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43-1005: Copernicus is the Earth observation component of the European Union Space Programme , managed by the European Commission and implemented in partnership with the EU member states , the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), the Joint Research Centre (JRC),

86-549: A petabyte of data. ESA was expecting to turn off the spacecraft in 2014. Envisat poses a hazard because of the risk of collisions with space debris . Given its orbit and its area-to-mass ratio, it will take about 150 years for the satellite to be gradually pulled into the Earth's atmosphere. Envisat is currently orbiting in an environment where two catalogued space debris objects can be expected to pass within about 200 m (660 ft) of it every year, which would likely trigger

129-502: A data link for ERS 1 and ERS 2 , providing numerous functions such as observations of different polarities of light or combining different polarities, angles of incidence and spatial resolutions. These different types of raw data can be given several levels of treatment (suffixed to the ID of the acquisition mode: IMP, APS, and so on): Data capture in WV mode is unusual in that they constitute

172-425: A main partner has performed much of the design and oversees and co-funds the development of Sentinel missions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with each Sentinel mission consisting of at least 2 satellites and some, such as Sentinel 1, 2 and 3, consisting of 4 satellites. They will also provide the instruments for Meteosat Third Generation and MetOp-SG weather satellites of EUMETSAT where ESA and EUMETSAT will also coordinate

215-588: A precision of 0.3 K (0.54 °F), for climate research . Among the secondary objectives of AATSR is the observation of environmental parameters such as water content, biomass, and vegetal health and growth. MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding ) is a Fourier transforming infrared spectrometer which provides pressure and temperature profiles, and profiles of trace gases nitrogen dioxide ( NO 2 ), nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ), methane ( CH 4 ), nitric acid ( HNO 3 ), ozone ( O 3 ), and water ( H 2 O ) in

258-458: A series of 5 km × 5 km spaced at 100 km. DORIS ( Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite) determines the satellite's orbit to within 10 cm (4 in). GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars ) looks at stars as they descend through the Earth's atmosphere and change colour, allowing measurement of gases such as ozone ( O 3 ), including their vertical distribution. GOMOS uses

301-725: A wide range of applications in a variety of areas. These include urban area management, sustainable development and nature protection, regional and local planning, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, health, civil protection, infrastructure, transport and mobility, as well as tourism". Copernicus is the European Union 's contribution to the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) thus delivering geospatial information globally. Some Copernicus services make use of OpenStreetMap data in their maps production. Other initiatives will also facilitate

344-468: A wide range of wavelengths can detect many trace gases even in tiny concentrations. The wavelengths captured also allow effective detection of aerosols and clouds. SCIAMACHY uses 3 different targeting modes: to the nadir (against the sun), to the limbus (through the atmospheric corona), and during solar or lunar eclipses. SCIAMACHY was built by Netherlands and Germany at TNO /TPD, SRON and Airbus Defence and Space Netherlands. RA-2 ( Radar Altimeter 2)

387-620: Is a dual- frequency Nadir pointing Radar operating in the K u band and S bands , it is used to define ocean topography , map/monitor sea ice and measure land heights. Mean sea level measurements from Envisat are continuously graphed at the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales web site, on the Aviso page. ASAR (Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar) operates in the C band in a wide variety of modes. It can detect changes in surface heights with sub- millimeter precision. It served as

430-660: Is conducted through agreements with the European Union. One has to distinguish those countries that contribute to the budget and those that agree on exchanging data with the program. Many international partner countries get special access to Sentinel data in exchange for sharing in-situ data from their country. These states are: 2014–2020 budget contributing countries Data exchange Discussions ongoing with: Argentina, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, China (part of Space Dialogue) 2021–2027 budget contributing countries Enlargement Earth observation According to

473-482: Is currently developing seven missions under the Sentinel programme (Sentinel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5P, 5, 6). The Sentinel missions include radar and super-spectral imaging for land, ocean and atmospheric monitoring. Each Sentinel mission is based on a constellation of two satellites to fulfill and revisit the coverage requirements for each mission, providing robust datasets for all Copernicus services. The Sentinel missions have

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516-483: Is embedded in the synergies and meta-data standards that were used in GISC. Data and information aims to be managed as close as possible to its source in order to achieve a distributed system, by involving countries and existing capacities that maintain and operate the required observation infrastructure. Copernicus services are dedicated to the monitoring and forecasting of the Earth's subsystems. They contribute directly to

559-423: Is having on the world and the need to minimize negative effects (e.g. geohazards ), along with the opportunities such observation provides to improve social and economic well-being. Envisat Envisat (" Environmental Satellite ") is a large Earth-observing satellite which has been inactive since 2012. It is still in orbit and considered space debris. Operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), it

602-566: The European Environment Agency (EEA), the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA), Frontex , SatCen and Mercator Océan. The programme aims at achieving a global, continuous, autonomous, high quality, wide range Earth observation capacity. Providing accurate, timely and easily accessible information to, among other things, improve the management of the environment, understand and mitigate

645-483: The Group on Earth Observations (GEO), the concept encompasses both " space-based or remotely-sensed data, as well as ground-based or in situ data ". Earth observation is used to monitor and assess the status of and changes in natural and built environments . In Europe, Earth observation has often been used to refer to satellite-based remote sensing, but the term is also used to refer to any form of observations of

688-415: The stratosphere . The instrument functions with high spectral resolution in an extended spectral band, which allows coverage across the Earth in all seasons and at equal quality night and day. MIPAS has a vertical resolution of 3 to 5 km (2 to 3 mi) depending on altitude (the larger at the level of the upper stratosphere). MERIS (MEdium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer ) measures the reflectance of

731-925: The Contribution Agreement between the EU (represented by the European Commission) and the EEA, signed 1 December 2014. In situ data are all data from sources other than Earth observation satellites. Consequently, all ground-based, air-borne, and ship/buoy-based observations and measurements that are needed to implement and operate the Copernicus services are part of the in-situ component. In-situ data are indispensable; they are assimilated into forecasting models, provide calibration and validation of space-based information, and contribute to analysis or filling gaps not available from space sources. GISC

774-498: The Earth (surface and atmosphere) in the solar spectral range (390 to 1040  nm ) and transmits 15 spectral bands back to the ground segment . MERIS was built at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center . SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) compares light coming from the sun to light reflected by the Earth, which provides information on the atmosphere through which

817-552: The Earth system, including in situ and airborne observations, for example. The GEO, which has over 100 member countries and over 100 participating organizations, uses EO in this broader sense. In the US, the term remote sensing has been used since the 1960s to refer to satellite-based remote sensing. Remote sensing has also been used more broadly for observations utilizing any form of remote sensing technology, including airborne sensors and even ground-based sensors such as cameras. Perhaps

860-557: The Earth-reflected light has passed. SCIAMACHY is an image spectrometer with the principal objective of mapping the concentration of trace gases and aerosols in the troposphere and stratosphere. Rays of sunlight that are reflected transmitted, backscattered and reflected by the atmosphere are captured at a high spectral resolution (0.2 to 0.5 nm) for wavelengths between 240 and 1700 nm, and in certain spectra between 2,000 and 2,400 nm. Its high spectral resolution over

903-477: The European Commission and partly funded through the EU's 7th Framework Programme (FP7). These projects were geoland2 (land), MyOcean (marine), SAFER (emergency response), MACC and its successor MACC II (atmosphere) and G-MOSAIC (security). Most of these projects also contributed to the monitoring of Climate Change. "The information provided by the Copernicus services can be used by end-users for

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946-411: The benefits of the Copernicus programme is that the data and information produced in the framework of Copernicus are made available free-of-charge to all its users and the public, thus allowing downstream services to be developed. The services offered by Copernicus cover six main interacting themes: atmosphere, marine, land, climate, emergency and security. Copernicus builds upon three components: It

989-466: The delivery of data from upwards of 30 satellites that form the contributing satellite missions to Copernicus. The Copernicus programme was established by the Regulation (EU) No 377/2014 in 2014, building on the previous EU's Earth monitoring initiative GMES (established by Regulation (EU) No 911/2010 ). Over a few decades, European and national institutions have made substantial R&D efforts in

1032-578: The development and functioning of Copernicus services: Copernicus is one of three related initiatives that are the subject of the GIGAS ( GEOSS , INSPIRE and GMES an Action in Support ) harmonization and analysis project under the auspices of the EU 7th Framework Programme . In addition to the 27 Member States of the European Union, the Copernicus programme allows for the participation at various scope for third country participation. This participation

1075-423: The domains of environment and security on a global level in order to help service providers, public authorities and other international organizations improve the quality of life for the citizens of Europe. In other words, it pulls together all the information obtained by the Copernicus environmental satellites , air and ground stations and sensors to provide a comprehensive picture of the "health" of Earth . One of

1118-759: The effects of climate change , and ensure civil security. Since 2021, Copernicus is a component of the EU Space Programme , which aims to bolster the EU Space policy in the fields of Earth Observation, Satellite Navigation, Connectivity, Space Research and Innovation and supports investments in critical infrastructure and disruptive technologies. The objective for Copernicus is to use vast amount of global data from satellites and from ground-based, airborne and seaborne measurement systems to produce timely and quality information, services and knowledge, and to provide autonomous and independent access to information in

1161-457: The end of Envisat's mission on 9 May 2012. Envisat cost 2.3 billion Euro (including 300 million Euro for 5 years of operations) to develop and launch. The mission has been replaced by the Sentinel series of satellites. The first of these, Sentinel 1 , has taken over the radar duties of Envisat since its launch in 2014. Envisat was launched as an Earth observation satellite . Its objective

1204-421: The field of Earth observation. These efforts have resulted in tremendous achievements but the services and products developed during this period had limitations that were inherent to R&D activities (e.g. lack of service continuity on the long-term). The idea for a global and continuous European Earth observation system was developed under the name of Global Monitoring for Environment and Security ( GMES ) which

1247-549: The following objectives: In preparation for the second-generation of Copernicus (Copernicus 2.0), six High Priority Candidate "expansion" missions are currently being studied by ESA to address EU Policy and gaps in Copernicus user needs, and to increase the current capabilities of the Copernicus Space Component: Before the Sentinel missions provide data to Copernicus, numerous existing or planned space missions provide or will provide data useful to

1290-505: The initially planned life span by 5 years. The spacecraft was still in a stable orbit, but attempts to contact it were unsuccessful. Ground-based radar and the French Pleiades Earth probe were used to image the silent Envisat and look for damage. ESA formally announced the end of Envisat's mission on 9 May 2012. Envisat was launched in 2002 and it operated five years beyond its planned mission lifetime, delivering over

1333-487: The instruments were advanced versions of instruments that were flown on the earlier ERS-1 and ERS 2 missions and other satellites. MWR ( Microwave Radiometer) was designed for measuring water vapour in the atmosphere . AATSR (Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer ) can measure the sea surface temperature in the visible and infrared spectra . It is the successor of ATSR1 and ATSR2, payloads of ERS 1 and ERS 2 . AATSR can measure Earth's surface temperature to

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1376-479: The least ambiguous term to use for satellite-based sensors is satellite remote sensing (SRS), an acronym which is gradually starting to appear in the literature. Earth observations may include: Just as Earth observations consist of a wide variety of possible elements, they can be applied to a wide variety of uses. Some of the specific applications of Earth observations are: The quality and quantity of Earth observations continue to mount rapidly. In addition to

1419-418: The monitoring of climate change. Copernicus services also address emergency management (e.g. in case of natural disaster, technological accidents or humanitarian crises) and security-related issues (e.g. maritime surveillance, border control). Copernicus services address six main thematic areas: The development of the pre-operational version of the services has been realised by a series of projects launched by

1462-562: The need for a manoeuvre to avoid a possible collision. A collision between a satellite the size of Envisat and an object as small as 10 kg could produce a very large cloud of debris, initiating a self-sustaining chain-reaction of collisions and fragmentation with production of new debris, a phenomenon known as the Kessler Syndrome . Envisat was a candidate for a mission to remove it from orbit, called e.Deorbit . The spacecraft sent to bring down Envisat would itself need to have

1505-437: The ongoing launch of new remote-sensing satellites, increasingly sophisticated in situ instruments located on the ground, on balloons and airplanes, and in rivers, lakes and oceans, are generating increasingly comprehensive, nearly real-time observations. In 2017 Earth observation have become increasingly technologically sophisticated. It has also become more important due to the dramatic impact that modern human civilization

1548-520: The principle of occultation . Its sensors detect light from a star traversing the Earth's atmosphere and measures the depletion of that light by trace gases nitrogen dioxide ( NO 2 ), nitrogen trioxide, ( NO 3 ), OClO ), ozone ( O 3 ) and aerosols present between about 20 to 80 km (12 to 50 mi) altitude. It has a resolution of 3 km (1.9 mi). ESA announced on 12 April 2012 that they lost contact with Envisat on Sunday, 8 April 2012, after 10 years of service, exceeding

1591-505: The provision of Copernicus services. These missions are often referred to as " Copernicus Contributing Missions (CCMs) ": Data provided by non-European satellite missions (e.g. Landsat , GOSAT , Radarsat-2 ) can also be used by Copernicus. GMES In-Situ Coordination (GISC) was a FP7 funded initiative, lasted for three years (January 2010 – December 2012) and was coordinated by the European Environment Agency (EEA). Since 2014 EEA has been responsible for Copernicus In-Situ coordination under

1634-470: The solar array deployed. 8,211 kg (18,102 lb), including 319 kg (703 lb) of fuel and a 2,118 kg (4,669 lb) instrument payload. Solar array with a total load of 3560 W . Envisat carries an array of nine Earth-observation instruments that gathered information about the Earth (land, water , ice , and atmosphere ) using a variety of measurement principles. A tenth instrument, DORIS, provided guidance and control . Several of

1677-526: Was later re-branded into Copernicus after the EU became directly involved in financing and development. It follows and greatly expands on the work of the previous €2.3 billion European Envisat programme which operated from 2002 to 2012. Copernicus moved from R&D to operational services following a phased approach. Pre-operational services (Fast Track Services and Pilot Services) were phased in between 2008 and 2010. Copernicus initial operations began in 2011. Copernicus became fully operational in 2014. ESA

1720-419: Was named after the scientist and observer Nicolaus Copernicus . Copernicus' theory of the heliocentric universe made a pioneering contribution to modern science. Its costs during 1998 to 2020 are estimated at €6.7 billion with around €4.3 billion spent in the period 2014 to 2020 and shared between the EU (67%) and ESA (33%) with benefits of the data to the EU economy estimated at €30 billion through 2030. ESA as

1763-543: Was the world's largest civilian Earth observation satellite. It was launched on 1 March 2002 aboard an Ariane 5 from the Guyana Space Centre in Kourou , French Guiana , into a Sun synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of 790 ± 10 km. It orbits the Earth in about 101 minutes, with a repeat cycle of 35 days. After losing contact with the satellite on 8 April 2012, ESA formally announced

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1806-772: Was to support the continuity of European Remote-Sensing Satellite missions, providing additional observations to improve environmental studies. To accomplish the global and regional objectives of the mission, numerous scientific disciplines used the data acquired from the sensors on the satellite to study atmospheric chemistry , ozone depletion , biological oceanography , ocean temperature and colour, wind waves , hydrology ( humidity , floods ), agriculture and arboriculture , natural hazards, digital elevation modelling (using interferometry ), monitoring of maritime traffic, atmospheric dispersion modelling (pollution), cartography and snow and ice . 26 m (85 ft) × 10 m (33 ft) × 5 m (16 ft) in orbit with

1849-514: Was undertaken with reference to other initiatives, such as INSPIRE (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) and SEIS (Shared Environmental Information System) as well as existing coordination and data exchange networks. The coordinated access to data retains the capacity to link directly data providers and the service providers because it is based on the principles of SEIS and INSPIRE. The implementation of INSPIRE

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