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82-589: The Rimac Concept One , sometimes stylized as Concept_One , is a two-seat high-performance electric car designed and manufactured in Croatia by Rimac Automobili . With a total output of 913 kW (1,241 PS; 1,224 hp) and an acceleration time from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 2.5 seconds, the Rimac Concept One was claimed to be the world's fastest accelerating electric vehicle in 2013. To advertise both Rimac Automobili and Formula E ,

164-496: A generator or a fuel cell . Compared to conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric cars are quieter, more responsive, have superior energy conversion efficiency and no exhaust emissions , as well as a lower overall carbon footprint from manufacturing to end of life (even when a power plant supplying the electricity might add to its emissions). Due to the superior efficiency of electric motors, electric cars also generate less waste heat , thus reducing

246-448: A motor in each wheel hub or next to the wheels; this is rare but claimed to be safer. Electric vehicles that lack an axle , differential , or transmission can have less drivetrain inertia. Some direct current motor -equipped drag racer EVs have simple two-speed manual transmissions to improve top speed. The concept electric supercar Rimac Concept One claims it can go from 0–97 km/h (0–60 mph) in 2.5 seconds. Tesla claims

328-412: A 2016 review for the magazine EVO , praised the vehicle's performance, styling, and torque vectoring system, but criticized its small cabin size and the brake pedal feel, giving it 3½ out of 5 stars. He nonetheless stated "The Concept One does lack the soundtrack and the dramatic power delivery of a conventional supercar, but in the way it accelerates and in the way its torque vectoring system picks apart

410-426: A 2020 study, balancing lithium supply and demand for the rest of the century will require good recycling systems, vehicle-to-grid integration, and lower lithium intensity of transportation. Some activists and journalists have raised concerns over the perceived lack of impact of electric cars in solving the climate change crisis compared to other, less popularized methods. These concerns have largely centered around

492-533: A 442 kW (601 PS; 593 hp) electric powertrain in his 3 series, which would soon become the company's first test mule . The car, now called the "Green Monster", set five Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA)-sanctioned acceleration records in April 2011. This attracted the attention of the media and potential investors. Rimac also converted several other BMW 3 series (E30) cars into electric cars after some customers expressed interest in having such

574-408: A blank sheet of paper". Since electric systems for high-performance electric cars were not available on the market, the company developed the necessary parts in-house and patented 24 innovations. When Mate Rimac's 1984 BMW 3 series blew its internal combustion engine while participating in a race, the opportunity was taken to convert it into an electric car. Working on his own, Rimac managed to fit

656-614: A broken leg. On September 22, 2024, Rimac Concept One car supposedly burned at the Naples Motorsports, the number one Rimac dealer in Florida. With a total output of 913 kW (1,241 PS; 1,224 hp) and 1,600 N⋅m (1,180 lb⋅ft) of torque, the Concept One accelerates from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) in 2.5 seconds and has an electronically limited top speed of 340 km/h (211 mph). Each wheel

738-428: A car seeing the success of Rimac's car, and after some success, he moved to the more ambitious project of developing a car of his own. As a result, the electric sports car named the Concept One was born. The Concept One was introduced at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show , and afterwards shown at the 2012 Paris Concours d'Elegance , where it received a positive response by the general public and potential customers. The car

820-408: A column for The Times , called it "amazing" and "brilliant", and stated that during his brief time behind the wheel he "couldn't believe how fast it accelerated", adding "we're not talking here about something that's as fast as Lamborghini Aventador . It is massively faster than that; it is faster than anything else I've ever driven by a huge, huge margin." Richard Hammond, when asked for his take on

902-448: A corner it is enormously entertaining to drive quickly" and concluded that the car "proves EVs can be spectacular to drive". Richard Meaden wrote in EVO "Of all the emerging players, Croatian-based Rimac Automobili is by far the most interesting, the most authentic and, to my mind, the most evo. A leader in battery and electric-motor technology, its Concept One hypercar impressively showcases

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984-430: A flat torque curve down to zero speed. For simplicity and reliability, most electric cars use fixed-ratio gearboxes and have no clutch. Many electric cars have faster acceleration than average ICE cars, largely due to reduced drivetrain frictional losses and the more quickly-available torque of an electric motor. However, NEVs may have a low acceleration due to their relatively weak motors. Electric vehicles can also use

1066-450: A future mobility vision called Autonomous, Connected, Electric and Shared (ACES) Mobility. The term "electric car" typically refers specifically to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) or all-electric cars, a type of electric vehicle (EV) that has an onboard rechargeable battery pack that can be plugged in and charged from the electric grid , and the electricity stored on the vehicle is the only energy source that provide propulsion for

1148-509: A hybrid vehicle, while 31% of younger respondents do not consider hybrid vehicles a good option. 35% would rather opt for a petrol or diesel vehicle, and 24% for an electric car instead of a hybrid. In the EU, only 13% of the total population do not plan on owning a vehicle at all. Electric motors can provide high power-to-weight ratios . Batteries can be designed to supply the electrical current needed to support these motors. Electric motors have

1230-566: A reversible heat pump , such as on the Nissan Leaf. PTC junction cooling is also attractive for its simplicity—this kind of system is used, for example, in the 2008 Tesla Roadster. To avoid using part of the battery's energy for heating and thus reducing the range, some models allow the cabin to be heated while the car is plugged in. For example, the Nissan Leaf, the Mitsubishi i-MiEV, Renault Zoe and Tesla cars can be pre-heated while

1312-434: Is a small automatic transmission coupled to the differential, with an electronic control unit actuating clutches to vary the torque output between each driven wheel. ATTS effectively counteracted the natural tendency of the front-engine, front-wheel-drive Prelude to understeer . Honda later developed the system into their Super Handling all-wheel-drive (SH-AWD) system by 2004, which improved handling by increasing torque to

1394-665: Is independent of technology and could be achieved by driveline devices for a conventional powertrain, or with electrical torque sources. Then comes the practical element of integration with brake stability functions for both fun and safety. Torque vectoring differentials on front or rear wheel drive vehicles are less complex, yet share many of the same benefits as all-wheel drive differentials. The differential only varies torque between two wheels. The electronic monitoring system only monitors two wheels, making it less complex. A front-wheel drive differential must take into account several factors. It must monitor rotational and steering angle of

1476-427: Is less complex than an all-wheel drive differential. The impact of torque distribution is the generation of yaw moment arising from longitudinal forces and changes to the lateral resistance generated by each tire. Applying more longitudinal force reduces the lateral resistance that can be generated. The specific driving condition dictates what the trade-off should be to either damp or excite yaw acceleration. The function

1558-407: Is lower; however, for higher production, a dedicated platform may be preferred to optimize design, and cost. In the EU and US, but not yet China, the total cost of ownership of recent electric cars is cheaper than that of equivalent gasoline cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs. A 2024 Consumer Reports analysis of 29 car brands found Tesla was the least expensive to maintain; Tesla

1640-409: Is needed on non-exhaust particulates. The sourcing of fossil fuels (oil well to gasoline tank) causes further damage as well as use of resources during the extraction and refinement processes. Depending on the production process and the source of the electricity to charge the vehicle, emissions may be partly shifted from cities to the plants that generate electricity and produce the car as well as to

1722-501: Is now being implemented in a small variety of production vehicles. The most common use of torque vectoring in automobiles today is in all-wheel drive vehicles. The flagship 1996 fifth-generation Honda Prelude was equipped with an Active Torque Transfer System (ATTS) torque-vectoring differential driving the front wheels; it was known in different markets as the Type S (Japan), VTi-S (Europe), and Type SH (North America). In essence, ATTS

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1804-429: Is powered by a separate liquid-cooled permanent magnet synchronous electric motor and controlled by the so-called "All Wheel Torque Vectoring System" that distributes the power to the wheels in accordance with user setup and driving conditions. The car features carbon ceramic brakes for improved stopping power. Also, the car has the ability to switch the power from front-wheel to rear-wheel drive or to equally distribute

1886-484: Is propelled by an electric traction motor , using electrical energy as the primary source of propulsion . The term normally refers to a plug-in electric vehicle , typically a battery electric vehicle (BEV), which only uses energy stored in on-board battery packs , but broadly may also include plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), range-extended electric vehicle (REEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), which can convert electric power from other fuels via

1968-401: Is to independently vary torque to each wheel. Differentials generally consist of only mechanical components. A torque vectoring differential requires an electronic monitoring system in addition to standard mechanical components. This electronic system tells the differential when and how to vary the torque. Due to the number of wheels that receive power, a front or rear wheel drive differential

2050-455: Is typically implemented with two independent electric motors , one for each axle. In this case the torque vectoring between the front and rear axles is just a matter of electronically controlling the power distribution between the two motors, which can be done on a millisecond scale. In the case of EVs with three or four motors, even more precise torque vectoring can be applied electronically, with millisecond-specific per wheel torque control in

2132-572: The Electric Storage Battery Company of Philadelphia . During the 20th century, the main manufacturers of electric vehicles in the United States included Anthony Electric, Baker, Columbia, Anderson, Edison, Riker, Milburn, Bailey Electric , and Detroit Electric . Their electric vehicles were quieter than gasoline-powered ones, and did not require gear changes. Six electric cars held the land speed record in

2214-737: The European Union , as of 2020, the total cost of ownership of recent electric vehicles is cheaper than that of equivalent ICE cars, due to lower fueling and maintenance costs. In 2023, the Tesla Model Y became the world's best selling car. The Tesla Model 3 became the world's all-time best-selling electric car in early 2020, and in June 2021 became the first electric car to pass 1 million global sales. Together with other emerging automotive technologies such as autonomous driving, connected vehicles and shared mobility, electric cars form

2296-642: The Ford Model T , led to a decline. ICE cars' much quicker refueling times and cheaper production costs made them more popular. However, a decisive moment came with the introduction in 1912 of the electric starter motor that replaced other, often laborious, methods of starting the ICE, such as hand-cranking . In the early 1990s the California Air Resources Board (CARB) began a push for more fuel-efficient, lower-emissions vehicles, with

2378-603: The International Energy Agency (IEA). China currently has the largest stock of electric vehicles in the world , with cumulative sales of 5.5 million units through December 2020, although these figures also include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such as buses , garbage trucks and sanitation vehicles , and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in China. In the United States and

2460-620: The Rivian R1T (in production in 2021) has two motors on each axle, front and rear. A special transmission unit was used in the experimental 2014 car MUTE of the Technical University of Munich , where the bigger motor is providing the driving power and the smaller for the torque vectoring functionality. The detailed control system of the torque vectoring is described in the doctoral thesis of Dr.-Ing. Michael Graf. In case of electric vehicles with four electric motor drives,

2542-742: The recharging infrastructures (especially those with fast chargers ) are still in its relative infancy, range anxiety and time cost are frequent psychological obstacles against electric cars during consumer purchasing decisions . Worldwide, 10 million plug-in electric cars were sold in 2022, a total of 14% of new car sales, up from 9% in 2021. Many countries have established government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles , tax credits, subsidies, and other non-monetary incentives while several countries have legislated to phase-out sales of fossil fuel cars , to reduce air pollution and limit climate change . EVs are expected to account for nearly one-fifth of global car sales in 2023, according to

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2624-412: The 19th century. The last of them was the rocket-shaped La Jamais Contente , driven by Camille Jenatzy , which broke the 100 km/h (62 mph) speed barrier by reaching a top speed of 105.88 km/h (65.79 mph) in 1899. Electric cars remained popular until advances in internal-combustion engine (ICE) cars and mass production of cheaper gasoline- and diesel -powered vehicles, especially

2706-474: The Concept One was used as the official zero-emission race director's car during the first season of Formula E championship in 2014. Rimac Automobili , an automobile manufacturing company established in 2009 in Sveta Nedelja , Croatia , grew out of its founder Mate Rimac's garage hobby. The company's primary objective was to build the world's first electric sports car, starting, as Rimac put it, "with

2788-564: The EV company Togg is starting production of its electric vehicles. Batteries will be created in a joint venture with the Chinese company Farasis Energy . The most expensive part of an electric car is its battery. The price decreased from €605 per kWh in 2010, to €170 in 2017, to €100 in 2019. When designing an electric vehicle, manufacturers may find that for low production, converting existing platforms may be cheaper, as development cost

2870-525: The Middle East. The Concept S is a lighter, more powerful, more aerodynamic and track-oriented iteration of the Concept One. The electric motors in the Concept S can generate 1,032 kW (1,384 hp), enabling the car to accelerate from 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 2.5 seconds and attain a top speed of 365 km/h (227 mph). By making modifications to produce the carbon fibre shell of

2952-413: The acceleration from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) was achieved in 2.6 seconds, from 0–200 km/h (124 mph) in 6.2 seconds, and from 0–300 km/h (186 mph) in 14.2 seconds. The best 402 metres ( 1 ⁄ 4  mi) time recorded was 9.9 seconds. The electronically limited top speed was increased to 356 km/h (221 mph). In 2017, the 0–97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration time

3034-444: The basic principles of a standard differential. A torque vectoring differential performs basic differential tasks while also transmitting torque independently between wheels. This torque transferring ability improves handling and traction in almost any situation. Torque vectoring differentials were originally used in racing. Mitsubishi rally cars were some of the earliest to use the technology. The technology has slowly developed and

3116-432: The best selling all-electric car at that time. Starting in 2008, a renaissance in electric vehicle manufacturing occurred due to advances in batteries, and the desire to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and to improve urban air quality . During the 2010s, the electric vehicle industry in China expanded rapidly with government support. Several automakers marked up the prices of their electric vehicles in anticipation of

3198-487: The car during an interview session for DriveTribe , said he "loved it; it was astonishing", maintaining it had "proper ambition in terms of range" and describing its all-wheel torque vectoring system as "breathtaking". He further commented that it "felt genuinely futuristic and modern" and that "we are going to have to invent a whole new vocabulary ... for the sounds these things make". James May described it as an "exquisite pearl white electrical delicacy". Alex Roy tested

3280-562: The car in an episode for the NBC Sports programme /Drive that aired on October 26, 2017, and gave positive impressions. He stated "I haven’t driven anything this fast in my life. Absolutely changes the game." on Twitter . The car was chosen as one of the Top 10 Tech Cars by the IEEE in 2018. Electric car An electric car or electric vehicle ( EV ) is a passenger automobile that

3362-587: The car is charged. Cost savings are also affected by the price of gasoline which can vary by location. Electric cars have several benefits when replacing ICE cars, including a significant reduction of local air pollution, as they do not emit exhaust pollutants such as volatile organic compounds , hydrocarbons , carbon monoxide , ozone , lead , and various oxides of nitrogen . Similar to ICE vehicles, electric cars emit particulates from tyre and brake wear which may damage health, although regenerative braking in electric cars means less brake dust. More research

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3444-560: The car when parked; two models of the 2010 Toyota Prius include this feature as an option. The safety issues of BEVs are largely dealt with by the international standard ISO 6469. This document is divided into three parts dealing with specific issues: Research published in the British Medical Journal in 2024 indicates that between 2013 and 2017 in the United Kingdom, electric cars killed pedestrians at twice

3526-450: The car, Rimac has reduced the weight of the Concept S by 50 kg (110 lb). The car also receives a full aerodynamic package which includes a large carbon fibre front splitter, side skirts, racing slicks and a large rear wing that generates 34% more downforce than the Concept One. On the interior, the car features racing bucket seats with 4-point racing harness, a new steering wheel, a driver focused infotainment system that projects only

3608-462: The center of gravity, increasing driving stability, lowering the risk of an accident through loss of control. Additionally, a lower center of gravity provides a greater resistance to roll-over crashes. If there is a separate motor near or in each wheel, this is claimed to be safer due to better handling. Torque Vectoring In 1996, Honda and Mitsubishi released sporty vehicles with torque vectoring systems. The torque vectoring idea builds on

3690-567: The eight produced Concept One vehicles during filming for Series 2 of The Grand Tour . Hammond was on his last run up a timed hill climb course during the Bergrennen Hemberg event, when, just after crossing the finish line, the car ran off the road. The car tumbled down the hill and eventually came to rest upside down 110 m (361 ft) from the road. The car caught fire, and continued to spontaneously do so for five days according to fellow presenter James May . Hammond survived with

3772-451: The electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels. Electric motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines in converting stored energy into driving a vehicle. However, they are not equally efficient at all speeds. To allow for this, some cars with dual electric motors have one electric motor with a gear optimised for city speeds and the second electric motor with a gear optimised for highway speeds. The electronics select

3854-550: The existence of less carbon-intensive and more efficient forms of transportation such as active mobility , mass transit and e-scooters and the continuation of a system designed for cars first. A 2022 survey found that 33% of car buyers in Europe will opt for a petrol or diesel car when purchasing a new vehicle. 67% of the respondents mentioned opting for the hybrid or electric version. More specifically, it found that electric cars are only preferred by 28% of Europeans, making them

3936-458: The feeling of taking off in traffic as "utterly impressive" and noticed its quietness by stating that "Rimac's hypercar only makes a sound when its inverters kick in, as a gentle reminder that you're sitting in the automotive equivalent of a small power station. A sexy, clean, fast and driftable power station." The crew of Amazon Prime show The Grand Tour talked about the car in 2017 shortly after Richard Hammond 's crash. Jeremy Clarkson , in

4018-434: The first electric car some time between 1832 and 1839. The following experimental electric cars appeared during the 1880s: Electricity was among the preferred methods for automobile propulsion in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, providing a level of comfort and an ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline-driven cars of the time. The electric vehicle fleet peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles at

4100-404: The front and rear wheels. This means that, under normal driving conditions, the front wheels receive a set percentage of the engine torque, and the rear wheels receive the rest. If needed, the differential can transfer more torque between the front and rear wheels to improve vehicle performance. For example, a vehicle might have a standard torque distribution of 90% to the front wheels and 10% to

4182-456: The fruits of its labours, with a huge amount of the car done in-house. ... If Rimac's own Concept One becomes a production reality it could well be a game-changer – the Tesla of the hypercar world." In 2017, Road & Track tested the car on city streets and described it as an "electric techno extravaganza" and claimed that "the carbon tub you sit in is rigid as a nuclear bunker". It described

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4264-523: The high investment required to develop the charging and swapping infrastructure, and a market penetration far lower than originally predicted. The Mitsubishi i-MiEV , launched in 2009 in Japan, was the first highway-legal series production electric car, and also the first all-electric car to sell more than 10,000 units. Several months later, the Nissan Leaf , launched in 2010, surpassed the i MiEV as

4346-663: The infrastructure on a country-by-country basis. In January 2008, Better Place announced a memorandum of understanding with Renault-Nissan to build the world's first Electric Recharge Grid Operator (ERGO) model for Israel. Under the agreement, Better Place would build the electric recharge grid and Renault-Nissan would provide the electric vehicles . Better Place filed for bankruptcy in Israel in May 2013. The company's financial difficulties were caused by mismanagement, wasteful efforts to establish toeholds and run pilots in too many countries,

4428-492: The least preferred type of vehicle. 39% of Europeans tend to prefer hybrid vehicles , while 33% prefer petrol or diesel vehicles . 44% Chinese car buyers, on the other hand, are the most likely to buy an electric car, while 38% of Americans would opt for a hybrid car, 33% would prefer petrol or diesel, while only 29% would go for an electric car. Specifically for the EU , 47% of car buyers over 65 years old are likely to purchase

4510-494: The milestone of 1 million global sales in June 2021. In the third quarter of 2021, the Alliance for Automotive Innovation reported that sales of electric vehicles had reached six percent of all US light-duty automotive sales, the highest volume of EV sales ever recorded at 187,000 vehicles. This was an 11% sales increase, as opposed to a 1.3% increase in gasoline and diesel-powered units. The report indicated that California

4592-482: The most important information on the central display and Alcantara trim. Production was limited to two cars. At the end of 2014 the Volar-e was put on the market. The company Applus+ IDIADA built this vehicle based on the Rimac Concept One, however, the battery size was reduced in order to save weight (38 kWh). The car had a range of 200 km (120 miles). The battery could be recharged in 15 minutes. Dan Prosser, in

4674-495: The motor that has the best efficiency for the current speed and acceleration. Regenerative braking , which is most common in electric vehicles, can recover as much as one fifth of the energy normally lost during braking. Combustion powered cars harness waste heat from the engine to provide cabin heating, but this option is not available in an electric vehicle. While heating can be provided with an electric resistance heater, higher efficiency and integral cooling can be obtained with

4756-577: The need for engine cooling systems that are often large, complicated and maintenance-prone in ICE vehicles. The electric vehicle battery typically needs to be plugged into a mains electricity power supply for recharging in order to maximize the cruising range . Recharging an electric car can be done at different kinds of charging stations ; these charging stations can be installed in private homes , parking garages and public areas . There are also research and development in other technologies such as battery swapping and inductive charging . As

4838-470: The occupants of a lighter vehicle; therefore, the additional weight brings safety benefits to the occupant, while increasing harm to others. On average, an accident will cause about 50% more injuries to the occupants of a 2,000 lb (900 kg) vehicle than those in a 3,000 lb (1,400 kg) vehicle. Heavier cars are more dangerous to people outside the car if they hit a pedestrian or another vehicle. The battery in skateboard configuration lowers

4920-601: The outside wheels. At about the same time, the Lancer Evolution IV GSR was equipped with a similar Active Yaw Control (AYC) system in 1996. AYC was fitted to the rear wheels and similarly works to counteract understeer through a series of electronically-controlled clutches that control torque output. The phrase "Torque Vectoring" was first used by Ricardo in 2006 in relation to their driveline technologies. The idea and implementation of torque vectoring are both complex. The main goal of torque vectoring

5002-418: The power between all wheels. The motors are powered by a 92 kWh LiFePO4 (lithium iron phosphate) battery, giving the car a range of 349 km (217 miles) per charge. The car's body is made of carbon fibre . The interior features custom leather upholstery and hand-made dashboard components. In the subsequent version presented at the 2016 Geneva Motor Show , some performance figures were further optimised:

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5084-465: The purchase price of electric cars and other plug-ins. As of 2020 , the electric vehicle battery is more than a quarter of the total cost of the car. Purchase prices are expected to drop below those of new ICE cars when battery costs fall below US$ 100 per kWh, which is forecast to be in the mid-2020s. Leasing or subscriptions are popular in some countries, depending somewhat on national taxes and subsidies, and end of lease cars are expanding

5166-472: The quad-motor case, and two wheels of per wheel control plus one of per axle control in the tri-motor case. Torque vectoring can be even more effective if it is actuated through two electric motor drives located on the same axle, as this configuration can be used for shaping the vehicle understeer characteristic and improving the transient response of the vehicle, The Tesla Cybertruck (scheduled for 2022) tri-motor model has one axle with two motors, while

5248-420: The rate of petrol or diesel vehicles because "they are less audible to pedestrians in urban areas". Jurisdictions have passed laws requiring electric vehicles to be manufactured with sound generators. The weight of the batteries themselves usually makes an EV heavier than a comparable gasoline vehicle. In a collision, the occupants of a heavy vehicle will, on average, suffer fewer and less serious injuries than

5330-685: The rear. When necessary, the differential changes the distribution to 50/50. This new distribution spreads the torque more evenly between all four wheels. Having more even torque distribution increases the vehicle's traction. There are more advanced torque vectoring differentials as well. These differentials build on basic torque transfer between front and rear wheels. They add the ability to transfer torque between individual wheels. This provides an even more effective method of improving handling characteristics. The differential monitors each wheel independently, and distributes available torque to match current conditions. In electric vehicles all-wheel drive

5412-484: The same total wheel torque and yaw moment can be generated through a near infinite number of wheel torque distributions. Energy efficiency can be used as a criterion for allocating torque across the wheels. This approach is used in the Rivian R1T light-duty truck introduced in 2021. Research is taking place into using torque vectoring to actively steer railway wheelsets on the track. Claimed benefits include

5494-454: The second hand market. In a June 2022 report by AlixPartners, the cost for raw materials on an average EV rose from $ 3,381 in March 2020 to $ 8,255 in May 2022. The cost increase voice is attributed mainly to lithium, nickel, and cobalt. Electricity almost always costs less than gasoline per kilometer travelled, but the price of electricity often varies depending on where and what time of day

5576-457: The subsidy adjustments, including Tesla, Volkswagen and Guangzhou-based GAC Group, which counts Fiat, Honda, Isuzu, Mitsubishi, and Toyota as foreign partners. In July 2019 US-based Motor Trend magazine awarded the fully-electric Tesla Model S the title "ultimate car of the year". In March 2020 the Tesla Model 3 passed the Nissan Leaf to become the world's all-time best-selling electric car, with more than 500,000 units delivered; it reached

5658-416: The torque to that wheel, effectively braking the wheel. The differential also increases torque to the opposite wheel, helping balance the power output and keep the vehicle stable. A rear-wheel drive torque vectoring differential works similarly to a front-wheel drive differential. Most torque vectoring differentials are on all-wheel drive vehicles. A basic torque vectoring differential varies torque between

5740-451: The transportation of material. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted depends on the emissions of the electricity source and the efficiency of the vehicle. For electricity from the grid , the life-cycle emissions vary depending on the proportion of coal-fired power , but are always less than ICE cars. The cost of installing charging infrastructure has been estimated to be repaid by health cost savings in less than three years. According to

5822-536: The turn of the 20th century. In 1897, electric cars first found commercial use as taxis in Britain and in the United States. In London, Walter Bersey 's electric cabs were the first self-propelled vehicles for hire at a time when cabs were horse-drawn. In New York City, a fleet of twelve hansom cabs and one brougham , based on the design of the Electrobat II , formed part of a project funded in part by

5904-574: The ultimate goal of a move to zero-emissions vehicles such as electric vehicles. In response, automakers developed electric models. These early cars were eventually withdrawn from the U.S. market, because of a massive campaign by the US automakers to discredit the idea of electric cars. California electric-auto maker Tesla Motors began development in 2004 of what would become the Tesla Roadster , first delivered to customers in 2008. The Roadster

5986-473: The upcoming Tesla Roadster will go 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in 1.9 seconds. Internal combustion engines have thermodynamic limits on efficiency, expressed as a fraction of energy used to propel the vehicle compared to energy produced by burning fuel. Gasoline engines effectively use only 15% of the fuel energy content to move the vehicle or to power accessories; diesel engines can reach on-board efficiency of 20%; electric vehicles convert over 77% of

6068-497: The vehicle is plugged in. Some electric cars (for example, the Citroën Berlingo Electrique ) use an auxiliary heating system (for example gasoline -fueled units manufactured by Webasto or Eberspächer) but sacrifice "green" and "Zero emissions" credentials. Cabin cooling can be augmented with solar power external batteries and USB fans or coolers, or by automatically allowing outside air to flow through

6150-423: The wheels. As these factors vary during driving, different forces are exerted on the wheels. The differential monitors these forces, and adjusts torque accordingly. Many front-wheel drive differentials can increase or decrease torque transmitted to a certain wheel. This ability improves a vehicle's capability to maintain traction in poor weather conditions. When one wheel begins to slip, the differential can reduce

6232-475: The wheels. The term generally refers to highway-capable automobiles, but there are also low-speed electric vehicles with limitations in terms of weight, power and maximum speed that are allowed to travel on public roads. The latter are classified as Neighborhood Electric Vehicles (NEVs) in the United States , and as electric motorised quadricycles in Europe . Robert Anderson is often credited with inventing

6314-409: Was improved to 2.4 seconds. 0–100 km/h (62 mph) took 2.5 seconds, 0–200 km/h (124 mph) took 6 seconds, and 300 km/h (186 mph) took 14 seconds. The range was increased from 330 to 350 km (205 to 217 miles). In 2017, Rimac Automobili established official dealerships with PACE Germany, Manhattan Motorcars and Al Marooni Group for the regions of Europe, North America and

6396-590: Was set to cost US$ 980,000 once the serial production started in 2013. A limited production of 88 units was to be offered. The first car was delivered to an anonymous Spanish customer in January 2013. Rimac participated at the 2015 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb with a 1,100 kW (1,500 PS; 1,500 hp) highly customised version called the E-Runner Concept_One. The vehicle took second place overall competing against ICE vehicles. The driver

6478-497: Was the US leader in EV with nearly 40% of US purchases, followed by Florida – 6%, Texas – 5% and New York 4.4%. Electric companies from the Middle East have been designing electric cars. Oman's Mays Motors have developed the Mays i E1 which is expected to begin production in 2023. Built from carbon fibre, it has a range of about 560 km (350 miles) and can accelerate from 0–130 km/h (0–80 mph) in about 4 secs. In Turkey,

6560-673: Was the first highway-legal all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells, and the first production all-electric car to travel more than 320 km (200 miles) per charge. Better Place , a venture-backed company based in Palo Alto, California , but steered from Israel , developed and sold battery charging and battery swapping services for electric cars. The company was publicly launched on 29 October 2007 and announced deployment of electric vehicle networks in Israel , Denmark and Hawaii in 2008 and 2009. The company planned to deploy

6642-478: Was the multiple Pikes Peak winner Nobuhiro Tajima . After a series of incremental improvements, the final version of the car was presented at the March 2016 Geneva Motor Show . In 2017, the Concept One participated at the Goodwood Festival of Speed for the first time, breaking the EV speed record on a timed track. On June 10, 2017, journalist and television presenter Richard Hammond crashed one of

6724-652: Was the only all-electric brand included. The greater the distance driven per year, the more likely the total cost of ownership for an electric car will be less than for an equivalent ICE car. The break-even distance varies by country depending on the taxes, subsidies, and different costs of energy. In some countries the comparison may vary by city, as a type of car may have different charges to enter different cities; for example, in England , London charges ICE cars more than Birmingham does. Several national and local governments have established EV incentives to reduce

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