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51-640: The National Brewery Centre (formerly the Bass Museum of Brewing and later the Coors Visitor Center ) was a museum and tourist attraction adjacent to the Bass Brewery in Burton upon Trent , Staffordshire , England. The centre celebrated the brewing heritage of Burton and featured exhibits showcasing the history of brewing techniques. The centre also housed a bar and cafe, a history of

102-494: A public carrier in British English ) is distinguished from a contract carrier, which is a carrier that transports goods for only a certain number of clients and that can refuse to transport goods for anyone else, and from a private carrier . A common carrier holds itself out to provide service to the general public without discrimination (to meet the needs of the regulator's quasi-judicial role of impartiality toward

153-672: A "residual common carrier obligation", unless otherwise transferred (such as in the case of a commuter rail system, where the authority operating passenger trains may acquire the property but not this obligation from the former owner), and must operate the line if service is terminated. In contrast, private carriers are not licensed to offer a service to the public. Private carriers generally provide transport on an irregular or ad hoc basis for their owners. Carriers were very common in rural areas prior to motorised transport. Regular services by horse-drawn vehicles would ply to local towns, taking goods to market or bringing back purchases for

204-546: A common carrier. The term common carrier is a common law term and is seldom used in Continental Europe because it has no exact equivalent in civil-law systems. In Continental Europe, the functional equivalent of a common carrier is referred to as a public carrier or simply as a carrier . However, public carrier in Continental Europe is different from public carrier in British English in which it

255-408: A common carrier. An important legal requirement for common carrier as public provider is that it cannot discriminate, that is refuse the service unless there is some compelling reason. As of 2007, the status of Internet service providers as common carriers and their rights and responsibilities is widely debated ( network neutrality ). The term common carrier does not exist in continental Europe but

306-560: A new museum. However, this money, part of the Government's levelling up funding, was not forthcoming. The exhibits are due to be put into storage. The centre's collection will be housed on the ground floor of Bass House on Burton High Street if funding is secured. The building is owned by East Staffordshire Borough Council. 52°48′27″N 1°37′56″W  /  52.8074°N 1.6323°W  / 52.8074; -1.6323 Bass Brewery Bass Brewery ( / ˈ b æ s / )

357-417: A number of other large breweries in the early 20th century. In the 1960s it merged with Charrington United Breweries to become the largest UK brewing company, Bass Charrington. The brewing operations of the company were bought by Interbrew (now Anheuser-Busch InBev ) in 2000, while the retail side (hotels and pubs) was renamed Six Continents plc . Because at the time Interbrew controlled a large portion of

408-670: A relatively minor competitor) for AB-InBev since 2005, while bottled products are brewed at AB-InBev's own brewery in Samlesbury , Lancashire, for export. Bass is also brewed locally in the United States and Belgium. Bass Ale is a top ten premium canned ale in the UK, with 16,080 hectolitres sold in 2010. Before establishing a brewery, William Bass transported ale for brewer Benjamin Printon. Bass sold this carrier business to

459-582: A white can was also available. Introduced in 1972, it was made by Britvic . It was discontinued in 2018. Bass Pale Ale has been brewed under licence in Belgium since the Interbrew takeover. It is typically sold in 25cl bottles at 5.2% ABV. Draught Bass has been exported to America since at least 1966. In 2001, 66,500,000 litres of Bass were sold in the United States . However Bass suffered under

510-429: Is a synonym for contract carrier. Although common carriers generally transport people or goods , in the United States the term may also refer to telecommunications service providers and public utilities . In certain U.S. states , amusement parks that operate roller coasters and comparable rides have been found to be common carriers; a famous example is Disneyland . Regulatory bodies may also grant carriers

561-565: Is brewed by Marston's in Burton in Yorkshire Squares using English hops and dry hopping and is described as "a classic ale with a malty, fruity, nutty aroma and a complex, satisfying flavour". Bottled Bass is not bottle conditioned, and is brewed at Samlesbury , Lancashire, by AB InBev. An ale brewed for export, usually to around 5% ABV. A 1.2% (later 0.5% ABV) shandy made with Bass beer and lemonade. A Pilsner variant in

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612-563: Is distinctive to common law systems, particularly law systems in the US. In Ludditt v Ginger Coote Airways the Privy Council (Lord Macmillan, Lord Wright, Lord Porter and Lord Simonds) held the liability of a public or common carrier of passengers is only to carry with due care. This is more limited than that of a common carrier of goods. The complete freedom of a carrier of passengers at common law to make such contracts as he thinks fit

663-476: The Hague-Visby Rules , escape liability on other grounds than the above-mentioned, e.g. a sea carrier is not liable for damages to the goods if the damage is the result of a fire on board the ship or the result of a navigational error committed by the ship's master or other crewmember. Carriers typically incorporate further exceptions into a contract of carriage , often specifically claiming not to be

714-679: The Pickford family, using the funds to establish Bass & Co Brewery in 1777 as one of the first breweries in Burton-upon-Trent . Early in the company's history, Bass was exporting bottled beer around the world, serving the Baltic region through the port of Hull . Growing demand led his son Michael Thomas Bass (1760–1827) , to build a second brewery in Burton in 1799 in partnership with John Ratcliff. The water from local boreholes became popular with brewers, with 30 operating there by

765-420: The village . If space permitted, passengers could also travel. Cases have also established limitations to the common carrier designation. In a case concerning a hot air balloon , Grotheer v. Escape Adventures, Inc. , the court affirmed a hot air balloon was not a common carrier, holding the key inquiry in determining whether or not a transporter can be classified as a common carrier is whether passengers expect

816-430: The "public convenience and necessity." A contract carrier may be authorized to provide service over either fixed routes and schedules, i.e., as regular route carrier or on an ad hoc basis as an irregular route carrier. It should be mentioned that the carrier refers only to the person ( legal or physical ) that enters into a contract of carriage with the shipper. The carrier does not necessarily have to own or even be in

867-582: The 20th century, a declining market closed many Burton breweries, 20 in 1900 falling to eight in 1928. Bass took over Walkers in 1923, and Worthington in 1927. Also in 1927, they acquired, for over £1,000,000, Thomas Salt , which was founded in 1774 as the Clay Brewery by Joseph Clay, who sold it to Salt, his maltster, just before the introduction by Napoleon of the Continental System that stopped all trade between Britain and Europe. Bass

918-633: The Act refers to as "open video systems". The Act generally bars, with certain exceptions including most rural areas, acquisitions by telephone companies of more than a 10 percent interest in cable operators (and vice versa) and joint ventures between telephone companies and cable systems serving the same areas. Using provisions of the Communications Act of 1934 , the FCC classified Internet service providers as common carriers, effective June 12, 2015, for

969-670: The Competition Commission) released a report entitled "The Supply of Beer: A Report on the Supply of Beer for Retail Sale in the United Kingdom", investigating the nature of the beer industry. The report made recommendations to break up a "complex monopoly " among beer brewing and sales between the UK's "Big Six" ( Allied , Bass, Courage , Grand Metropolitan , Scottish & Newcastle , and Whitbread ), which at that time accounted for "75% of beer production, 74% of

1020-807: The FCC voted 3–2 to reinstate net neutrality in the United States by reclassifying the Internet under Title II. However, legal challenges filed by ISPs resulted in an appeals court order that stays the net neutrality rules until the court makes a final ruling, with the court opining that the ISPs are likely to prevail over the FCC on the merits. In the United States, many oil, gas and CO 2 pipelines are common carriers. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates rates charged and other tariff terms imposed by interstate common carrier pipelines. Intrastate common carrier pipeline tariffs are often regulated by state agencies. The US and many states have delegated

1071-699: The Red Triangle logo have occasionally appeared in art and literature, including Édouard Manet 's 1882 painting A Bar at the Folies-Bergère and in over 40 paintings by Picasso , mostly at the height of his Cubist period around 1914. In the "Oxen of the Sun" episode of James Joyce 's Ulysses , Bloom observes the Bass logo. Draught Bass is a 4.4% ABV cask conditioned beer. Most prevalent near its Burton upon Trent and Derbyshire heartlands, it

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1122-462: The Turf. But Fred, as he was known, was also a heavy drinker and took a mistress, the teenage Fanny Lucy Radmall. In later life she would become a household name as Lucy, Lady Houston . When Fred died of drink in 1883 he left her £6,000 a year, much to the disgust of his family. Following the death of the second Michael Thomas Bass in 1884, his son Michael Arthur Bass, later the 1st Baron Burton , took

1173-531: The UK beer market, the Competition Commission instructed Interbrew to sell the Bass brewery along with certain brands to Coors (now Molson Coors ), while retaining the rights to the Bass brand. In 2010, it was widely reported that AB-InBev was attempting to sell the rights to the Bass brand in the UK for around £10 million to £15 million. In the UK, draught Bass (4.4% ABV ) has been brewed under contract in Burton by Marston's (formerly

1224-573: The US with a higher alcohol content are now produced there domestically by Anheuser-Busch at a Baldwinsville , New York, facility. From 2000 to 2005, Bass was produced under licence by Molson Coors in Burton, in the original Bass brewery. When Coors' licence to brew draught Bass came to an end in 2005, a new licence was awarded to Wolverhampton & Dudley Breweries plc (later Marston's plc ), which transferred production of Bass to its own brewery, also in Burton. The former Bass brewery in Burton, under Molson Coors ownership, underwent renovations in

1275-409: The authority to operate under contract with their customers instead of under common carrier authority, rates, schedules and rules. These regulated carriers, known as contract carriers, must demonstrate that they are "fit, willing and able" to provide service, according to standards enforced by the regulator. However, contract carriers are specifically not required to demonstrate that they will operate for

1326-504: The brewer-owned retail estate, and 86% of loan ties ." Recommendations to limit the number of pubs a brewing company could own were enacted in legislation in 1989, commonly called " the Beer Orders ", with three years for brewers to dispose of excess pubs. Bass went from owning approximately 7,190 pubs in 1989 to about 2,077 in 2014 (by its successor company Mitchells & Butlers ). Following decades of closures, consolidation, and

1377-794: The custodianship of InBev and later Anheuser-Busch InBev as it is undergoing heavy decline in American consumption, with 24,200,000 litres sold in the country in 2010. Molson Coors pledged funding to support the Bass brand in America, and since June 2012, Bass has been brewed in Merrimack, New Hampshire , at 5% ABV for the American market. In 1860, Bass was the first foreign beer to be sold in Japan. 52°48′25″N 1°37′55″W  /  52.807°N 1.632°W  / 52.807; -1.632 Common carrier A common carrier (also called

1428-645: The deal and instructed Interbrew to dispose of the Bass brewery facility in Burton along with the Carling and Worthington brands, which were all sold to Coors (later Molson Coors ). However, Interbrew was to retain the rights to the Bass Pale Ale brand. With only hotel and pub holdings left in the Bass company's portfolio, the company renamed itself Six Continents plc , which itself split into Mitchells & Butlers and InterContinental Hotels Group in 2003. Bottled and keg Bass formerly exported to

1479-638: The early 21st century, and as of 2021 brews Carling and other beers for the UK and European market. In 2020, the historic Bass brewery site, adjacent to the contemporary brewery, was put on the market for redevelopment. Sited next to the brewery, the Bass Museum of Brewing (later renamed the Coors Visitor Centre & The Museum of Brewing), was Burton-upon-Trent's largest tourist attraction until closed by Coors in June 2008. A steering group

1530-486: The effects of the Beer Orders, Bass was left by the end of the 20th century as one of only two large remaining breweries in Burton. The Bass company decided to focus on hospitality rather than brewing and Bass' brewing business was sold to the Belgian brewer Interbrew (later Anheuser-Busch InBev ) in June 2000. The UK government's Competition Commission again raised concerns about the monopoly implications arising from

1581-652: The first in line to register a trade mark the next morning. As a result, Bass, Ratcliff & Gretton Limited received the first six registrations, the Bass Red Triangle for their pale ale and the Bass Red Diamond next for their strong ale (Numbers 3 to 6 have been abandoned). The trade marks are now owned by Brandbrew SA, an InBev subsidiary based in Luxembourg . In June 2013 InBev renamed Bass Pale Ale as Bass Trademark No.1. Bottles of Bass with

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1632-413: The goods on a means of transport is referred to as the "actual carrier". When a carrier subcontracts with another provider, such as an independent contractor or a third-party carrier, the common carrier is said to be providing "substituted service". The same person may hold both common carrier and contract carrier authority. In the case of a rail line in the US, the owner of the property is said to retain

1683-517: The judicial 1982 AT&T consent decree (often referred to as the Modification of Final Judgment ) that effectuated the breakup of AT&T's Bell System . Further, the Act gives telephone companies the option of providing video programming on a common carrier basis or as a conventional cable television operator. If it chooses the former, the telephone company will face less regulation but will also have to comply with FCC regulations requiring what

1734-581: The mid-19th century. His son, Michael Thomas Bass (1799–1884) , succeeded on his father's death in 1827, renewed the Ratcliff partnership, brought in John Gretton, and created 'Bass, Ratcliff and Gretton'. The opening of a railway through Burton in 1839 redoubled Burton's pre-eminence as a brewing town. In the mid-1870s, Bass, Ratcliff and Gretton accounted for one-third of Burton's output. A strong export business allowed Bass to boast that their product

1785-542: The other major brewers which now dominated the industry, Bass were moving away from the production of traditional ales in favour of keg beer and particularly Carling lager at Warrington, ignoring opposition from CAMRA . In 1988, Bass acquired the rights to franchise the Holiday Inn name outside of North and South America and in 1989 went on purchase the Holiday Inn hotel chain from Holiday Corporation . During

1836-410: The possession of a means of transport. Unless otherwise agreed upon in the contract, the carrier may use whatever means of transport approved in its operating authority, as long as it is the most favorable from the cargo interests' point of view. The carriers' duty is to get the goods to the agreed destination within the agreed time or within reasonable time. The person that is physically transporting

1887-472: The power of eminent domain to common carrier gas pipelines. Common carriers are subject to special laws and regulations that differ depending on the means of transport used, e.g. sea carriers are often governed by quite different rules from road carriers or railway carriers. In common law jurisdictions as well as under international law , a common carrier is absolutely liable for goods carried by it, with four exceptions: A sea carrier may also, according to

1938-552: The prime ministership of Margaret Thatcher , beer production, distribution and retailing were vertically integrated, with the "Big Six" brewers (Bass among them) accounting for a large portion of UK beer production and sales. Most pubs were " tied houses ", owned by one of the brewers, and mostly selling its products. On the advice of the Director-General of Fair Trading , the Monopolies and Mergers Commission (later

1989-716: The public's interest) for the "public convenience and necessity." A common carrier must further demonstrate to the regulator that it is "fit, willing, and able" to provide those services for which it is granted authority. Common carriers typically transport persons or goods according to defined and published routes, time schedules, and rate tables upon the approval of regulators. Public airlines , railroads , bus lines , taxicab companies, phone companies , internet service providers , cruise ships , motor carriers (i.e., canal operating companies , trucking companies), and other freight companies generally operate as common carriers. Under US law, an ocean freight forwarder cannot act as

2040-502: The purpose of enforcing net neutrality . Led by the Trump administration's appointed commissioner Ajit Pai , on December 14, 2017 the FCC reversed its rules on net neutrality, effectively revoking common carrier status as a requirement for Internet service providers. Following this, in 2018 the U.S. Senate narrowly passed a non-binding resolution aiming to reverse the FCC's decision and restore FCC's net neutrality rules. On 25 April 2024,

2091-418: The red triangle from that date. The blue triangle was briefly revived after World War II for Pale Ale that was not bottle conditioned. The Bass Red Triangle was the first trade mark to be registered under the UK's Trade Marks Registration Act 1875 . The Act came into effect on 1 January 1876 and legend has it that a Bass employee queued overnight outside the registrar's office on New Year's Eve in order to be

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2142-457: The reins. Both Michael Thomas Bass and his son Lord Burton were philanthropically inclined, making extensive charitable donations to the towns of Burton and Derby . The annual Bass excursions , laid on by the firm for its employees, were the largest operation of its type in the world by a private company. The brewer became a public limited company in 1888. Bass' No. 1 Ale was the first beer to be marketed as barley wine , around 1870. Early in

2193-597: The same product until Bass became preferred as the name of the cask beer and Worthington for keg, although some pubs resisted this distinction. Bass had been reliant on railways to distribute its beer from Burton, and owned the country's largest private rail network within the town linking its various premises. From the 1970s it followed the trend to abandon the use of rail freight, which had become notoriously unreliable. The switch to road haulage required local transport depots, and in many places small independent breweries were bought and repurposed as such. At that time, along with

2244-477: The town, a collection of historic vehicles, a working steam engine, a micro brewery and a shire horse collection. On 18 March 2008, Coors announced that it was to close the Visitor Centre which the company was subsidising at a cost of £1 million a year. The museum closed on 30 June 2008 but the attractions were mothballed in the hope that the museum could be reopened at a later date. A steering group

2295-492: The transportation to be safe because the operator is reasonably capable of controlling the risk of injury. In the United States, telecommunications carriers are regulated by the Federal Communications Commission under title II of the Communications Act of 1934 . The Telecommunications Act of 1996 made extensive revisions to the "Title II" provisions regarding common carriers and repealed

2346-409: Was available "in every country in the globe". By 1877, Bass was the largest brewery in the world, with an annual output of one million barrels. In the 1880s the brewery received unwanted publicity through the lifestyle of Frederick Gretton, son of John Gretton. Having worked for the company when a young man, he drifted away and developed a stable of racehorses. His 'Sterling' and 'Isonomy' were stars of

2397-534: Was established to investigate re-opening, and the museum was relaunched in May 2010 as the National Brewery Centre. It closed in 2022. Bass was a pioneer in international brand marketing . "Many years before 1855" Bass applied a red triangle to casks of its Pale Ale. After 1855 the triangles were red, white or blue depending on which of three breweries it came from, but all bottles of Pale Ale had

2448-426: Was established to investigate reopening the museum. The museum reopened as the National Brewery Centre on 1 May 2010 and was officially reopened by The Princess Royal on 21 September 2010. The Centre finally closed on 31 October 2022 after Coors decided to move its UK headquarters to the site. This was prompted by East Staffordshire Borough Council who gambled on winning money to secure Bass House in Burton to house

2499-612: Was founded in 1777 by William Bass in Burton-upon-Trent , Staffordshire , England. The main brand was Bass Pale Ale , once the highest-selling beer in the UK . By 1877, Bass had become the largest brewery in the world, with an annual output of one million barrels. Its pale ale was exported throughout the British Empire , and the company's red triangle became the UK's first registered trade mark . Bass took control of

2550-537: Was not curtailed by the Railway and Canal Traffic Act 1854 , and a specific contract that enlarges, diminishes or excludes his duty to take care (e.g., by a condition that the passenger travels "at his own risk against all casualties") cannot be pronounced to be unreasonable if the law authorises it. There was nothing in the provisions of the Canadian Transport Act 1938 section 25 that would invalidate

2601-516: Was one of the original London Stock Exchange FT 30 companies when the listing was established in 1935. Over the next half-century, Bass maintained its UK dominance by acquiring such brewers as Mitchells & Butlers (1961), Charringtons (1967), Bents-Gartsides (1967), John Joule & Sons (1968), William Stones Ltd (1968), and Grimsby 's Hewitt Brothers Ltd (1969), being variously known as Bass, Mitchells and Butlers or Bass Charrington . Draught Bass ale and Worthingon "E" were merged to become

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