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45-621: According to Edward Conzemius, a French ethnologist from Luxembourg , in 1929 he stated in his article Les Îles Corn du Nicaragua (The Corn Islands of Nicaragua), that the first inhabitants of Corn Island were the Indigenous Kukras , who were exterminated by the also Indigenous Miskitos in alliance with the English buccaneers. The island was used to resupply firewood and water, repair their ships, and support their fishing activities. Puritan settlers of British origin arrived on

90-787: A British protectorate until 1796, when Britain, with an offer from the Spanish Monarch to extend the territory in the Yucatán Peninsula for the cutting of logwood for the British settlers, decided to remove all English settlers from the Kingdom of Moskitia ; the British subjects also abandoned the islands, but the Spaniards did not take firm positions in them. With the independence of the Viceroyalty of New Granada ,

135-451: A city of cosmopolitan character, with an intense commercial activity. Economic growth also brought a marked process of social differentiation, by which the races and ethnic groups were distributed spatially and in terms of work: the white population represented the interests of the foreign businesses; those of mixed race worked as artisans and in working-class occupations; the darker-skinned Creoles had their niche in physical work, and

180-566: A limited view of history as constituted by accumulative growth. Lévi-Strauss often referred to Montaigne 's essay on cannibalism as an early example of ethnology. Lévi-Strauss aimed, through a structural method, at discovering universal invariants in human society, chief among which he believed to be the incest taboo. However, the claims of such cultural universalism have been criticized by various 19th- and 20th-century social thinkers, including Marx, Nietzsche , Foucault , Derrida , Althusser , and Deleuze . The French school of ethnology

225-506: A paved road about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long, which runs the island's length. Automobiles, motorbikes, and bicycles are the primary means of transport on the island. Most cars are used as taxis and cost 20 Cordobas for each ride of an adult person. The only other public transportation option is the bus that circles the island clockwise and costs ten cordobas. Little Corn Island is accessible by fast boats, usually three or four times per day depending on weather from Great Corn Island, and by

270-428: A population of 56,005 (2022 estimate) and its inhabitants are mostly Afro-descendant Creoles, Miskitu , Mestizo , as well as smaller communities of Garinagu , Chinese , Mayangna , and Rama . Bluefields is Nicaragua’s chief Caribbean port , from which hardwood , seafood , shrimp and lobster are exported. Bluefields was a rendezvous for European buccaneers in the 16th and 17th century and became capital of

315-489: A shared basis. The municipal wharf is the home of commercial boat traffic to Corn Island, LaBarra and many other locations which are only accessible by boat. Car ownership is very limited in Bluefields. The municipal government does not provide all necessary services, so additional services related to water, energy, and sanitation are provided by non-governmental organization blueEnergy . Bluefields also known as home of

360-405: A small cargo ship from the port at Southwest Bay on Great Corn Island ( World Port Index No. 9775). Little Corn Island has no motor vehicles. Due to its small size, all transport on the island is done on foot. Great Corn Island can be reached by a La Costeña flight from Managua or Bluefields , which arrive twice a day at Corn Island Airport . Great Corn Island can be reached by a ferry or

405-450: A small speedboat from the City of Bluefields that leaves from there every Wednesday and Saturday to the island. Throughout most of the 20th century, the economy revolved around coconut production. During the 1960s and 1970s, commercial fishing as well as lobster and shrimp fishing became the primary industry. However, the recent growth in tourism throughout the region has also affected

450-501: Is 12.9 square kilometres (5.0 sq mi). Mount Pleasant Hill, in the north of Great Corn Island, is the highest elevation of the islands, at 113 metres (371 ft). Little Corn Island reaches a height of 38 metres (125 ft) at Lookout Point in the northern part of the island. According to the Köppen climate classification , the nearby mainland region of Bluefields features a tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen Af ). There

495-457: Is a drier period from February to April, but the trade winds ensure that, unlike the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, rain still falls frequently during this period. For the rest of the year, when tropical low pressure dominates, rainfall is extremely heavy, helped by the coast being shaped in such a manner as to intercept winds from the south as prevail during the northern summer. The population of

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540-543: Is connected with the presence of European pirates on the Nicaraguan Caribbean coast, subjects of powers at the time hostile to Spain . These pirates used the Escondido River to rest, to repair damages and to be provisioned. By then, the territory of the present municipality was populated by the native towns of Kukra and Branch. In 1602, a Dutch soldier of fortune named Abraham Blauvelt chose

585-525: Is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups. The 15th-century exploration of America by European explorers had an important role in formulating new notions of the Occident (the Western world ), such as the notion of the " Other ". This term was used in conjunction with "savages", which was either seen as a brutal barbarian, or alternatively, as the " noble savage ". Thus, civilization

630-734: Is the Bluefields campus of the University of the Autonomous Regions of the Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast , and the other is the Bluefields Indian and Caribbean University (BICU). Until recently, there was no road access to Bluefields from the west coast of Nicaragua . There is now a highway from Nueva Guinea with regular bus service. The road was completed in May 2019, and was financed with loans from

675-399: The ‹See Tfd› Greek : ἔθνος , ethnos meaning ' nation ') is an academic field and discipline that compares and analyzes the characteristics of different scenarios peoples and the relationships between them (compare cultural , social , or sociocultural anthropology ). Compared to ethnography , the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes

720-666: The English protectorate of the Kingdom of Mosquitia in 1678. During United States interventions (1912–15, 1926–33) in Nicaragua, US Marines were stationed there. In 1984, the United States mined the harbor (along with those of Corinto and Puerto Sandino ) as part of the Nicaraguan Revolution . Bluefields was destroyed by Hurricane Joan in 1988 but was rebuilt. The origin of the city of Bluefields

765-658: The Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank . The road was formally declared open by President Daniel Ortega . Visitors usually either fly in to Bluefields Airport or take a bus from Managua and other cities or take a Panga down the Rio Escondido from the city of El Rama , which itself is accessible from Managua by bus. In the town, taxis are readily available at a fixed price of 14 cordobas per person (2020) and work on

810-738: The Kingdom of Moskitia became de jure part of Gran Colombia until its dissolution in 1831. Thereafter it became part of the Republic of New Granada , now Colombia , until, through the Esguerra-Bárcenas Treaty , the Colombian state formally ceded the territory to Nicaragua. The Moravian Church was installed in 1847. In 1860, the Harrison-Altamirano Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Managua , created

855-636: The Nicaraguan government claimed the area. The islands were handed over to the United States for a 99-year lease under the Bryan-Chamorro Treaty of August 5, 1914. Under the terms of that treaty, they were subject to U.S. law, but Nicaraguan sovereignty was maintained. In 1940, Corn Island was elevated to a municipality in the Zelaya Region (as the region was known at the time) by presidential decree. The United States maintained

900-422: The trade winds ensure that unlike the Pacific coast of Nicaragua, rain still falls frequently during this period. For the rest of the year when tropical low pressure dominates rainfall is extremely heavy, helped by the coast being shaped in such a manner as to intercept winds from the south as prevail during the northern summer. The city is located beside the eponymous bay; consisting of 17 neighborhoods including

945-587: The Caribbean coast, including the Afro-descendant Creoles and the indigenous tribes of Mayangnas, Ulwas , and Ramas . In 1740, the Miskitos yielded to British sovereignty over the territory, and in 1744, a transfer of White colonists was organized from Jamaica to the Kingdom of Moskitia ; they brought black slaves with them. French colonists also arrived at this time. The area was

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990-777: The Ebenezer Baptist Church and School, the island's first church and educational center. Kelly was the one who evangelized the Cornaileños since, in previous years, the Moravians attempted but could not. Corn Island, along with the eastern half of Nicaragua, was a protectorate of the British Empire from 1655 to 1894, a period in which the region was called the Mosquito Coast . At some point, the islands were frequented by Caribbean pirates. In 1894,

1035-632: The Miskito Cays. English subjects started emigrating to the region in 1633. Beginning in 1666, they were organized into colonies and by 1705, governmental authorities had been established. In 1730, the Kingdom of Moskitia came to depend on the British administration in Jamaica . The British supplied the Miskito people with armaments which the Miskito used to fend off attacks by the other groups of

1080-584: The Miskito Reserve from the territory of the Kingdom of Moskitia by an agreement between the British and Nicaraguan governments. The city of Bluefields was chosen as capital of the Reserve. The "Europeanization" of the Indians was completed by the 1880s, when British and Americans expanded the production of bananas and wood, creating a prosperous enclave economy ; by the 1880s, Bluefields was already

1125-411: The arrival of pirate ships as they approached "Insurance Harbor", a strategic port on the island that provided facilities for anchoring and unloading boats. This port, "Insurance Harbor", also has historical importance since Colonel Alexander McDonald, superintendent of British Honduras (today Belize), landed on August 27, 1841. This superintendent was the one who ordered to call the enslaved laborers, at

1170-399: The bay of the Escondido River as his center of operations due to its tactical advantages. The name of the municipality is a literal but pluralized translation of his surname, 'blau' (modern Dutch 'blauw') meaning 'blue' and 'velt' (modern Dutch 'veld') meaning 'field'. African slaves first appeared in the Caribbean coast in 1641, when a Portuguese ship that was transporting slaves wrecked in

1215-407: The beach or seek them by boat in the lagoon or at sea. In recent years, stricter legislation has led to a decrease in these activities. Bluefields remains a deeply impoverished city with extremely high rates of unemployment. According to Köppen climate classification , Bluefields features a trade-wind tropical rainforest climate ( Köppen Af ). There is a drier period from February to April, but

1260-528: The enslaved laborers. A product of this relationship is the Creole descent of Corn Island. Over time, these descendants gradually assimilated and adapted the customs and traditions of English culture. This is how the genetic profile of the Corn Island Creole ethnic group emerged. Eleven years after the emancipation from slavery, on August 25, 1852, Reverend Edward Kelly from British Honduras founded

1305-543: The former Kingdom of Mosquitia , and later the Zelaya Department , which was divided into North and South Caribbean Coast Autonomous Regions. It is located on Bluefields Bay at the mouth of the Bluefields River in the municipality of the same name. It was named after Abraham Blauvelt , a Dutch - Jewish pirate , privateer, and explorer of Central America and the western Caribbean . It has

1350-518: The gradual retreat of the Ottoman Empire in the more distant Balkans . Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of human history , and the formulation of cultural invariants , such as the incest taboo and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about " human nature ", a concept which has been criticized since the 19th century by various philosophers ( Hegel , Marx , structuralism , etc.). In some parts of

1395-521: The highest municipal representative, the judge and secretary were also elected. The first popular vote elections in which all the people participated were at the beginning of the 20th century. The Corn Islands consist of the Great Corn Island (often simply referred to as Corn Island ), with an area of 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi), and Little Corn Island , with an area of 2.9 square kilometres (1.1 sq mi). The total area

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1440-545: The island in the mid-18th century, bringing with them their slaves of African origin. It is known that they came from Jamaica , settling in British Honduras (now Belize ) until they reached the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua. The first settlers preferred to inhabit the southeastern part of the island. This was for several reasons: Quinn Hill's height offered a panoramic view of the sea, from which they could see

1485-524: The island is the Karen Tucker Baseball Stadium. Volleyball and Football are also Sports that many islanders play. The cuisine of Corn Island is varied; most of the dishes are seafood- and boco-based. Corn Island's typical dishes include crab soup, rondon, fried fish, and rice with shrimp. 12°10′N 83°02′W  /  12.167°N 83.033°W  / 12.167; -83.033 Ethnologist Ethnology (from

1530-399: The islands numbered 7,747 as of 2020 (census of population, Late 2020). The islanders are primarily Afro-descendant, English-speaking Creole people , some mixed with indigenous people. The municipality of Corn Island is subdivided into six neighborhoods ( barrios ), five of which are on Great Corn Island, while Little Corn Island constitutes the sixth Neighborhood: Great Corn Island has

1575-468: The islands. Tourism on the islands has grown considerably, with their many surrounding coral reefs making them a popular destination for scuba diving and snorkeling . Barracudas , nurse sharks , hammerhead sharks , green sea turtles , and spotted eagle rays are among the marine life that can be seen around the islands. Baseball is a popular sport in the Corn Islands. The main stadium on

1620-412: The local economy. When threatened with potential boarding by US Coast Guard ships, cocaine smugglers try to dispose of their illegal cargo by throwing it overboard, simultaneously lightening their load for a faster escape and eliminating the evidence in case of capture. A percentage of the cocaine bales are carried by ocean currents into the lagoon around Bluefields. Residents may find the bales washed up on

1665-548: The native population were employed as servants and for other smaller works. In 1894, the government of Nicaragua incorporated the Miskito Reserve into the national territory, extinguishing the Miskito monarchy , and on October 11, 1903, Bluefields was proclaimed capital of the Department of Zelaya. Due in part to US Coast Guard patrols attempting to intercept Colombian drug smugglers, salvaging cocaine (often referred to locally as "white lobster") has become an important part of

1710-433: The origins, languages, customs, and institutions of various nations, and finally into the fatherland and ancient seats, in order to be able better to judge the nations and peoples in their own times." Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-ethnic and multilingual Kingdom of Hungary and his roots among its Slovaks , and by the shifts that began to emerge after

1755-482: The point called South West Bay, to declare them free from slavery, in the name of Queen Victoria of Great Britain and King Robert Charles Frederick of the Mosquitia. After the English colonists established themselves in the Corn Islands, a process of acculturation began. Most of the settlers came to these Islands as adventurers and explorers in search of fortunes and riches. They settled permanently and interacted with

1800-1249: The port of El Bluff , located on a peninsula of the same name. Due to gradual erosion, the peninsula is becoming a true island that closes the Bay of Bluefields on the east side. El Bluff has an extension of 1.29 km and it is about 8 km from Bluefields. Bluefields has several municipal headquarters and rural communities including: Urban Level: Santa Rosa, Central, San Mateo, Pointeen, Fátima, Tres Cruces, Ricardo Morales, Old Bank, San Pedro, Teodoro Martínez, 19 de Julio, Pancasán, Punta Fría, New York, Beholden, Canal, Loma Fresca. Rural Level: Cuenca Río Escondido, Cuenca Río Maíz, San Nicolás, La Fonseca, Rama Cay, San Luís, Caño Frijol, Torsuani, Long Beach, Dalzuno, Cuenca Río Indio, Río Maíz, Guana Creek, Nueva Chontales, Neysi Ríos, La Palma, Sub-Cuenca Mahagony, Krisinbila, Sub-Cuenca Caño Negro, Río Kama, El Bluff, Las Mercedes, Monkey Point, El Corozo, Cuenca Punta Gorda, Caño Dalzuno, Haulover, Villa Hermosa, San Ramón, Río Cama (El Cilicio), San Brown, La Virgen, San Mariano, La Pichinga, Musulaine, Caño Blanco, Aurora (San Francisco), Kukra River (Delirio), Barra Punta Gorda, Kukra River. There are currently two universities in Bluefields. One

1845-451: The research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. The term ethnologia ( ethnology ) is credited to Adam Franz Kollár (1718–1783) who used and defined it in his Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates published in Vienna in 1783. as: "the science of nations and peoples, or, that study of learned men in which they inquire into

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1890-488: The right to the actual or potential use of the islands until April 25, 1971, the date on which the agreement was officially canceled with the repeal of the Chamorro-Bryan treaty , under the presidency of Anastasio Somoza Debayle , from July 14, 1970. Before that event, the municipality had a governor rather than a mayor, as it does now. The mayors were previously elected in a community assembly, where, in addition to

1935-579: The world, ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and pedagogical doctrine, with cultural anthropology becoming dominant especially in the United States , and social anthropology in Great Britain . The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry. Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century, especially in Europe and

1980-403: Was opposed in a dualist manner to barbary , a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly shared ethnocentrism . The progress of ethnology, for example with Claude Lévi-Strauss 's structural anthropology , led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear progress , or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on

2025-544: Was particularly significant for the development of the discipline, since the early 1950s. Important figures in this movement have included Lévi-Strauss, Paul Rivet , Marcel Griaule , Germaine Dieterlen , and Jean Rouch . See: List of scholars of ethnology Bluefields Bluefields is the capital of the South Caribbean Autonomous Region in Nicaragua . It was also the capital of

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