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94-774: Cosworth is a British automotive engineering company founded in London in 1958, specialising in high-performance internal combustion engines , powertrain , and electronics for automobile racing (motorsport) and mainstream automotive industries. Cosworth is based in Northampton , England, with facilities in Cottenham , England, Silverstone , England, and Indianapolis , IN, US. Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One (F1) as engine supplier, ranking third with most wins, behind Ferrari and Mercedes . The company

188-611: A double overhead camshaft (DOHC) 16-valve inline four-cylinder engine for road use in the Ford Escort . As Keith Duckworth was busy designing and developing the DFV, the project was assigned to Mike Hall, who created the 1601 cc BDA on the Ford Kent engine block for homologation purposes. The camshafts were driven by a toothed belt developed for Fiat 124 , hence the name BDA, literally meaning " B elt D rive, A type". It

282-508: A DFL bore (bore: 3.543 inches (89.99 mm), stroke: 2.316 inches (58.83 mm), displacement 2,993.38 cc (182.7 cu in)) with 520 bhp (388 kW; 527 PS) at 11,000 rpm, thereby producing more power, but still unable to fight against the turbocharged cars of the day. It was the advent of turbocharged engines in Formula One which sounded the death knell for the venerable DFV, and in 1986 Cosworth returned to

376-545: A UEI board director; UEI was a group of small- to medium-sized technology companies, which was taken over by Carlton Communications in 1988. Carlton was primarily interested in some of the audio-visual companies in the UEI portfolio, and Cosworth was a poor fit with these; a new buyer for the company in the engineering/automotive sector was sought, and the traditional engineering company Vickers plc bought Cosworth in 1990. In September 1998, Vickers sold Cosworth to Audi . Audi kept

470-477: A car can generate without losing grip, recorded lap-times, cornering speed, brake fade, etc. Performance can also reflect the amount of control in inclement weather (snow, ice, rain). Shift quality : Shift quality is the driver's perception of the vehicle to an automatic transmission shift event. This is influenced by the powertrain ( Internal combustion engine , transmission ), and the vehicle (driveline, suspension , engine and powertrain mounts, etc.) Shift feel

564-402: A career lasting over 20 years, it was the product that put Cosworth Engineering on the map. Although originally designed for Formula One, the engine has been modified to be used in a range of categories. The DFV won on its first outing, at the 1967 Dutch Grand Prix in the hands of Jim Clark , fitted to a Lotus 49 , and from 1968 was available for purchase to any F1 team that wished it. During

658-548: A departure from the Ford iron block, the BDG received a new aluminium block (originally designed by Brian Hart in 1971 and re-engineered by Cosworth) soon after, and this cylinder block was used as a replacement part in rebuilding many other BD series engines as well as some Mk.XIII engines. The iron block was also used for smaller displacements; starting with the very successful 1599 cc Formula Atlantic BDD in 1970, followed by

752-561: A failed take-over bid for Thames after Thorn EMI and British Electric Traction decided to sell its share of Thames. The deal was blocked by both Richard Dunn, chief executive of Thames, and by the IBA , which concluded "the proposal would lead to a major change in the nature and characteristic of a viable ITV programme company". Michael Green was left "bewildered", saying: "We are surprised at the IBA's decision. I'm absolutely certain it would not have been

846-569: A joint venture to acquire the UK subsidiary of California's International Video Corporation, IVC UK Ltd. Carlton acquired MPC itself in July 1983. Green tried unsuccessfully to acquire a broadcasting station. He first tried for Thames (see below) before trying for LWT . The Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) intervened, allowing Green only a 10 percent share. In response, Green sold his existing 5 percent share for £1 million. Carlton also failed to win

940-550: A large intercooler for RS200 Evolution, just as Group B was cancelled by the FIA. This BDT-E ('E' for Evolution) produced over 600  bhp (447 kW; 608 PS) in Group B ' rallycross ' boost level, normally producing 530–550  bhp (395–410 kW; 537–558 PS) on a lower but sustainable boost. In 1983, the BD series saw its second road engine incarnation (the first being

1034-434: A major change to Thames. We have always suggested that we would make absolutely sure the company would continue to be what it is at this moment in time." IBA said it had nothing against Carlton owning part of an ITV company, but believed 'any' single ownership of an ITV company was undesirable. Thames finally floated on the stock market in July 1986. A few days afterwards, speculation appeared that Carlton had attempted to buy

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1128-455: A new lightweight 3,000- cubic-centimetre (183.1  cu in ) Formula One engine. Cosworth received the order along with the £100,000 that Ford felt it adequate to spend on such an objective. The contract stipulated that a four-cylinder Ford-based F2 engine would be developed as proof of concept (see the FVA above) and that a pure Cosworth V8 would be built based on this. The DFV design used

1222-417: A record 155 World Championship races, the last being Detroit in 1983 , powering a Tyrrell driven by Michele Alboreto . Although the DFV (bore: 3.373 inches (85.67 mm), stroke: 2.555 inches (64.90 mm), displacement: 2,992.98  cc (182.6  cu in )) with 410  bhp (306 kW; 416 PS) at 9,000 rpm did not produce as much power as some of its rival 12-cylinder engines, it

1316-501: A similar cylinder head to the one Duckworth had prototyped on the four-cylinder FVB unit on a custom Cosworth cylinder block and crankcase , forming a single 90° V8 engine , thus creating a legend in its own right, the DFV – meaning " D ouble F our V alve ". This engine and its derivatives were used for a quarter of a century, and it was the most successful in the history of Formula One / Grand Prix motor racing . Winning 167 races in

1410-433: A sizable number of shares. Michael Green, chairman of Carlton, was quoted as saying, "I can't possibly comment", but a Thames spokesperson said: "It does seem quite likely; however, no one shareholder can own more than 10% of our equity, so it's difficult to see what they might have in mind". It has been said that Green talked to the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on the matter, which in turn may have helped to shape

1504-428: A spec-series in 1996 using a Zytek-Judd V8. The final F3000 engines gave 500 bhp (373 kW; 507 PS), almost equalling the 1983 DFV which gave 510 bhp (380 kW; 517 PS) at 11,200 rpm. In Formula One, a new DFV-based design was introduced for the new 3,500 cc (213.6 cu in) normally aspirated rules in 1987. The DFZ was produced as an interim model, but in 1988 Cosworth created

1598-517: A terrestrial broadcasting company. Bob Phillis became Carlton's representative on the board of directors, having previously worked for Central before joining Carlton as managing director. Carlton increased its portfolio of media companies with the acquisition of Zenith Productions for £7.3 million. Carlton's most significant move was to outbid Thames Television for the ITV London weekday licence in 1991. Previously, in 1985, Carlton had executed

1692-642: A two barrel Weber IDA downdraft carburettor with the other barrel blanked off. The domination of this engine was absolute as long as these regulations lasted until 1968. As Cosworth had a serious difficulty meeting the demand, the MAE was mainly sold as a kit. This experience led to the later FVA/DFV contract to be drawn where the responsibility of development rested with Cosworth, and the manufacturing right and responsibility rested with Ford. There also were some specially cast iron heads with similar dimensions to these brazed heads with titanium alloy valve spring retainers called

1786-414: A vehicle for its useful life. Tests include mileage accumulation, severe driving conditions, and corrosive salt baths. Drivability : Drivability is the vehicle's response to general driving conditions. Cold starts and stalls, RPM dips, idle response, launch hesitations and stumbles, and performance levels all contribute to the overall drivability of any given vehicle. Cost : The cost of a vehicle program

1880-515: A vehicle. While sound can be interpreted as a rattle, squeal, or hot, a tactile response can be seat vibration or a buzz in the steering wheel . This feedback is generated by components either rubbing, vibrating, or rotating. NVH response can be classified in various ways: powertrain NVH, road noise, wind noise, component noise, and squeak and rattle. Note, there are both good and bad NVH qualities. The NVH engineer works to either eliminate bad NVH or change

1974-472: Is a jewel in the crown. We can now unite it with the other gems from Britain's film and television heritage in our excellent library." From September 1999, Central Broadcasting and Westcountry Television were re-branded as Carlton. This later paved the way for the eventual downgrading of all of ITV's regional identities, though the names were never fully dropped as their news programmes Central News and Westcountry Live continued, and eventually returned to

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2068-403: Is a measurable and testable value of a vehicle's ability to perform in various conditions. Performance can be considered in a wide variety of tasks, but it generally considers how quickly a car can accelerate (e.g. standing start 1/4 mile elapsed time, 0–60 mph, etc.), its top speed, how short and quickly a car can come to a complete stop from a set speed (e.g. 70-0 mph), how much g-force

2162-535: Is also responsible for organizing automobile level testing, validation, and certification. Components and systems are designed and tested individually by the Product Engineer. The final evaluation is to be conducted at the automobile level to evaluate system to system interactions. As an example, the audio system (radio) needs to be evaluated at the automobile level. Interaction with other electronic components can cause interference . Heat dissipation of

2256-527: Is an important factor within the production process, as high quality is needed to meet customer requirements and to avoid expensive recall campaigns . The complexity of components involved in the production process requires a combination of different tools and techniques for quality control. Therefore, the International Automotive Task Force (IATF), a group of the world's leading manufacturers and trade organizations, developed

2350-402: Is an introduction to vehicle engineering which deals with motorcycles, cars, buses, trucks, etc. It includes branch study of mechanical, electronic, software and safety elements. Some of the engineering attributes and disciplines that are of importance to the automotive engineer include: Safety engineering : Safety engineering is the assessment of various crash scenarios and their impact on

2444-467: Is both a tactile (felt) and audible (heard) response of the vehicle. Shift quality is experienced as various events: transmission shifts are felt as an upshift at acceleration (1–2), or a downshift maneuver in passing (4–2). Shift engagements of the vehicle are also evaluated, as in Park to Reverse, etc. Durability / corrosion engineering : Durability and corrosion engineering is the evaluation testing of

2538-431: Is looking for a smaller displacement engine (ex: 1.4 L vs. 5.4 L). The engine size however, is not the only contributing factor to fuel economy and automobile performance. Different values come into play. Other attributes that involve trade-offs include: automobile weight, aerodynamic drag , transmission gearing , emission control devices, handling/roadholding , ride quality , and tires . The development engineer

2632-413: Is the list of initial products, with cylinder heads modified, but not originally designed by Cosworth, on Ford Kent engine cylinder blocks . The exceptions were Mk.XVII and MAE (modified Anglia engine), which had intake port sleeves for downdraft carburettors brazed into the stock cast iron cylinder head, in place of the normal side draft ports, thus could be considered Cosworth designs. In addition to

2726-430: Is the measured fuel efficiency of the vehicle in miles per gallon or kilometers per liter. Emissions -testing covers the measurement of vehicle emissions, including hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and evaporative emissions. NVH engineering ( noise, vibration, and harshness ) : NVH involves customer feedback (both tactile [felt] and audible [heard]) concerning

2820-482: Is to adopt the V-Model approach to systems development, as has been widely used in the automotive industry for twenty years or more. In this V-approach, system-level requirements are propagated down the V via subsystems to component design, and the system performance is validated at increasing integration levels. Engineering of mechatronic systems requires the application of two interconnected "V-cycles": one focusing on

2914-407: Is typically split into the effect on the variable cost of the vehicle, and the up-front tooling and fixed costs associated with developing the vehicle. There are also costs associated with warranty reductions and marketing. Program timing : To some extent programs are timed with respect to the market, and also to the production-schedules of assembly plants. Any new part in the design must support

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3008-491: The 1962 Le Mans Lotus scandal . Initial series production engines ( Mk.II , Mk.V , Mk.VIII , and Mk.XIV ) were sold to Lotus exclusively, and many of the other racing engines up to Mk.XII were delivered to Team Lotus. The success of Formula Junior engines ( Mk.III , IV , XI , and XVII ) started bringing in non-Lotus revenues, and the establishment of Formula B by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) allowed

3102-784: The Australian Grand Prix in 1981–1984 (including wins by Alain Prost and Roberto Moreno ) before the race became part of the Formula One World Championship in 1985 , and won the New Zealand Grand Prix each year from 1982 to 1988. BDD and BDM engines were also prominent in the Australian Sports Car Championship during the 1980s, winning the 1987 championship . The turbo charged 1778 cc BDT

3196-692: The Broadcasting Act 1990 which replaced the IBA with the Independent Television Commission and the change in franchise allocation procedures. Carlton Television had a policy of being a publisher-broadcaster, not producing any programmes of its own; even its news was outsourced to London News Network . By 1994, the ITC had criticised the channel for its "poor network programming", and said further improvements could be made. During 1985, video company, Abekas Video Systems ,

3290-616: The DFV , which dominated Formula One for many years. From this time on, Cosworth was supported by Ford for many years, and many of the Cosworth designs were owned by Ford and named as Ford engines under similar contracts. Cosworth then went through a number of ownership changes. After Duckworth decided he did not want to be involved with the day-to-day business of running a growing company, he sold his stake to United Engineering Industries (UEI) in 1980, retaining his life presidency and day-to-day technical involvement with Cosworth, and becoming

3384-603: The FTSE 100 Index . In 1967 Michael Green established a printing and photo-processing company, Tangent Industries , with his brother-in-law and his father-in-law (the future Lord Wolfson ). In 1982, Green bought Transvideo, renaming the company Carlton Television Studios . A year later the name was changed to Carlton Communications when the company went public. Soon after, the Moving Picture Company (MPC), Europe's largest video facilities provider, joined Carlton in

3478-590: The Group C (C1 Class) the former was adapted to the C2 Class (700 kg minimum weight, 55 Litres fuel, 5 refuelings/1000 km) starting in 1984. During the latter half of the 1980s it was the most popular motor for that class, with successful championship campaigns and five class wins at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The latter version's severe lack of reliability caused it to fall out of use by 1985. Cosworth solidified its association with Ford in 1969, by developing

3572-595: The efficiency of the automotive plant and to implement lean manufacturing techniques such as Six Sigma and Kaizen . Other automotive engineers include those listed below: Studies indicate that a substantial part of the modern vehicle's value comes from intelligent systems, and that these represent most of the current automotive innovation. To facilitate this, the modern automotive engineering process has to handle an increased use of mechatronics . Configuration and performance optimization, system integration, control, component, subsystem and system-level validation of

3666-624: The "bad NVH" to good (i.e., exhaust tones). Vehicle electronics : Automotive electronics is an increasingly important aspect of automotive engineering. Modern vehicles employ dozens of electronic systems. These systems are responsible for operational controls such as the throttle, brake and steering controls; as well as many comfort-and-convenience systems such as the HVAC , infotainment , and lighting systems. It would not be possible for automobiles to meet modern safety and fuel-economy requirements without electronic controls. Performance : Performance

3760-460: The "screamer head" for MAE in later years. A year before the introduction of the MAE, the single overhead cam two valve SCA was introduced. It was a 997 cc engine based on Ford Cortina 116E block that was designed for Formula 2 , and featured the first totally Cosworth-designed head, Laystall forged crankshaft, steel main bearing caps and pistons with only one compression ring and one oil scraper ring each. Cylinder head to block sealing

3854-607: The 1098 cc BDJ and 1300 cc BDH variants for SCCA Formula C and sports car racing, respectively. There was even a one-off 785 cc version built by Cosworth employees Paul Squires and Phil Kidsley; fitted with a Lysholm supercharger it was installed in a Brabham BT28 Formula 3 chassis and competed in the British Hill Climb Championship as the Brabham-Lysholm. In 1970, Ford asked Weslake and Co of Rye, East Sussex to build

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3948-418: The 1970s, it was common for almost the entire field (with the notable exception of Ferrari , BRM and Alfa Romeo scoring wins and titles with V12 engines) to use one of these engines – this at a time when independent wealthy individuals could buy exactly the same engine off the shelf that was also being used by McLaren et al. Most teams just built a tub around a Cosworth DFV and a Hewland gearbox . It won

4042-666: The 60 degree V6 block of Ford Essex , and was used for the Ford Capris raced in Group 2 in the early 1970s. This had a capacity of 3,412  cc (208.2  cu in ), and was highly competitive against the BMW straight-sixes. The GA was also used in the later years of Formula 5000 in Europe. Automotive engineering Automobile engineering is a branch study of engineering which teaches manufacturing, designing, mechanical mechanisms as well as operations of automobiles. It

4136-522: The BDD for them, and by the end of 1970, the production line was installed at Rye and production was under way. These engines were often called the 'BDA', but were 1599 cc BDDs eligible for under 1.6 Litre class. The 1599 cc BDD engine won a number of championships around the world in Formula Atlantic and Formula Pacific during the 1980s. In 1975, 1599 cc big valve BDM (225 bhp)

4230-617: The Cosworth Group. Since 2006, Cosworth has diversified to provide engineering consultancy, high performance electronics, and component manufacture services outside of its classic motorsport customer base. On 25 February 2008, Cosworth was awarded a $ 5.4 million contract by the United States Navy to develop a heavy fuel engine for their RQ-21A Blackjack unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Cosworth then established an engineering partnership with Aston Martin on one of

4324-433: The DFV won the 24 Hours of Le Mans twice in its original 3.0 Litre form for Mirage in 1975 and Rondeau in 1980, who were able to attain sufficient reliability by de-tuning the motor. The DFL for endurance racing was developed for the 1982 season to replace the DFV. It came in two versions: one with 3,298 cc (201.3 cu in) and the other with 3,955 cc (241.3 cu in). While neither competed well in

4418-586: The DFV's final evolution, the DFR , which soldiered on in F1 with smaller teams until 1991, scoring its last points – including a pair of second places by Jean Alesi – with Tyrrell in 1990. The DFV has recently been given a new lease of life as a result of interest in Classic F1 racing, which was given a World Championship status by the FIA in 2004. The DFV spawned a number of derivations. In 1968; Cosworth created

4512-559: The DFV's first derivation, a 2,500 cubic centimetres (152.6  cu in ) version for the Tasman Series , the DFW . DFV to DFW conversion simply involved substitution of a short-stroke crank and longer connecting rods. One of the most successful and longest-lived projects of Cosworth has been its CART / Champ Car engine programme. In 1975; Cosworth developed the DFX , by destroking

4606-508: The London weekday franchise started trading as ITV1 London (Weekdays), and was operationally (though not legally) merged with London Weekend Television as ITV London . The Carlton brand continued being used by Carlton Screen Advertising (and then only in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland) by Dermot Hanrahan and Claude Morgan inc until it was renamed Wide Eye Media in 2014, ending

4700-523: The above, Cosworth designed and provided the assembly work for Lotus Elan Special Equipment optional road engines with special camshafts and high compression pistons. The final model of the above initial series was the MAE in 1965, when new rules were introduced in Formula 3 allowing up to 1,000 cubic centimetres (61.0 cu in) engines with 36 mm intake restrictor plates. MAE used one barrel of

4794-486: The acquisitions of wholly owned businesses in Canada and Australia and started the development of digital cinema within two years. In 2001, Technicolor was sold to Thomson multimedia for $ 1.9bn and in 2002 ITV Digital (the renamed ONdigital) collapsed. In late 2003, Carlton and Granada finally agreed to merge. While described as a merger, it was essentially a take-over by Granada as its shareholders would own two-thirds of

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4888-444: The air (albeit as ITV1 Central and ITV1 Westcountry) in 2004. In 2000, United Business & Media proposed a merger with Carlton. However, the parties were outmanoeuvred by Granada, which took over only the television interests of UNM (the rest of the company remained in existence). The broadcasting arm of HTV (though not the majority of its production operations) were sold to Carlton. In 1999, Technicolor continued expansion with

4982-460: The automobile attributes at a certain acceptable level. An example of this is the trade-off between engine performance and fuel economy . While some customers are looking for maximum power from their engine , the automobile is still required to deliver an acceptable level of fuel economy. From the engine's perspective, these are opposing requirements. Engine performance is looking for maximum displacement (bigger, more power), while fuel economy

5076-475: The automotive world is crucial to make certain whichever design is developed in the Research and Development Stage of automotive design . Once the design is established, the manufacturing engineers take over. They design the machinery and tooling necessary to build the automotive components or vehicle and establish the methods of how to mass-produce the product. It is the manufacturing engineers job to increase

5170-459: The camshaft) driving a five-bearing camshaft and the Ford five main bearing iron block. The intake ports and the oil scavenge pickup for dry sump lubrication were canted 25 degrees, so they faced straight up and down, respectively, when the engine was mounted 25 degrees from vertical to the right for a lower centre of gravity. The SCA initially had two 40DCM2 Weber twin-choke downdraft sand-cast carburettors mounted on top to produce 115 hp, which

5264-463: The category until 1971, and was also used in sports car racing in 1.8 Litre form as the "FVC". The cylinder head on the FVA pioneered many of Duckworth's ideas that would be used on the DFV and a mule for the eight-cylinder engine development, FVB, was built. However, the distance between the two camshafts and the valve inclination angle were larger than on DFV for the series. The larger displacement FVD

5358-434: The cinema advertising company Cinema Media (formerly Rank Screen Advertising), the UK's largest cinema sales house at the time, from The Rank Group, renaming it Carlton Screen Advertising . In 1997, along with Granada and British Sky Broadcasting, Carlton bid successfully for the UK national digital terrestrial television licence. Sky was excluded from the eventual company, ONdigital , for competition reasons, and this marked

5452-502: The company came almost exclusively from Lotus . When the company was founded in 1958, Duckworth left Lotus, leaving Costin (who had signed a term- employment contract with Chapman) at the company. Until 1962, Costin worked on Cosworth projects in his private time, while being active as a key Lotus engineer on the development of Lotus 15 through 26 (Elan), as well as leading the Team Lotus contingent at foreign races, as evidenced by

5546-477: The complete automobile. As an example, the brake system's main function is to provide braking functionality to the automobile. Along with this, it must also provide an acceptable level of: pedal feel (spongy, stiff), brake system "noise" (squeal, shudder, etc.), and interaction with the ABS (anti-lock braking system) Another aspect of the development engineer's job is a trade-off process required to deliver all of

5640-457: The development and manufacturing schedule of the model. Assembly feasibility : It is easy to design a module that is hard to assemble, either resulting in damaged units or poor tolerances. The skilled product-development engineer works with the assembly/manufacturing engineers so that the resulting design is easy and cheap to make and assemble, as well as delivering appropriate functionality and appearance. Quality management : Quality control

5734-480: The direct satellite broadcasting franchise (despite the fact that Carlton was already operating their own DBS system called "Skyscan"- and presumably continued offering the service until BSB launched in 1990), which went to British Satellite Broadcasting (BSB). In March 1987, Carlton acquired a 20 per cent in Central Television from Ladbrokes for £30million which finally gave Carlton its first stake in

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5828-612: The engine to 2,650 cc (161.7 cu in) and adding a turbocharger , the DFX became the standard engine to run in IndyCar racing, ending the reign of the Offenhauser , and maintaining that position until the late 1980s. Ford backed Cosworth with creating a new interim design for IndyCar racing in the late 1980s, the DFS , which merged DFR technology into the ageing DFX design, but it

5922-602: The engineering, manufacturing and casting unit, which it called Cosworth Technology, and sold the race engine division, Cosworth Racing, and its electronics division, Pi Research , to Ford. In December 2004, Audi announced that it had sold Cosworth Technology to Mahle GmbH ; the company was renamed as MAHLE Powertrain on 1 July 2005. On 15 November 2004 Ford sold Cosworth Racing to Champ Car World Series owners Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven . In December 2004, Ford also sold Pi Research to Kalkhoven and Forsythe, creating

6016-484: The financial foundation of Cosworth to be secured by the increased sales of Mk.XIII , a pure racing engine based on Lotus TwinCam , through its domination of the class. This newly found security enabled the company to distance itself from the Lotus Mk.VII and Elan optional road engine assembly business, and allowed its resources to be concentrated on racing engine development. The first Cosworth-designed cylinder head

6110-457: The first time in the series as 1701 cc BDC . Two years later, the BDA series was adopted for Formula 2 ; first came the 1790 cc BDE , then the 1927 cc BDF eventually reaching a maximum of 1975 cc BDG in 1973. As the bore size reached ever closer to the bore centre distance, leaving little space in between cylinders, all three types had brazed-in cylinder liners to the block. As

6204-422: The intelligent systems must become an intrinsic part of the standard vehicle engineering process, just as this is the case for the structural, vibro-acoustic and kinematic design. This requires a vehicle development process that is typically highly simulation-driven. One way to effectively deal with the inherent multi-physics and the control systems development that is involved when including intelligent systems,

6298-474: The largest television producers in the UK, when Action Time and Planet 24 were added to the company's holding. The future Prime Minister, David Cameron was director of corporate affairs at Carlton from July 1994 to February 2001, his only venture into employment outside of the political world. Carlton expanded its non-TV interests by acquiring the Rank Organisation 's film library as well as

6392-619: The lower formulae preparing the DFV for the newly created Formula 3000 , with the installation of a compulsory 9,000 rpm rev limiter, which scaled power back from 500 to 420 bhp (313 kW; 426 PS); the DFV remained in this class until 1992 and the DFY until 1995. By this time the Cosworth AC V8 replaced the DFV/Y in F3000 and was the dominant engine in the class until it became

6486-407: The multi-physics system engineering (like the mechanical and electrical components of an electrically powered steering system, including sensors and actuators); and the other focuses on the controls engineering, the control logic, the software and realization of the control hardware and embedded software. Carlton Communications Carlton Communications plc was a British media company. It

6580-601: The new company, Charles Allen would become chief executive and Michael Green would leave the company he had built. After the merger, the Granada brand would remain in Granada Television and Granada Productions. In contrast, the Carlton franchises dropped the Carlton name for local programming from the day of the merger (2 February 2004) with the Carlton network production brand disappearing from 1 November 2004; even

6674-634: The original BDA and BDB), the BDR , which was a BDA or BDB sold in kit form for the Caterham Super Seven in 1601 cc (120 bhp) and in 1701 cc (130 bhp) formats. The Hart 420R and the Zakspeed F1 engines owe much to the BDA series, being essentially an aluminium-block derivative using similar heads. A fuel-injected belt-driven DOHC GA (also called the GAA ) was based on

6768-414: The quality discipline functional safety according to ISO/IEC 17025 is applied. Since the 1950s, the comprehensive business approach total quality management (TQM) has operated to continuously improve the production process of automotive products and components. Some of the companies who have implemented TQM include Ford Motor Company , Motorola and Toyota Motor Company . A development engineer has

6862-601: The responsibility for coordinating delivery of the engineering attributes of a complete automobile ( bus , car , truck , van, SUV, motorcycle etc.) as dictated by the automobile manufacturer , governmental regulations , and the customer who buys the product. Much like the Systems engineer , the development engineer is concerned with the interactions of all systems in the complete automobile. While there are multiple components and systems in an automobile that have to function as designed, they must also work in harmony with

6956-458: The results of this four valve development work that formed the basis for many of the Cosworth engines that followed. A larger 85 mm bore SCC with the same short-stroke five-bearing crankshaft as the SCA was built and sold for SCCA 1.1 litre sports car class. The Cortina Crossflow block was also the basis for the FVA (four valve Type A), an F2 engine introduced in 1966, and developed under

7050-404: The safe and effective production of the vehicle. This group of engineers consist of process engineers , logistic coordinators , tooling engineers , robotics engineers, and assembly planners. In the automotive industry manufacturers are playing a larger role in the development stages of automotive components to ensure that the products are easy to manufacture. Design for manufacturability in

7144-497: The same contract as the DFV, for the new 1.6-litre engine rules. This engine featured 16 valves operated by twin overhead camshafts driven by a train of 9 gears. The metering unit for the Lucas mechanical fuel injection was rotated by a toothed belt from the gear-driven inlet cam, while the exhaust cam directly drove an alternator on the rear of the head. It produced 225  bhp (168 kW) at 9000 rpm. This engine dominated

7238-470: The standard ISO/TS 16949 . This standard defines the design, development, production, and (when relevant) installation and service requirements. Furthermore, it combines the principles of ISO 9001 with aspects of various regional and national automotive standards such as AVSQ (Italy), EAQF (France), VDA6 (Germany) and QS-9000 (USA). In order to further minimize risks related to product failures and liability claims for automotive electric and electronic systems,

7332-504: The start of Granada and Carlton working more closely together. In early January 1999, the company bought the ITC television and film library from PolyGram / Seagram for £91 million, which reunited the programme library of Associated Television and Central Television and doubled the stock of its library division Carlton International , by giving it a total of 15,000 hours of programming. Carlton chairman Michael Green said: "The ITC library

7426-410: The system and ergonomic placement of the controls need to be evaluated. Sound quality in all seating positions needs to be provided at acceptable levels. Manufacturing engineers are responsible for ensuring proper production of the automotive components or complete vehicles. While the development engineers are responsible for the function of the vehicle, manufacturing engineers are responsible for

7520-484: The vehicle occupants. These are tested against very stringent governmental regulations. Some of these requirements include: seat belt and air bag functionality testing, front and side-impact testing, and tests of rollover resistance. Assessments are done with various methods and tools, including computer crash simulation (typically finite element analysis ), crash-test dummy , and partial system sled and full vehicle crashes. Fuel economy/emissions : Fuel economy

7614-572: The world's most powerful hybrid electric road car engines for the Aston Martin Valkyrie . Their naturally-aspirated 6.5-litre V12 engine develops 1,000 hp (746 kW; 1,014 PS) at 10,500 rpm, and 740 N⋅m (546 lbf⋅ft) of torque at 7,000 rpm, claiming a new standard for maximum rpm and weight Cosworth supplied its last premier class racing engines to one F1 team in 2013, the Marussia F1 Team . The following

7708-417: Was by a head gasket incorporating Cooper Rings . The basic configuration was quite similar to Coventry Climax FWE on Lotus Elite including its SOHC reverse-flow design, except for a series of seven spur gears (one on the crank, two intermediary gears on two fixed shafts mounted on the front cover back plate, one on the 116E camshaft used as a jackshaft, two on a common fixed shaft in the head, and one on

7802-531: Was created in 1981, which powered the never-raced RWD Escort RS1700T. In 1984, 4WD Ford RS200 debuted with a 1803 cc version of BDT, which was created for Group B rallying. Between 1984 and 1986 the BDT engine was used in Group C endurance racing by Roy Baker, in class C2 using the Tiga GC284, GC285 and GC286. Later in 1986, a 2137 cc version was created by Brian Hart using a bespoke aluminium block and

7896-792: Was designed and released for endurance racing in 1975, that displaced 1,975  cc (120.5  cu in ) on the aluminium block developed for BDG . The FVD produced only 275  bhp (205 kW), down from the 325 hp (242 kW) that other twin-cam four cylinders such as the Hart 420S produced but was more reliable. One was campaigned in the CanAm series in 1978 in the Osprey SR-1, built and driven by Dan Hartill. In 1966, Colin Chapman ( Lotus Cars founder and principal of Team Lotus ) persuaded Ford to bankroll Keith Duckworth's design for

7990-479: Was designed for FIA Group 2 and Group 4 on either rallying or touring car racing purpose. The nominal homologation at 1601 cc capacity meant that BDA-engined cars competed in what was usually the top class (1600 cc and up) so were eligible for overall victories rather than class wins. In 1970, the 1701 cc BDB was created for the Escort RS1600 , and this engine received fuel injection for

8084-590: Was developed with fuel injection for Formula Atlantic, and a 'sealed engine' version BDN (1599 cc, 210 bhp) followed in 1977 for Canadian Formula Atlantic series. Largely known as 'Cosworth BDA', BDD and BDM were also very successful in Formula Pacific and Formula Mondial racing in Australia and New Zealand. In open wheel racing, Cosworth powered cars ( Ralt RT4 and Tiga 's) won Australian Drivers' Championship in 1982–1986 as well as winning

8178-500: Was eventually rendered obsolete by advancing technology. While designed as an F1 engine, the DFV was also used as in endurance racing, although its flat-plane crank design led to destructive vibrations putting stress on devices surrounding the engine, especially the exhaust system. The first sports car to use a DFV, the Ford P68 , failed to finish a single race because of repeated mechanical and electrical failures. Despite this handicap

8272-504: Was for SCA series ; with a single overhead camshaft (SOHC) reverse-flow configuration, similar to the Coventry Climax FWE engine. A real success was achieved with the next gear-driven double overhead camshaft (DOHC) four-valve FVA in 1966, when Cosworth, with a help from Chapman, convinced Ford to purchase the rights to the design, and sign a development contract, including an eight-cylinder version. This resulted in

8366-418: Was founded as a British racing internal combustion engine maker in 1958 by Mike Costin and Keith Duckworth . Its company name, "Cosworth", was derived as a portmanteau of the surnames of its two founders (Costin and Duckworth). Both of the co-founders were former employees of Lotus Engineering Ltd. , and Cosworth initially maintained a strong relationship with Lotus's Colin Chapman ; initial revenues of

8460-483: Was led by Michael P. Green and listed on the London Stock Exchange from 1983 until 2 February 2004, when it was bought by Granada plc in a corporate takeover to form ITV plc . Carlton shareholders gained approximately 32% of ITV plc. As well as being the parent company of Carlton Television Limited it was also involved in several other media and broadcasting businesses and was a constituent of

8554-414: Was lighter, resulting in a better power to weight ratio. In addition to being lighter, it was also made a structural part of the car itself, by placing load bearing arms to stress the block. These design aspects appealed tremendously to the genius of Colin Chapman who used them to the fullest extent. The DFY , introduced in 1982 was a further evolution of the DFV for Formula One, with a shorter stroke and

8648-935: Was purchased for £52.8 million. Carlton purchased Skyscan, the satellite dish manufacturer, in 1986. The company was sold on in 1988 because of slow sales and continuing delays in new start-up television services. Carlton's biggest acquisition of the decade came in October 1988, when it bought Technicolor SA for $ 780m, which led to Carlton becoming the world's largest producer of video cassette duplication and motion picture film processing, serving Hollywood studios and software companies. A year later, Carlton bought United Engineering Industries (UEI) plc for £580m, incorporating Quantel and Solid State Logic , which designed and manufactured professional video and sound products. Carlton later disposed of Solid State Logic in 1999 and Quantel in 2000. In January 1992, Carlton strengthened its media library when it acquired Pickwick Video, which in turn

8742-696: Was re-branded and merged with the existing Carlton library to create Carlton Visual Entertainment . The company acquired a 20% stake in GMTV a month after it won the ITV breakfast franchise 1991 and bought 18% stake in Independent Television News in 1993. Carlton increased its stake in Central Television to 81% in 1994 and two years later added Westcountry Television to its portfolio. The acquisition of Central made Carlton one of

8836-451: Was replaced by Lucas fuel injection in 1966, eventually reaching 140 hp. The longer stroke SCB was built to compare against the 1,498 cc Mk.XVI , and upon proving its superior power against the Mundy -designed two-valve crossflow DOHC head, it acted as the benchmark for the development of FVA to measure the benefits and shortcomings of a four valve crossflow DOHC design. It was

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