Misplaced Pages

#561438

62-636: The bridge is one of seven major bridge structures in the Tri-Cities area. The Blue Bridge (another Pasco/Kennewick bridge), the Interstate 182 Bridge that connects Pasco with Richland , the U.S. Highway 12 bridge over the Snake River (Pasco/Burbank), and three railroad bridges are the others. However, the Cable Bridge is the only bridge that carries traffic that is not a freeway . It

124-469: A Pasco insurance salesman, as well as the city's former mayor, who headed up the committee responsible for obtaining the funding for construction of the bridge. Hendler died in August 2001. A controversial feature of the bridge was added in 1998, when lights were added to illuminate the bridge at night. Many thought this was unnecessary and a waste of both electricity and money. During a power crisis in 2000,

186-423: A large degree of farming thanks to irrigation by the three nearby rivers. Wheat is the most commonly grown product; however, large amounts of apples , corn , grapes are also grown, along with potatoes , and other products including asparagus . Cherries are also grown in the region. Grapes grown in the region are essential to the wine industry. Wineries draw a large population of tourists. With 160 wineries in

248-727: A loop that crosses two bridges and runs along the Columbia River through both Kennewick and Pasco. Sacagawea Heritage Trail also connects with the Richland Riverfront Trail, a marked hiking trail that focuses on the state of Washington's contribution to the nuclear history of the United States. The confluence of the Snake, Yakima, and Columbia rivers provides ample opportunity for boating, fishing, and swimming. Free boat launches can be found throughout all of

310-611: A major resurfacing of the runways, funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act . General and corporate aviation are important to PSC and they have many facilities to accommodate them. The airport has over 120 based aircraft that belong to business and general aviation operators. T-hangars are available on the airport and one FBO, Bergstrom Aircraft, Inc., offers fuel, aircraft maintenance, flight training and other services. The airport has one aircraft sales company, JD Aircraft Sales. PSC also has commercial air traffic:

372-503: A new high of 870,900. The airport's terminal at the south end of the field is the property of the Port of Pasco, at the north end of North 20th Avenue; firefighting, however, is handled by the City of Pasco. A new fire station has recently been built on the terminal grounds. The old Navy station buildings on the north end of the airport are being used by other firms. The airport is undergoing

434-474: A number of locally owned and operated restaurants. The Spudnut Shop, for example, located in northern Richland, was opened in 1948 and has been family-run ever since. The Travel Channel featured The Spudnut Shop and their donuts "made from potato flour and then deep-fried to perfection." Carmine's, also a family owned restaurant in the region, served Italian food in a historic home that was constructed in downtown Kennewick in 1929. The owners retired in 2021, closing

496-515: A number of outdoor trail running locations. A number of competitive running events are held throughout the year, including a number which are sponsored by the Three Rivers Road Runners Club (3RRR). They include: The Tri-Cities is linked by a system of 67 miles (108 km) of paved pedestrian and bike trails that run through the various cities and along the rivers. The 23-mile (37 km) Sacagawea Heritage Trail forms

558-472: A subsidiary of Alaska Airlines, formerly used a mix of Bombardier Q400 turboprop aircraft and Embraer E175 jets at Tri-Cities but now uses E175 jets exclusively since 2023. An expansion and remodel project took place in 1986 which included access roads, parking lots, aircraft parking apron and more than doubling the size of the terminal. In 2003, the airport underwent another expansion and remodel that added an additional 3,000 square feet (280 m ) to

620-700: Is 50 miles (80 km) away, to Umatilla, Oregon , 30 miles (48 km) away. Each city provides its own schooling services through their respective school districts— Kennewick 's, Pasco 's, and Richland 's. Public high schools in the Kennewick School District include Kennewick High School , Kamiakin High School , Southridge High School . Public high schools in the Pasco School District are Pasco High School , Chiawana High School , and New Horizons High School. In

682-458: Is a public airport in Pasco, Washington , United States. It is two miles (3 km) northwest of downtown Pasco and serves the Tri-Cities metropolitan area in southeast Washington . The airport is the third-largest commercial airport in the state . The facility has three runways and covers 2,235 acres (3.49 sq mi; 9.04 km ). The Tri-Cities Airport (originally Pasco Airport)

SECTION 10

#1732790693562

744-722: Is a single library operated by the City of Richland and is not part of the much larger library system. Public libraries in the Tri-Cities include: Other libraries in the Tri-Cities include: Airports located the area include Tri-Cities Airport in Pasco ( IATA : PSC , ICAO : KPSC ) which has passenger and commercial flights and Richland Airport in Richland ( IATA : RLD , ICAO : KRLD ) which serves private aircraft. Ben Franklin Transit provides public bus service throughout

806-615: Is equivalent to about 10 percent of the electricity generated in Washington and 4 percent of all electricity used in the Pacific Northwest and has several safeguards to protect against seismic, natural, or terrorist threats. The Tri-Cities economy has historically been based on farming and the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. From Pasco's incorporation in 1891 to present day, the Tri-Cities have had

868-416: Is one of the largest cleanup projects in the United States, costing over $ 1.4 million per day to turn over 53 million US gallons (200  Ml ) of nuclear waste into glass through a process called vitrification. Vitrification is a proven technique in the disposal and long-term storage of nuclear waste or other hazardous wastes. Original estimates were $ 2.8 billion over five years to clean up

930-459: Is sometimes visible near Tri-Cities at specific times of the year. Higher education institutions in the Tri-Cities area include: In 2005, the State of Washington approved the transition of the existing Washington State University branch campus in Richland from a two-year to a four-year campus. In the fall of 2007 the campus admitted its first undergraduate students. Offering a range of programs,

992-525: Is sponsored by Pasco, Kennewick, and Richland's school districts, Battelle, Washington State University Tri-Cities, and Columbia Basin College. There are also several private and faith-based schools in the area, including Tri-Cities Prep Highschool (Pasco) , Kingspoint Christian School K–12 (Pasco), Tri-Cities Adventist School (Pasco), Liberty Christian School (Richland), Bethlehem Lutheran K–8 (Kennewick), and Calvary Christian School K–8 (Kennewick). In

1054-536: Is the amount of dust blown about by the frequent winds. Thanks to the aforementioned rivers, a large amount of cheap irrigation is available. Washington is the most northwest of the lower 48 states —consequently, the area is in the Pacific Standard Time Zone . The Tri-Cities makes up the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern quadrant of Washington. The large Cascade Mountain Range to

1116-523: Is the only nuclear power station in the Pacific Northwest. It uses a boiling water reactor with a type 5 layout and was relicensed 10 years to operate until 2043. After nine years of construction, the plant began operating after a long and costly construction process that resulted in the largest municipal bond default in U.S. history. Originally operated and owned by the Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS),

1178-581: The Interstate 182 Bridge in 1984 made Pasco much more accessible, fueling the growth of that city. With the end of the Cold War, many in the area feared a shutdown of Hanford, followed by the Tri-Cities quickly becoming a ghost town . These fears were allayed after the United States Department of Energy switched the facility's purpose from the creation of nuclear weapons to the effective sealing and disposal of radioactive waste . During

1240-595: The Richland School District , public high schools include Richland High School , Hanford High School , and River's Edge High School. The area also contains two regional high schools, Tri-Tech and Delta High . Tri-Tech is a technical/vocational high school in the Kennewick School District that is attended by students from all over the Tri-Cities area. Delta High is a science and technology focused high school located in Pasco. It

1302-585: The census-designated places (CDP) of West Pasco and Finley , as well as the CDP of Burbank , despite the latter being located in Walla Walla County . The official 2016 estimate of the Tri-Cities MSA population is 283,869, a more than 12% increase from 2010. 2016 U.S. MSA estimates show the Tri-Cities population as over 300,000. The combined population of the three principal cities themselves

SECTION 20

#1732790693562

1364-776: The 1-mile has its own outdoor finish. At the foot of the Kennewick end is the Tri-Cities Vietnam Veterans Memorial, which has engraved on it the names of the area's dead. The remaining pier of the old Pasco–Kennewick bridge , which was replaced by the Cable Bridge, now serves as a scenic lookout, from which one can view the more recent bridge. The bridge's sodium vapor lights are planned to be replaced with programmable LEDs that would be able to change color for special events. Tri-Cities, Washington The Tri-Cities are three closely linked cities ( Kennewick , Pasco , and Richland ) at

1426-520: The 1940s, the Hanford site employed a majority of residents. The United States government built a top-secret facility to produce and separate plutonium for nuclear weapons , and decided on an area just north of then-tiny Richland. The government built temporary quarters for the more than 45,000 workers and built permanent homes and infrastructure for other personnel in Richland. The city had an overnight population explosion, yet virtually no one knew what

1488-484: The 1990s, several major corporations entered the Tri-Cities, which helped to begin diversifying the economy apart from the Hanford sector. In 1995, a sixth public high school, Southridge High , was founded in south Kennewick. The 2000s saw continued rapid growth as the Hanford site hired hundreds of workers to help with the cleanup effort. Additionally, the Tri-Cities saw a large influx of retirees from various areas of

1550-622: The Columbia Valley, this industry accounts for $ 1 billion annually in Benton County alone. The Tri-Cities' climate allows the region to have a broad and sustainable agricultural economy. Local industries provide employment for thousands of people in the Tri-Cities area. Some of the top 20 employers in agriculture include ConAgra, Tyson Foods, and Broetje Orchards. Agriculture makes up 9.5% of employment in Tri-Cities and local businesses combined employ thousands of people. In 2012,

1612-477: The Hanford facilities experienced reduced funding, thousands of people would suddenly become jobless. During this time, other employers slowly made their way into the area, but they too would often be forced to cut jobs in the bad times. Since the 1970s, Kennewick has had the greatest population of the three cities. The Columbia Center Mall opened in 1969 on land newly incorporated into Kennewick, drawing growth to western Kennewick and south Richland. Completion of

1674-539: The Northwest. During this time, and the corresponding nationwide housing boom, all three cities flourished and grew significantly. Pasco became the fastest growing city in Washington (in terms of both percent increase and number of new residents). In 2005, the Census Bureau reported that Pasco's population had surpassed Richland's for the first time since pre-Hanford days. Fueled by the boom, Chiawana High School

1736-461: The Tri-Cities among the Top 10 best places to raise a family, and CNN/Money ranked the Tri-Cities one of the top 10 best bets for gains in housing value, due to its relatively stable economic conditions since the early 2000s. Pasco was the first of the Tri-Cities to be incorporated, in 1891. Kennewick was incorporated in 1904, and Richland followed in 1910. West Richland —a suburb of Richland, as well as

1798-418: The Tri-Cities are include Kadlec Regional Medical Center (Richland, Kennewick), Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital and Lourdes Medical Center (Downtown Pasco, Richland, West Pasco), and Trios Health (Downtown Kennewick and West Kennewick). Mid-Columbia Libraries, an intercounty library system serving Benton, Franklin, and Adams Counties, is based in Kennewick, Washington, and operates five public branch libraries in

1860-465: The Tri-Cities as well as TransPlus Night and Sunday limited capacity curb-to-curb service for $ 3 each way. Local cab service exists, and Uber entered the Kennewick market in December 2016, with expansion into Richland and Pasco the following year. Amtrak provides connection to the daily Empire Builder serving Portland and Chicago . Due to the dry climate, hot summers, and mild winters,

1922-582: The Tri-Cities metropolitan area, one in downtown Kennewick and one on Clover Island . In 2010, Ice Harbor received a bronze award for their Sternwheeler Stout, Runaway Red Ale, Indian Pale Ale (IPA) and a Silver Award for their Tangerine "ExBEERience" Hefeweizen at the Washington Beer Awards competition. Another micro-brewery, the Atomic Ale Brew Pub & Eatery, is located in Richland and serves as Tri-Cities oldest brewpub and

Cable Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-459: The Tri-Cities offers a variety of outdoor activities. The area is home to 10 golf courses which can be played nearly year-round. These include Canyon Lakes, Columbia Park, and Zintel Creek Golf Clubs in Kennewick; Sun Willows Golf Club and Pasco Golfland in Pasco; and Columbia Point, Horn Rapids, West Richland, Meadow Springs, and Buckskin Golf clubs in Richland. The Tri-Cities metropolitan area has

2046-475: The Tri-Cities, and seven branch libraries in the surrounding area. Customers of Mid-Columbia Libraries have access to nearly 400,000 books, movies, magazines, and downloadable eBooks and audiobooks; the library system spends over $ 1 million annually on new materials and has the highest expenditure per capita for materials of any public library in Southeastern Washington. Richland Public Library

2108-412: The airport from Spokane International (GEG). The FedEx facility on the field goes through 40,000 pounds (18,000 kg) of inbound cargo daily. Empire Airlines usually operates ATR-42s and Cessna 208 Caravans, and also ATR-72s during higher cargo volume periods. The FedEx facility is a major source of revenue for the community and they are planning to expand their facilities at PSC in the near future. In

2170-441: The airport is served by the regional affiliates of several major airlines such as Alaska and United. Delta Air Lines, Avelo Airlines and Allegiant Air operate mainline jets at present. Delta Air Lines flies Skywest E175s as well as Airbus A319s/A320s, Avelo Airlines operates Boeing 737s, with Allegiant Air flying Airbus 320s. Alaska Airlines, operated by Horizon Air, currently flies E175s. Empire Airlines operates FedEx Feeder also to

2232-495: The campus focuses on biotechnology , computer science , and engineering , due to the nearby Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and Hanford Site. The university also offers a range of majors, including English , history , and other liberal arts and sciences. Columbia Basin College also offers higher education courses for residents of the Tri-Cities, as well as the Columbia Basin from Mattawa, Washington , which

2294-573: The cities. The Tri-Cities is home to seven river-front parks and various other parks and playgrounds. Three skate parks are located in the area; two in Kennewick and one in Richland. Highlands Grange Park is a Kennewick city owned Public Park between 14th and 19th streets off of Union in Kennewick. This park covers 26 acres (11 ha), serving the surrounding new and old communities of approximately 13,000 citizens. Tri-Cities Airport (Washington) Tri-Cities Airport ( IATA : PSC , ICAO : KPSC , FAA LID : PSC ) (originally Pasco Airport )

2356-400: The coalition changed its name to Energy Northwest in 1998 because of the negative association with the original name (commonly pronounced "Whoops" in place of WPPSS). WPPSS defaulted on $ 2.25 billion in bonds resulting in payments that exceeded $ 12,000 per customer, an amount which was finally paid out in 1992 (10 years later). Its 1,190 gross megawatts can power the city of Seattle, and

2418-458: The confluence of the Yakima , Snake , and Columbia Rivers in the Columbia Basin of Eastern Washington . The cities border one another, making the Tri-Cities seem like one uninterrupted mid-sized city. The three cities function as the center of the Tri-Cities metropolitan area , which consists of Benton and Franklin counties . The Tri-Cities urban area includes the city of West Richland ,

2480-442: The cultivation of wine grapes. The range of varietals grown throughout the region include Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Riesling, and Pinot Noir. The Tri-Cities region has a rich winery culture that attract tourists and visitors to the area. Some of the local microbreweries include: Ice Harbor Brewery Company, Atomic Ale Brewpub and Eatery, and White Bluff Brewing. This brewery was founded in 1996 and has two locations in

2542-1083: The current facility near Interstate 182 was built in 1966. The building later was leased to the Pasco School District #1, for use as Pasco Alternative High School (now New Horizons High School ), until it was destroyed by fire in the mid-1980s. The new school is now situated near Columbia Basin College. Pasco has had jet flights on several airlines, including Air West /  Hughes Airwest with Douglas DC-9s, Cascade Airways with BAC One-Elevens, Delta Air Lines with Boeing 727-200s and 737-300s, Western Airlines with Boeing 727-200s, 737-200s, and 737-300s, Frontier Airlines with 737-200s, Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) with BAe 146-200s, Alaska Airlines with Boeing 727s, Horizon Air with Fokker F-28s and West Coast Airlines with DC-9s. Currently, scheduled passenger flights are mostly regional jet and turboprop , although Allegiant Air operates Airbus A319s/320s, Delta operates Airbus A319s/320s and Boeing 717s, and Avelo operates Boeing 737s. Horizon Air ,

Cable Bridge - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-715: The end of October, and consists primarily of fresh produce. A farmers market, located at the corner of Benton Street and Kennewick Avenue, takes place on Thursday evenings and runs annually from the end of May through October. The Tri-Cities is also home to automobile manufacturer SSC North America , the manufacturer of the SSC Aero . Other corporations with facilities in the Tri-Cities area include Amazon , Areva , Battelle Memorial Institute , Bruker , Lamb Weston , Fluor Corp. , Kaiser Aluminum , Lampson Cranes , Lockheed Martin , Reser's Fine Foods , Tyson Foods , URS Corp. , US Cellular , UniWest, and AECOM . Hospitals in

2666-570: The founding of the Hanford Site in 1943 as part of the Manhattan Project , Richland became the largest city of the three overnight. Richland's Columbia High School adopted "Bombers" as its mascot (complete with mushroom cloud logo). In 1970, Kamiakin High School (in the neighboring city of Kennewick) was founded in response to the continued influx of people. The economy continued to grow, but not without some turbulence. Every time

2728-426: The fourth largest city in the metropolitan area—was founded by dissatisfied residents of Richland, who wished to be home owners rather than renters of government-owned houses, after the arrival of Hanford . Despite attempts by Richland to annex the community, they remained separate and eventually became incorporated in 1955. Pasco was the largest city in the Tri-Cities, mostly due to its railroad station . It also had

2790-401: The lights were turned off, but they were turned on for one night to honor Hendler's passing. Now the lights are turned on at night, and turned off at 2 am. In March 2007, the old guardrail system on the bridge, which consisted of steel cables, was replaced with a more rigid system, consisting of steel rails bolted to the original system's mounts on the bridge deck. The Cable Bridge, from

2852-636: The local shrub steppe ecosystem. It is the largest tract of shrub-steppe ecosystem remaining in the U.S. state of Washington. Limited city lights and an absence of photopollution in the Tri-Cities area allow for naked-eye and telescopic astronomy. The Tri-City Astronomy Club partners holds star gazing events at the Hanford Observatory. Hiking locations, such as Badger Mountain , Candy Mountain and Jump Off Joe Butte, provide views of sunrises and sunsets, studies of celestial bodies and stellar astronomy. The aurora borealis (or northern lights)

2914-424: The most land for easy irrigation and farming and was still the largest up until the founding of Hanford near Richland. Farming was the basis of virtually every sector of the economy in the early years. Indeed, the area remained mostly rural well into the 1940s. It did not have a daily newspaper or radio station until the mid-1940s. Even today, agriculture is a big part of the Tri-Cities, Pasco in particular. After

2976-434: The old boarding area and replace it with a new east concourse to house Gates 1 and 2. On January 27, 2017, the $ 42 million airport renovation and expansion, which added a new terminal, security area and baggage handling system was officially opened to the public. The new terminal is intended to meet the needs of the Tri-Cities metropolitan area for the next 20 years, with passenger enplanements/deplanements in 2019 reaching

3038-550: The purpose of Hanford was until the destruction of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, by an atomic weapon containing Hanford-produced plutonium. After World War II Hanford continued work on creating material for nuclear weapons during the Cold War . After the fall of the USSR in 1991, Hanford, the site of severe nuclear contamination, changed its mission from plutonium production to environmental cleanup and restoration. The Hanford site

3100-720: The restaurant after celebrating their 59th wedding anniversary. Also notable is the BBQ restaurant Porter's which began as a food truck in Richland and has been featured on Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives hosted by Guy Fieri . In contrast to Seattle, the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and the rain forests of the Olympic Peninsula, the Columbia Valley enjoys long, warm, summer days, and crisp cool nights. The dry weather combined with rich volcanic soils and controlled irrigation produce near-perfect conditions for

3162-674: The state of Washington was rated No. 1 in the nation when it comes to growing apples, hops, spearmint oil, sweet cherries, pears, concord grapes and processing carrots. The Mid-Columbia region including the Tri-Cities grows most of these crops. The region's climate and irrigation from nearby rivers, like the Columbia, Snake, and Yakima rivers, allow farmers to produce corn, hay, wheat and potatoes. In Washington there are 39,500 farms; 1,630 of these farms are located in Benton County and 891 are located in Franklin County. The Tri-Cities has

SECTION 50

#1732790693562

3224-526: The ticket lobby and boarding area. In 2014, the Port of Pasco approved a $ 42 million renovation and expansion, planning to double the size of the terminal. The construction began in August 2014 and finished in January 2017. The first phase of the expansion was completed on September 7, 2015, which included a new west concourse with Gates 3, 4 and 5 as well as new car rental and baggage claim areas. The second phase started shortly thereafter, planning to demolish

3286-658: The time of its opening, is considered a landmark and symbol of the Tri-Cities. Every winter, an event known as the Lampson Cable Bridge Run, including mile, five-kilometer, and 10-kilometer foot races, starts at the Kennewick end of the bridge near the Lampson International headquarters. All three share the same starting line. The five- and 10-kilometer events share an indoor finish line at the Lampson Maintenance Shop, while

3348-628: The war, the Navy transferred the field to the City of Pasco for one dollar, but retained training privileges. Several Navy aircraft, especially the P-3 Orion and the P-8 Poseidon, used the field for landing and take-off training. The Port of Pasco took ownership in 1963 and opened doors to a new terminal building in 1966. In 1955, the old administration building became the home of the newly-established Columbia Basin College , which it remained until

3410-545: The waste, though estimates quickly grew in the early 1990s to $ 50 billion with a completion date of 30 years. As of 2021, the additional cost to complete cleanup is now projected to be between $ 300 and $ 640 billion with an estimated completion date of 2078. Over 18 percent of all jobs in the Benton Franklin County area are nuclear-related, research-related, or engineering. The Columbia Generating Station operates ten miles outside of Richland and

3472-513: The west contributes to the semi-arid climate, which is far drier than the famously wet western side of the state. See rain shadow for more information on this phenomenon. The region's climate results in a shrub-steppe ecosystem which has 18 endemic plant species. Just west of Richland, the Fitzner/Eberhardt Arid Lands Ecology Reserve was established to study the unique plants and animals found in

3534-428: The winter (record low −29 °F (−34 °C) in December 1919) to as high as 110 °F (43 °C) in the summer, and Richland reached 118 °F (48 °C) during the 2021 Western North America heat wave . The region receives a yearly average of seven inches of snow but has received as much as 50 inches. Due to the semi-arid climate and subsequent large amounts of sand, a perpetual annoyance to residents

3596-557: Was 220,959 at the 2020 census . As of April 1, 2021, the Washington State Office of Financial Management, Forecasting Division estimates the cities as having a combined population of 224,640. The Tri-Cities Airport is located in Pasco and provides the region with commercial and private air service. Pasco is the seat of Franklin County, while the other two cities are located in Benton County. In 2010, Kiplinger rated

3658-411: Was dedicated on September 8, 1978, and was the first major cable-stayed bridge to be built in the United States (and second-longest of its kind in the world at the time). It was constructed almost entirely of prestressed concrete , beginning with the towers and followed by the bridge deck, which was cast in individual segments, raised up and secured to each other. The bridge was named after Ed Hendler,

3720-765: Was founded, and by 2019 had become the largest high school in the entire state. Despite the economic recession of the late 2000s, the Tri-Cities area continued to maintain steady growth and a stable economic climate due in part to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 which directed funding and jobs to the Hanford site and its various cleanup efforts. The Tri-Cities are in a semi-arid climate , receiving an average of 5 to 7 inches (130 to 180 mm) of precipitation every year. Winds periodically exceed 30 mph (48 km/h) when Chinook wind conditions exist. While there are an average 225 clear days every year, these are mainly between April 1 and November 1. Temperatures range from as low as −10 °F (−23 °C) in

3782-517: Was opened in 1997. The Market at the Parkway in Richland, WA is a farmers market with takes place every Friday from June through October. Local artists provide music and crafts, and Fresh produce, specialty foods, arts and crafts are sold at the Richland farmers market. The Pasco Farmers Market, which celebrated 25 years in 2013, takes place every Wednesday and Saturday morning beginning in May through

SECTION 60

#1732790693562

3844-487: Was the site of the first airmail contract flight between Elko, Nevada , and Pasco, Washington , made by Varney Airlines (later United Airlines ) in 1926. The airport was relocated to its present site and became known as the Franklin County Airport; the U.S. Navy built Naval Air Station Pasco in 1942 and was the third-busiest Naval training base in the United States during World War II . After

#561438