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40-479: In one sense it is the acknowledgment of having done something wrong, whether on purpose or not. Thus confessional texts usually provide information of a private nature previously unavailable. What a sinner tells a priest in the confessional, the documents criminals sign acknowledging what they have done, an autobiography in which the author acknowledges mistakes, and so on, are all examples of confessional texts. Not all confessions reveal wrongdoing, however. For example,

80-471: A confession of love is often considered positive both by the confessor and by the recipient of the confession and is a common theme in literature. With respect to confessions of wrongdoing, there are several specific kinds of confessions that have significance beyond the social. A legal confession involves an admission of some wrongdoing that has a legal consequence, while the concept of confession in religion varies widely across various belief systems, and

120-399: A false confession . In U.S. law, a confession must be voluntary in order to be admissible. Confessions (whether forced or otherwise) may feature in formal or informal show trials . In India sections 24 to 30 of Indian Evidence Act, 1872 deals with confession, but the word confession has not been defined in any statute . It has been judicially interpreted to mean an admission of all

160-764: A breakdown in interpersonal relationships and social trust. Staging , scripts and agitators were prearranged by the Maoists to incite crowd support. In particular, the denunciation of prominent "class enemies" was often conducted in public squares and marked by large crowds of people who surrounded the kneeling victim, raised their fists, and shouted accusations of misdeeds. Specific methods of abuse included hair shaving ( 阴阳头 ), dunce caps , "jetting" ( 喷气式 ) (similar to strappado ), and verbal and physical attacks. The term pīdòu ( 批鬥 ) comes from pīpàn ( 批判 , ' to criticize and judge ' ) and dòuzhēng ( 鬥爭 , ' to fight and contest ' ), therefore

200-492: A brutal scene from the Cultural Revolution. In the first episode, Ye Wenjie , one of the main characters, watches in horror as her father, a physics professor at the prestigious Tsinghua University , is publicly beaten to death in a struggle session. The scene may have been inspired by the true story of Ye Qisong , who was a renowned Chinese physicist persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and who shares

240-447: A clearer point as the author of a love letter has time to think, rephrase, and edit the contents of his heart. Declarations of love can surface as permanent marks on urban environments and nature. They are considered vandalism by many municipalities and governments. When a declaration of love is made, it is often attempted to be made permanent. If the declaration is permanent it is considered everlasting or eternal. A good example of this

280-567: A confession by one accused incriminating himself and others is relevant. Dr. Suzanne Karan, a residency program director at the University of Rochester Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, initiated confessions sessions in residency education. In 2015, Dr. Karan published her research on confessions and it was concluded that the use of confessions sessions provided an opportunity to reflect, discuss, and admit without fear of punitive actions and allowed for early intervention on

320-453: A large number of people both inside and outside the CCP were labeled as " rightists " and subjected to persecution and public "criticism". Many alleged "rightists" were repeatedly "struggled against" and purged. According to official CCP statistics released during the " Boluan Fanzheng " period after Mao's death, the campaign resulted in the political persecution of at least 550,000 people. After

360-407: A person accused of any offence, in the custody of a police officer, so much of such information, whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact thereby discovered, may be proved. This section does not apply to information given to police by an accused person who was not in custody at the time it was given. The submission of a person to the custody of a police officer within

400-401: A way for the confessant to claim credit for a misdeed for the purpose of eliciting a reaction to that claim. In law, there is an exception to the hearsay rule that allows testimony concerning someone else's confession to be admitted if the statement had a great enough tendency "to expose the declarant to civil or criminal liability". The theory is that a reasonable person would not make such

440-412: A wronged party, but such confessions may also serve to create social bonds between the confessant and the confessor, and may prompt the listener to reply with confessions of their own. A person may therefore confess wrongdoing to another person as a means of creating such a social bond, or of extracting reciprocal information from the other person. A confession may be made in a self-aggrandizing manner, as

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480-1131: Is love locks , padlocks attached to landmarks, and constructions with the names of lovers engraved or written on them. They began appearing on the Pont des Arts bridge in Paris as early as 2008. They have since then become a widespread phenomenon. Now considered vandalism in many places around the world, they are regularly removed. An open petition has been made for them to be banned in Paris. Another example are lovers’ arborglyphs, carvings in living trees. A popular romantic image, they are known to spread disease between Beech trees. Struggle session Struggle sessions ( Chinese : 批斗大会 ; pinyin : pīdòu dàhuì ), or denunciation rallies or struggle meetings , were violent public spectacles in Maoist China where people accused of being " class enemies " were publicly humiliated , accused, beaten and tortured, sometimes to death, often by people with whom they were close. These public rallies were most popular in

520-400: Is a confession as well as a declaration, it comes as quite a shock to Elisabeth, who does not return Darcy's confession of love. However, she says she feels "a sense of obligation for the sentiments avowed, however unequally they may be returned." She adds that she has "never desired [his] good opinion" and that he has "certainly bestowed it most unwillingly," making it clear that his declaration

560-643: Is as boundless as the sea, My love as deep; the more I give to thee, The more I have, for both are infinite. Romeo subsequently declares his love for Juliet to her, making it a declaration of mutual consent—an accepted love declaration—where both partners are in love. An example of a less-successful declaration of love can be found in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice where Darcy declares his love for Elisabeth: "In vain have I struggled. It will not do. My feelings will not be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you." As it

600-499: Is confessing. Paul Wilkes characterizes confession as "a pillar of mental health" because of its ability to relieve anxieties associated with keeping secrets . Confessants are more likely to confess when the expected benefits outweigh the marginal costs (when the benefit of the offense to them is high, the cost to the victim is low, and the probability of information leakage is high). People may undertake social confessions in order to relieve feelings of guilt or to seek forgiveness from

640-404: Is more often than not explicit and straightforward. A declaration of love from one person to another is "a statement made by one person to another in which they say they are in love with the other person." One widely referenced declaration of love comes from Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet . In the balcony scene , Juliet declares her love for Romeo who stands outside her window: My bounty

680-496: Is unwanted as well as unsuccessful. In the oldest existing text written in Icelandic, a faded and near illegible runic inscription from the 10th or 11th century, the word “ást” appears, which directly translates as love. It is speculated the author of the text was declaring their love for something. A love letter is one of the most classical forms of non-verbal declarations of feelings of love. It allows for more specificity and

720-410: Is usually more akin to a ritual by which the person acknowledges thoughts or actions considered sinful or morally wrong within the confines of the confessor's religion. In some religions, confession takes the form of an oral communication to another person. Socially, however, the term may refer to admissions that are neither legally nor religiously significant. Confession often benefits the one who

760-699: The Soviet Union from the 1920s. Chinese communists initially resisted this practice, as struggle sessions conflicted with the Chinese concept of " saving face "; however, these sessions became commonplace at Chinese Communist Party (CCP) meetings during the 1930s due to public popularity. Struggle sessions emerged in China as a tactic to secure the allegiance of the Chinese people during the Land Reform Movement (which ended in 1953). As early as

800-656: The mass campaigns immediately before and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China , and peaked during the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), when they were used to instill a crusading spirit among crowds to promote Maoist thought reform . Struggle sessions were usually conducted at the workplace, classrooms and auditoriums, where "students were pitted against their teachers, friends and spouses were pressured to betray one another, [and] children were manipulated into exposing their parents", causing

840-631: The 1940s, in areas controlled by the CCP during the Chinese Civil War , the CCP encouraged peasants to "criticize" and "struggle against" land owners in order to shape class consciousness. This campaign sought to mobilize the masses through "speak bitterness" sessions ( 訴苦 , sùkǔ , 'give utterance to grief') in which peasants accused land owners. The strongest accusations in the "speak bitterness" sessions would be incorporated into scripted and stage-managed public mass accusation meetings ( 控訴 大會 , kòngsù dàhuì ). Cadres then cemented

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880-557: The Boluan Fanzheng period, when the reformers, led by Deng Xiaoping, took power in December 1978. Deng and other senior officials prohibited struggle sessions and other forms of Mao-era violent political campaigns, and the primary focus of Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government shifted from " class struggle " to " economic construction ". Frederick T. C. Yu identified three categories of mass campaigns employed by

920-418: The CCP in the years before and after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC): The process of struggle sessions served multiple purposes. First, it demonstrated to the masses that the party was determined to subdue any opposition (generally labeled "class enemies"), by violence if necessary. Second, potential rivals were crushed. Third, those who attacked the targeted foes became complicit in

960-488: The Netflix production, and while not all of his suggestions were taken, "the depiction of the [Cultural Revolution] did not deviate from [his] original work." Liu had originally intended to open the novel the same way, but moved the scenes to the middle of the narrative on the advice of his Chinese publisher to avoid government censorship. When asked why he emphasized the Cultural Revolution in his book, Liu stated: "It

1000-537: The disasters of the Great Leap Forward , Mao Zedong had stepped back from presiding over the daily affairs of China's Central Committee . In order to regain power and defeat political enemies within the party, Mao leveraged his cult of personality to unleash the Cultural Revolution in 1966. During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), struggle sessions were widely conducted by Red Guards and various rebel groups across mainland China. Though there

1040-669: The early phase of the revolution, mass violence spread over school campuses, where teachers and professors were subjected to frequent struggle sessions, abused, humiliated, and beaten by their students. Intellectuals were labelled as counter-revolutionaries ("反动学术权威") and were even called " Stinking Old Ninth ", subject to frequent struggle sessions and extensive torture. During the Red August of Beijing in 1966, notable intellectuals such as Lao She and Chen Mengjia committed suicide after being humiliated and "struggled against". Meanwhile, Zhou Zuoren requested euthanasia from

1080-424: The ingredients of an offence. Section 24 mandates a confession must be voluntary. Section 25 renders invalid a confession made to a police officer. Section 26 deals with confession in police custody. Section 27 provides the circumstances under which and to what extent a confession in police custody is admissible . It reads: When any fact is deposed to as discovered in consequence of information received from

1120-456: The issues that are relevant to physician trainees. Public confessions play a role in struggle sessions and in other methods of social control and influence involving self-criticism . Declaration of love A declaration of love , also known as a confession of love , is a form of expressing one's love for someone or something. It can be presented in various forms, such as love letters , speeches, or love songs . A love declaration

1160-428: The local police after being harassed by Red Guards, but received no reply. Zhou eventually died of a sudden relapse of an illness on May 6, 1967. Top government officials, including Liu Shaoqi , Deng Xiaoping , Peng Dehuai , and Tao Zhu , were also widely "struggled against" and even persecuted to death during the revolution. After the Cultural Revolution, struggle sessions were disowned in China, starting from

1200-407: The mass trials and accusatory meetings followed clear and meticulously prearranged patterns. Dramatic devices such as staging, props, working scripts, agitators, and climactic moments were used to efficiently engage the emotions of the audience—to stir up resentment against the targeted groups and mobilize the audience to support the regime. Julia C. Strauss observed that public tribunals were "but

1240-508: The meetings, and they could not understand what was happening. But I was also angry." The struggle session has become one of the most emblematic and recognizable visuals from the Cultural Revolution, often depicted in film and TV to immediately place viewers in the era. Belinda Qian He, professor of East Asian and Cinema & Media studies at the University of Maryland, even describes these "show trials" as "the period's iconic form of violence". Pidouhui [struggle session] stands out as one of

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1280-403: The most spectacular icons of China's socialist class struggle, with a few highly visible formal elements: gesticulating and slogan-shouting masses, the objects of the struggle with their heads hung or kneel down (sometimes also wear the "dunce caps" or hold their arms in a humiliating and painful position called the "jet plane style"), big sign boards with a denunciatory label written on it and with

1320-593: The peasants' loyalty by inducing them to actively participate in violent acts against landowners. Escalating violence during the Land Reform Movement resulted in the mass killing of landlords. Later struggle sessions were adapted to use outside the CCP as a means of consolidating control of areas under its jurisdiction. Struggle sessions were further employed during the Anti-Rightist Campaign launched by Mao Zedong in 1957, in which

1360-611: The person's name crossed out, among others. Notable examples of struggle sessions shown in Chinese cinema can be found in Farewell My Concubine (1993) and To Live (1994) . Both historical dramas achieved immense international acclaim, and both films were censored in mainland China for their critical depictions of the Cultural Revolution. In 2024, Netflix's global adaptation of the award-winning Chinese science fiction novel The Three-Body Problem by Liu Cixin sparked significant controversy in China by opening with

1400-508: The same family name as the fictional character. The real Ye even founded the Department of Physics at Tsinghua University. Though the series' opening was criticized on Chinese social media for casting China in a negative light, the portrayal of the struggle session was done with original author Liu Cixin's blessing. In an interview with The Chosun Daily , a Korean newspaper, Liu stated that he "provided personal opinions as an advisor" to

1440-560: The terms of Sec. 46(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure is a custody within the meaning of this section. The word custody in this section does not mean physical custody by arrest .As soon as the accused or the suspected person comes into the hands of police officer, he is, in the absence of clear evidence to the contrary, no longer at liberty, and is therefore in custody within the meaning of Sec. 26 and 27. According to section 30 of Indian Evidence Act, when two or more persons are tried jointly,

1480-426: The violence and hence invested in the state. All three served to consolidate the party's control, which was deemed necessary because party members constituted a small minority of China's population. Both accusation meetings and mass trials were largely propaganda tools to accomplish the party's aims. Klaus Mühlhahn , professor of China studies at Freie Universität Berlin , wrote: Carefully arranged and organized,

1520-527: The visible dénouement of a show that had been many weeks in preparation". Anne F. Thurston, in Enemies of the People , gave a description of a struggle session for the professor You Xiaoli : "I had many feelings at that struggle session. I thought there were some bad people in the audience. But I also thought there were many ignorant people, people who did not understand what was happening, so I pitied that kind of person. They brought workers and peasants into

1560-603: The whole expression conveys the message of "inciting the spirit of judgment and fighting", and instead of saying the full phrase pīpàn dòuzhēng , one often speaks of the shortened version pīdòu ( 批鬥 ). The term "struggle session" refers to a session of pīdòu ( 批鬥 ): the session is held in public and often attended by a large crowd of people, during which the target is publicly humiliated and subject to verbal and physical abuse, for having " counterrevolutionary " thinking or behavior. Struggle sessions developed from similar ideas of criticism and self-criticism in

1600-476: Was no specific definition for the "targets of struggle", they included the Five Black Categories and anyone else who could be deemed an enemy of Mao Zedong Thought . According to one source on classified official statistics, nearly 2 million Chinese were killed and another 125 million were either persecuted or "struggled against" (subject to struggle sessions) during the Cultural Revolution. In

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