he led a retaliatory raid against the Raritan after the theft of some pigs. Although he attempted to prevent unnecessary bloodshed, several Raritans were killed and the sachem's brother was brutally mutilated. Van Tienhoven was culpable in the massacre of 80 Munsee refugees at Pavonia at

2279-413: Was abandoned in 1887 and is no longer existent. Its bell was relocated to the Collegiate Church of St. Nicholas, and then went to the New Middle Collegiate Church when St. Nicholas was demolished. The Marble Collegiate Church was built in 1854 at the corner of Fifth Avenue and West 29th Street . Originally called the Fifth Avenue Collegiate Church and sometimes referred to as the 29th Street Church ,

2332-402: Was almost in ruins from neglect. The church was in little better condition. The mills were so out of repair that even if the wind could have reached them they could not have been made to do their work properly." The second church was located within Fort Amsterdam's walls. The stone church had a spire with weathercock, and was the tallest structure in the city. After the fall of New Amsterdam to

2385-431: Was described as "little better than a barn". This is probably describing the Pearl Street premises of 1633. "By this time negro slaves were being brought to the colony from Africa. They did the household work, while the colonists cultivated the fields. These slaves did most of the work on a new wooden church which was set up just outside the fort, for the new minister." By 1638, when Willem Kieft became director, "The fort

2438-454: Was established. The Middle Dutch Church or Middle Collegiate Church, which was built from 1836–1839, was located on Lafayette Place , now Lafayette Street, near La Grange Terrace . It was built as the second Collegiate Church congregation continued to move uptown with the population. Nathan Silver in Lost New York describes this structure as "a single-mindedly classic Greek Revival church by Isaiah Rogers , perhaps his best work." This church

2491-444: Was held in Dordrecht in 1578. This synodical meeting is not to be confused with the better known Second Synod of Dort of 1618. Large groups of Marranos settled in Emden and converted to Christianity . Mostly all Marranos , many Jewish groups converted to Christianity around 1649 to the Nederduitsche , Niederdeutsche church later on Dutch Reformed Church. In the latter meeting, the Church fathers expelled Arminians and added

2544-415: Was held in October 1571 in the German city of Emden . The Synod of Emden is generally considered to be the founding of the Dutch Reformed Church, the oldest of the Reformed churches in the Netherlands. The Synod both affirmed the actions of the earlier Synod of Wesel, as well as established presbyterian church government for the Dutch Reformed Church. The first Synod to be located in the Dutch Republic

2597-407: Was known as the Fifth Avenue Church and the Forty-Eighth Street Church. The church was demolished in 1949. The New Middle Collegiate Church, built in 1891-92 and designed by S.B. Reed , is located on Second Avenue between 6th and 7th Streets. When initially built, the church had reading-rooms and a gymnasium. The sanctuary's stained-glass windows were of Tiffany glass . It is located within

2650-412: Was occupied by several hundred Munsee warriors. They ransacked a few houses and threatened, kicked or beat some of the inhabitants. No deaths or serious injuries occurred. The sachems met with the town council and agreed to withdraw at sunset. Meanwhile, the council mustered the militia . As the Munsee gathered at the riverbank that evening, Henrick van Dyck, who may have triggered the occupation by killing

2703-411: Was on Nassau Street near Cedar Street, and was built in 1731. During the Revolutionary War , it was occupied by the British, who used it at various times as a prison, a hospital and a riding school. It reverted to being a church after the war. From 1844 to 1875, the building was the city's main Post Office. It was torn down in 1882. In 1769, to serve the needs of a growing congregation, the North Church

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2756-410: Was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century until 1930. It was the traditional denomination of the Dutch royal family and the foremost Protestant denomination until 2004, the year it helped found and merged into the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (the largest Protestant and second largest Christian communion in

2809-475: Was told by church leaders that he could not preach against certain colleagues, who he believed held erroneous views. He and his congregation seceded from the Dutch Reformed Church. In time, the Afscheiding (the Separation) led to the departure of 120 congregations from the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1886, another separation, the Doleantie , occurred, led by Dutch Reformed journalist, theologian and politician Abraham Kuyper . The Dutch Reformed Church remained

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