Misplaced Pages

#773226

78-456: The Florian opened with two simply furnished rooms on 29 December 1720 as "Alla Venezia Trionfante" (Venice the Triumphant), but soon became known as Caffè Florian, after its original owner Floriano Francesconi. The Caffè was patronised in its early days by notable people including the playwright Carlo Goldoni , Goethe and Casanova , who was no doubt attracted by the fact that Caffè Florian

156-530: A libellous poem ( Il colosso ) in which he ridiculed the daughters of certain Pavian families. As a result of that incident (and/or of a visit with some schoolmates to a local brothel), he was expelled from the school and had to leave the city (1725). He studied law at Udine , and eventually took his degree at University of Modena . He was employed as a law clerk at Chioggia and Feltre , after which he returned to his native city and began practising. Educated as

234-489: A born comedian, careless, light-hearted and with a happy temperament, proof against all strokes of fate, yet thoroughly respectable and honourable. Goldoni was born in Venice in 1707, the son of Margherita Salvioni (or Saioni) and Giulio Goldoni. In his memoirs, Goldoni describes his father as a physician , and claims that he was introduced to theatre by his grandfather Carlo Alessandro Goldoni. In reality, it seems that Giulio

312-413: A certain form which I will explain to you." Goldoni thanked his critic, went back to his inn and ordered a fire, into which he threw the manuscript of his Amalasunta . His next play, Belisario , written in 1734, was more successful, though of its success he afterwards professed himself ashamed. During this period he also wrote librettos for opera seria and served for a time as literary director of

390-454: A company of strolling players and returned to Venice. In 1723 his father matriculated him into the stern Collegio Ghislieri in Pavia , which imposed the tonsure and monastic habits on its students. However, he relates in his Memoirs that a considerable part of his time was spent reading Greek and Latin comedies. He had already begun writing at this time and, in his third year, he composed

468-659: A group of Venetian patriots. This group had a key role in the Venetian Revolution of 1848 , which would see Venice temporarily independent from Austria. During the convulsed hours of the Revolution, the Florian hosted the wounded patriots, becoming a temporary hospital. Other restorations occurred at the Florian in 1872 and 1891 when two other rooms were added to the café: la "Sala degli Uomini Illustri" (the Hall of

546-440: A lasting monument to the changes that he initiated: a dramatic revolution that had been attempted but not achieved before. Goldoni's importance lies in providing good examples rather than precepts. Goldoni says that he took for his models the plays of Molière and that whenever a piece of his own succeeded he whispered to himself: "Good, but not yet Molière". Goldoni's plays are gentler and more optimistic in tone than Molière's. It

624-399: A lawyer, and holding lucrative positions as secretary and counsellor, he seemed, indeed, at one time to have settled down to the practice of law, but following an unexpected summons to Venice, after an absence of several years, he changed his career, and thenceforth he devoted himself to writing plays and managing theatres. His father died in 1731. In 1732, to avoid an unwanted marriage, he left

702-408: A location on Via del Parione in the centre of Florence . 45°26′1″N 12°20′17″E  /  45.43361°N 12.33806°E  / 45.43361; 12.33806 Carlo Goldoni Carlo Osvaldo Goldoni ( / ɡ ɒ l ˈ d oʊ n i / , also US : / ɡ ɔː l ˈ -, ɡ oʊ l ˈ -/ , Italian: [ˈkarlo oˈzvaldo ɡolˈdoːni] ; 25 February 1707 – 6 February 1793)

780-458: A master. Goldoni's plays that were written while he was still in Italy ignore religious and ecclesiastical subjects. This may be surprising, considering his staunch Catholic upbringing. No thoughts are expressed about death or repentance in his memoirs or in his comedies. After his move to France, his position became clearer, as his plays took on a clear anti-clerical tone and often satirized

858-455: A pavilion was Belgium in 1907, followed by Germany, Britain and Hungary in 1909. The pavilions are the property of the individual countries and are managed by their ministries of culture. Countries not owning a pavilion in the Giardini are exhibited in other venues across Venice. The number of countries represented is still growing. In 2005, China was showing for the first time, followed by

SECTION 10

#1732776179774

936-568: A petition calling for Israel to be excluded from the Venice Biennale due to Israel's military campaign in the Gaza Strip . The Biennale rejected the petition, saying it would "not take into consideration any petition or call to exclude" countries recognized by Italy. Italian Culture Minister Gennaro Sangiuliano said that: "Israel not only has the right to express its art, but it has the duty to bear witness to its people precisely at

1014-524: A record number of seven co-curators involved, including Hans Ulrich Obrist , Catherine David , Igor Zabel , Hou Hanru and Massimiliano Gioni . The 51st edition of the Biennale opened in June 2005, curated, for the first time by two women, Maria de Corral and Rosa Martinez . De Corral organized "The Experience of Art" which included 41 artists, from past masters to younger figures. Rosa Martinez took over

1092-456: A retrospective of Picasso 's work. Peggy Guggenheim was invited to exhibit her collection, later to be permanently housed at Ca' Venier dei Leoni . 1949 saw the beginning of renewed attention to avant-garde movements in European—and later worldwide—movements in contemporary art. Abstract expressionism was introduced in the 1950s, and the Biennale is credited with importing Pop Art into

1170-667: A time like this when it has been ruthlessly struck by merciless terrorists . The Venice Art Biennale will always be a space of freedom, encounter and dialogue and not a space of censorship and intolerance." On 13 February 2024, the Holy See Press Office announced that Pope Francis would attend the Venice Biennale. He visited the Pavilion of the Holy See in the Prison Giudecca on Sunday 28 April 2024. This

1248-628: Is the comic play Servant of Two Masters , which has been translated and adapted internationally numerous times. In 1966 it was adapted into an opera buffa by the American composer Vittorio Giannini . In 2011, Richard Bean adapted the play for the National Theatre of Great Britain as One Man, Two Guvnors . Its popularity led to a transfer to the West End and in 2012 to Broadway . The film Carlo Goldoni – Venice, Grand Theatre of

1326-820: The Biennale Foundation . It focuses on contemporary art , and includes events for art, contemporary dance, architecture, cinema, and theatre. Two main components of the festival are known as the Art Biennale ( La Biennale d'Arte di Venezia ) and the Architecture Biennale ( La Biennale d'Architettura di Venezia ), which are held in alternating years. The others – Biennale Musica , Biennale Teatro, Venice Film Festival , and Venice Dance Biennale – are held annually. The main exhibition held in Castello alternates between art and architecture (hence

1404-472: The Lido . The Art Biennale (La Biennale d'Arte di Venezia) is one of the world's largest and most important contemporary visual art exhibitions. So-called because it is held biannually, it is the original biennale on which others in the world have been modeled. The exhibition space spans over 7,000 square meters, and artists from over 75 countries are represented in the collective exhibition spaces as well as in

1482-629: The San Giovanni Grisostomo , Venice's most distinguished opera house . He wrote other tragedies for a time, but he was not long in discovering that his bent was for comedy . He had come to realize that the Italian stage needed reforming; adopting Molière as his model, he went to work in earnest and in 1738 produced his first real comedy, L'uomo di mondo ("The Man of the World"). During his many wanderings and adventures in Italy, he

1560-694: The Vendramin family, where he performed most of his plays to 1762. In 1757, he engaged in a bitter dispute with playwright Carlo Gozzi , which left him utterly disgusted with the tastes of his countrymen; so much so that in 1761 he moved to Paris, where he received a position at court and was put in charge of the Théâtre-Italien . He spent the rest of his life in France, composing most of his plays in French and writing his memoirs in that language. Among

1638-571: The Venetian language , regional vernacular, and colloquialisms. Goldoni also wrote under the pen name and title Polisseno Fegeio, Pastor Arcade , which he claimed in his memoirs the " Arcadians of Rome" bestowed on him. There is an abundance of autobiographical information on Goldoni, most of which comes from the introductions to his plays and from his Memoirs . However, these memoirs are known to contain many errors of fact, especially about his earlier years. In these memoirs, he paints himself as

SECTION 20

#1732776179774

1716-486: The 150th Anniversary of Italian Unification . The event was directed by Vittorio Sgarbi . The Giardini houses 30 permanent national pavilions. Alongside the Central Pavilion, built in 1894 and later restructured and extended several times, the Giardini are occupied by a further 29 permanent pavilions built at different periods by the various countries participating in the Biennale. The first nation to build

1794-428: The 1916 and 1918 events were cancelled. In 1920 the post of mayor of Venice and president of the Biennale was split. The new secretary general, Vittorio Pica brought about the first presence of avant-garde art, notably Impressionists and Post-Impressionists . 1922 saw an exhibition of sculpture by African artists . Between the two World Wars, many important modern artists had their work exhibited there. In 1928

1872-515: The 1988 and 1990 editions. A three-year gap was left afterwards to make sure that the 1995 edition would coincide with the 100th anniversary of the Biennale. The 1993 edition was directed by Achille Bonito Oliva. In 1995, Jean Clair was appointed to be the Biennale's first non-Italian director of visual arts while Germano Celant served as director in 1997. For the Centenary in 1995, the Biennale promoted events in every sector of its activity:

1950-567: The 34th Festival del Teatro, the 46th art exhibition, the 46th Festival di Musica, the 52nd Mostra del Cinema. The 48th and 49th editions, in 1999 and 2001, were directed by Harald Szeemann . These editions had a larger representation of artists from Asia and Eastern Europe and young artists and expanded the show into several newly restored spaces of the Arsenale. In 1999 a new sector was created for live shows: DMT (Dance Music Theatre). The 50th edition, 2003, directed by Francesco Bonami , had

2028-513: The Aperto began as a fringe event for younger artists and artists of a national origin not represented by the permanent national pavilions. This is usually staged in the Arsenale and has become part of the formal biennale programme. In 1995 there was no Aperto so a number of participating countries hired venues to show exhibitions of emerging artists. From 1999, both the international exhibition and

2106-435: The Aperto were held as one exhibition, held both at the Central Pavilion and the Arsenale. Also in 1999, a $ 1 million renovation transformed the Arsenale area into a cluster of renovated shipyards, sheds and warehouses, more than doubling the Arsenale's exhibition space of previous years. A special edition of the 54th Biennale was held at Padiglione Italia of Torino Esposizioni – Sala Nervi (December 2011 – February 2012) for

2184-636: The Arsenale with "Always a Little Further." Drawing on "the myth of the romantic traveler" her exhibition involved 49 artists, ranging from the elegant to the profane. In 2007, Robert Storr became the first director from the United States to curate the Biennale (the 52nd), with a show entitled Think with the Senses – Feel with the Mind. Art in the Present Tense . Swedish curator Daniel Birnbaum

2262-481: The Art Biennale, the exhibition is based one main exhibition in the arsenale halls, as well as national exhibitions hosted in the pavilions of the arsenale and Biennale gardens. When the Venice Biennale was founded in 1895, one of its main goals was to establish a new market for contemporary art. Between 1942 and 1968 a sales office assisted artists in finding clients and selling their work, a service for which it charged 10% commission. Sales remained an intrinsic part of

2340-663: The Art Exhibition. In 1972, for the first time, a theme was adopted by the Biennale, called "Opera o comportamento" ("Work or Behaviour"). Starting from 1973 the Music Festival was no longer held annually. During the year in which the Mostra del Cinema was not held, there was a series of "Giornate del cinema italiano" (Days of Italian Cinema) promoted by sectorial bodies in campo Santa Margherita, in Venice. 1973 saw

2418-496: The Biennale was set up. The director, Paolo Portoghesi , opened the Corderie dell'Arsenale to the public for the first time. At the Mostra del Cinema, the awards were brought back into being (between 1969 and 1979, the editions were non-competitive). In 1980, Achille Bonito Oliva and Harald Szeemann introduced "Aperto", a section of the exhibition designed to explore emerging art. Italian art historian Giovanni Carandente directed

Caffè Florian - Misplaced Pages Continue

2496-554: The Caffè Florian" invites artists to reinterpret the Florian’s halls with an installation. Among the artists who have exhibited there are Bruno Ceccobelli, Mimmo Rotella, Fabrizio Plessi, Gaetano Pesce , Luca Buvoli , Arcangelo, Irene Andessner, Fausto Gilberti, Botto&Bruno, Marco Tirelli, Pietro Ruffo, Omar Galliani and Qiu Zhijie. In the early twenty-first century, Florian experimented with branching out of Venice and opened

2574-536: The Commedia dell'arte with recognisable local and middle-class realities. His operatic works include two of the most successful musical comedies of the eighteenth century, Il filosofo di campagna ( The Country Philosopher ), set by Galuppi (1752) and La buona figliuola ( The Good Girl ), set by Niccolò Piccinni (1760). In 1753, following his return from Bologna, he defected to the Teatro San Luca of

2652-617: The Far East with paintings of lovers and scantily clad exotic women painted by Antonio Pascuti. In 1872 another two great halls were added to the café; The Sala degli Uomini Illustri (Hall of the Illustrious Men) was decorated by Giulio Carlini with paintings of ten notable Venetians: Goldoni, Marco Polo , Titian , Francesco Morosini , Pietro Orseolo , Andrea Palladio , Benedetto Marcello , Paolo Sarpi , Vettor Pisani and Enrico Dandolo . The Sala delle Stagioni (Hall of

2730-469: The Giardini. This included a Creative Time Summit, e-flux journal ' s SUPERCOMMUNITY , Gulf Labor Coalition, The Invisible Borders Trans-African Project and Abounaddara. The 2017 Biennale, titled Viva Arte Viva , was directed by French curator Christine Macel who called it an "exhibition inspired by humanism". German artist Franz Erhard Walther won the Golden Lion for best artist in

2808-520: The Illustrious Men) and the "Sala delle Stagioni" (the Hall of the Seasons). In 1920 another room was added: the Liberty Room. In 1858, the café was completely restored by Lodovico Cadorin because the rooms were not really restored since the 18th century. Cadorin created a great project of redecoration, calling the best artists and artisans available in Venice. The Sala del Senato (Senate Hall)

2886-489: The Istituto Storico d'Arte Contemporanea (Historical Institute of Contemporary Art) opened, which was the first nucleus of archival collections of the Biennale. In 1930 its name was changed into Historical Archive of Contemporary Art. In 1930, the Biennale was transformed into an Ente Autonomo (Autonomous Board) by Royal Decree with law no. 33 of 13 January 1930. Subsequently, the control of the Biennale passed from

2964-540: The King gave him a pension. He lost this pension after the French Revolution . The Convention eventually voted to restore his pension the day after his death. It was restored to his widow, at the pleading of the poet André Chénier ; "She is old", he urged, "she is seventy-six, and her husband has left her no heritage save his illustrious name, his virtues and his poverty." In his Memoirs Goldoni amply discusses

3042-438: The Seasons) or Sala degli Specchi (Hall of Mirrors) was decorated by Vincenzo Rota with the figures of women representing the four seasons. In 1920, during the anniversary of the café foundation, it was added another room: The Sala Liberty . It is decorated in an art nouveau style with hand-painted mirrors and sumptuous wooden wainscoting . From 1893, at the prompting of Ricardo Selvatico who had been inspired while dining in

3120-623: The Senate Hall, the Florian became home to the Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Contemporanea (International Exhibition of Contemporary Art), an ever-changing display of work from the artists of the time, known today as the Venice Biennale . Since 1988, the Florian has hosted a contemporary art exhibition that takes place every two years in conjunction with the Biennale. The "Temporanea, the art of possible at

3198-469: The Venice Biennale coincides with nearby Art Basel , the world's prime commercial fair for modern and contemporary art. Numerous galleries with artists on show in Venice usually bring work by the same artists to Basel. The formal Biennale is based at a park, the Giardini . The Giardini includes a large exhibition hall that houses a themed exhibition curated by the Biennale's director. Initiated in 1980,

Caffè Florian - Misplaced Pages Continue

3276-558: The Venice city council to the national Fascist government under Benito Mussolini . This brought on a restructuring, an associated financial boost, as well as a new president, Count Giuseppe Volpi di Misurata . Three entirely new events were established, including the Biennale Musica in 1930, also referred to as International Festival of Contemporary Music ; the Venice Film Festival in 1932, which they claim as

3354-480: The World was lent by the American Folk Art Museum and exhibited in the first room of the Arsenale for the duration of the biennale. For Gioni, Auriti's work, "meant to house all worldly knowledge, bringing together the greatest discoveries of the human race, from the wheel to the satellite," provided an analogous figure for the "biennale model itself...based on the impossible desire to concentrate

3432-467: The World , directed by Alessandro Bettero, was released in 2007 and is available in English, Italian, French, and Japanese. The following is a small sampling of Goldoni's enormous output. Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale ( / ˌ b iː ɛ ˈ n ɑː l eɪ , - l i / ; Italian : La Biennale di Venezia ) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice , Italy, by

3510-541: The arrogant nobility and the pauper who lacks dignity. As in other theatrical works of the time and place, the characters in Goldoni's Italian comedies spoke originally either the literary Tuscan variety (which became modern Italian) or the Venetian dialect , depending on their station in life. However, in some printed editions of his plays, he often turned the Venetian texts into Tuscan, too. One of his best-known works

3588-452: The biennale until 1968, when a sales ban was enacted. An important practical reason why the focus on non-commodities has failed to decouple Venice from the market is that the biennale itself lacks the funds to produce, ship and install these large-scale works. Therefore, the financial involvement of dealers is widely regarded as indispensable; as they regularly front the funding for production of ambitious projects. Furthermore, every other year

3666-471: The café. When the French armies entered in Venice, in May 1797, Valentino Francesconi put down the double-obsolete "Venice Triumphant" sign outside the café and replaced it with one simply bearing the name of his uncle "Florian". In 1814, Valentino Francesconi passed the café on to his son Antonio. By 1858, the establishment had passed into the hands of Vincenzo Porta, Giovanni Pardelli, and Pietro Baccanello, and

3744-475: The canon of art history by awarding the top prize to Robert Rauschenberg in 1964. From 1948 to 1972, Italian architect Carlo Scarpa did a series of remarkable interventions in the Biennale's exhibition spaces. In 1954 the island San Giorgio Maggiore provided the venue for the first Japanese Noh theatre shows in Europe. 1956 saw the selection of films following an artistic selection and no longer based upon

3822-655: The central pavilion, while Carolee Schneemann was awarded a posthumous Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement. The 2019 Biennale, titled May You Live In Interesting Times , was directed by American-born curator Ralph Rugoff . The 2022 edition, curated by Italian curator Cecilia Alemani , was entitled "The Milk of Dreams" after a book by British-born Mexican surrealist painter Leonora Carrington . The Biennale has an attendance to date of over 500,000 visitors. In February 2024, thousands of artists and cultural workers, including Jesse Darling , Joanna Piotrowska , Nan Goldin , Michael Rakowitz and Leila Sansour , signed

3900-550: The designation of the participating country. The 1957 Golden Lion went to Satyajit Ray's Aparajito which introduced Indian cinema to the West. 1962 included Arte Informale at the Art Exhibition with Jean Fautrier , Hans Hartung , Emilio Vedova , and Pietro Consagra . The 1964 Art Exhibition introduced continental Europe to Pop Art ( The Independent Group had been founded in Britain in 1952). The American Robert Rauschenberg

3978-521: The dissident movement in the USSR) opened. Because of the ensuing controversies within the Italian left wing parties, president Ripa di Meana resigned at the end of the year. In 1978 the new presidency of Giuseppe Galasso (1978-1983) began. The principle was laid down whereby each of the artistic sectors was to have a permanent director to organise its activity. In 1980, the Architecture section of

SECTION 50

#1732776179774

4056-468: The first film festival in history, also referred to as Venice International Film Festival; and the Biennale Theatro in 1934, also referred to as International Theatre Festival . In 1933 the Biennale organized an exhibition of Italian art abroad. From 1938, Grand Prizes were awarded in the art exhibition section. During World War II , the activities of the Biennale were interrupted: 1942 saw

4134-551: The first internationally well-known artists were displayed: a room dedicated to Gustav Klimt , a one-man show for Renoir , a retrospective of Courbet . A work by Picasso "Family of Saltimbanques" was removed from the Spanish salon in the central Palazzo because it was feared that its novelty might shock the public. By 1914 seven pavilions had been established: Belgium (1907), Hungary (1909), Germany (1909), Great Britain (1909), France (1912), and Russia (1914). During World War I ,

4212-557: The grandson of Floriano Francesconi, took over the business at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1796, in a European atmosphere characterized by the French Revolution, the Venetian state feared that the revolutionary ideas could spread also in Venice. The Florian, with its international clientele, had become a meeting place for many French Jacobins, so the State Inquisitors obliged Valentino Francesconi to close

4290-460: The hypocrisy of monks and of the Church . Goldoni was inspired by his love of humanity and the admiration he had for his fellow men. He wrote, and was obsessed with, the relationships that humans establish with one another, their cities and homes, and the study of philosophy . The moral and civil values that Goldoni promotes in his plays are those of rationality, civility, humanism, the importance of

4368-405: The infinite worlds of contemporary art in a single place: a task that now seems as dizzyingly absurd as Auriti's dream." Curator Okwui Enwezor was responsible for the 2015 edition. He was the first African-born curator of the biennial. As a catalyst for imagining different ways of imagining multiple desires and futures Enwezor commissioned special projects and programs throughout the Biennale in

4446-580: The last edition of the events. The Film Festival restarted in 1946, the Music and Theatre festivals were resumed in 1947, and the Art Exhibition in 1948. The Art Biennale was resumed in 1948 with a major exhibition of a recapitulatory nature. The Secretary General, art historian Rodolfo Pallucchini, started with the Impressionists and many protagonists of contemporary art including Chagall , Klee , Braque , Delvaux , Ensor , and Magritte , as well as

4524-525: The model of Molière with the strengths of Commedia dell'arte and his own wit and sincerity). This style was typified in La Donna di garbo , the first Italian comedy of its kind. After 1748, Goldoni collaborated with the composer Baldassare Galuppi , making significant contributions to the new form of ' opera buffa '. Galuppi composed the score for more than twenty of Goldoni's librettos. As with his comedies, Goldoni's opera buffa integrates elements of

4602-612: The name biennale ), and there are around 30 permanent pavilions built by different countries. The Biennale has been organised every year since 1895, which makes it the oldest of its kind. Since 2021, the Art Biennale has taken place in even years and the Architecture Biennale in odd years. On 19 April 1893, the Venetian City Council passed a resolution to set up an biennial exhibition of Italian Art ("Esposizione biennale artistica nazionale") to celebrate

4680-474: The national pavilions. Until 2019, the Art Biennale used to take place in odd years and the Architecture Biennale in even years, but after the COVID-19 pandemic forced a postponement, the Art Biennale now takes place in even years (2022, 2024) and the Architecture Biennale in odd years (2021, 2023). The Architecture Biennale (La Biennale d'Architettura di Venezia) is held in odd-numbered years. Similarly to

4758-412: The opera, he was told that his piece "was composed with due regard for the rules of Aristotle and Horace , but not according to those laid down for the Italian drama." "In France", continued the count, "you can try to please the public, but here in Italy it is the actors and actresses whom you must consult, as well as the composer of the music and the stage decorators. Everything must be done according to

SECTION 60

#1732776179774

4836-401: The plays which he wrote in French, the most successful was Le bourru bienfaisant , dedicated to Marie Adélaïde , a daughter of Louis XV and aunt to the dauphin , the future Louis XVI of France. It premiered on 4 February 1771, almost nine months after the dauphin's marriage to Marie Antoinette . Goldoni enjoyed considerable popularity in France; in 1769, when he retired to Versailles ,

4914-488: The rising middle class, a progressive stance on state affairs, honour and honesty. Goldoni had a dislike for arrogance, intolerance and the abuse of power. Goldoni's main characters are no abstract examples of human virtue, nor monstrous examples of human vice. They occupy the middle ground of human temperament. Goldoni maintains an acute sensibility for the differences in social classes between his characters as well as environmental and generational changes. Goldoni pokes fun at

4992-578: The silver anniversary of King Umberto I and Margherita of Savoy . A year later, the council decreed "to adopt a 'by invitation' system; to reserve a section of the Exhibition for foreign artists too; to admit works by uninvited Italian artists, as selected by a jury." The first Biennale , "I Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte della Città di Venezia (1st International Art Exhibition of the City of Venice)" (although originally scheduled for 22 April 1894)

5070-463: The start of the five-year presidency of Carlo Ripa di Meana . The International Art Exhibition was not held (until it was resumed in 1976). Theatre and cinema events were held in October 1974 and 1975 under the title Libertà per il Cile (Freedom for Chile)—a major cultural protest against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet . On 15 November 1977, the so-called Dissident Biennale (in reference to

5148-548: The state of Italian comedy when he began writing. At that time, Italian comedy revolved around the conventionality of the Commedia dell'arte , or improvised comedy. Goldoni took to himself the task of superseding the comedy of masks and the comedy of intrigue with representations of actual life and manners through the characters and their behaviours. He maintained that Italian life and manners were susceptible of artistic treatment such as had not been given them before. His works are

5226-500: The town for Milan and then for Verona where the theatre manager Giuseppe Imer helped him on his way to becoming a comical poet as well as introducing him to his future wife, Nicoletta Conio. Goldoni returned with her to Venice, where he stayed until 1743. Goldoni entered the Italian theatre scene with a tragedy , Amalasunta , produced in Milan. The play was a critical and financial failure. Submitting it to Count Prata, director of

5304-496: Was an Italian playwright and librettist from the Republic of Venice . His works include some of Italy's most famous and best-loved plays. Audiences have admired the plays of Goldoni for their ingenious mix of wit and honesty. His plays offered his contemporaries images of themselves, often dramatizing the lives, values, and conflicts of the emerging middle classes . Though he wrote in French and Italian, his plays make rich use of

5382-406: Was an apothecary ; as for the grandfather, he had died four years before Carlo's birth. In any case, Goldoni was deeply interested in theatre from his earliest years, and all attempts to direct his activity into other channels were of no avail; his toys were puppets, and his books were plays. His father placed him under the care of the philosopher Caldini at Rimini but the youth soon ran away with

5460-556: Was artistic director of the 2009 edition entitled "Fare Mondi // Making Worlds". The 2011 edition was curated by Swiss curator Bice Curiger entitled "ILLUMInazioni – ILLUMInations". The Biennale in 2013 was curated by the Italian Massimiliano Gioni . His title and theme, Il Palazzo Enciclopedico / The Encyclopedic Palace , was adopted from an architectural model by the self-taught Italian-American artist Marino Auriti . Auriti's work, The Encyclopedic Palace of

5538-463: Was constantly at work and when, at Livorno , he became acquainted with the manager Medebac, he determined to pursue the profession of playwriting in order to make a living. He was employed by Medebac to write plays for his theatre in Venice. He worked for other managers and produced during his stay in that city some of his most characteristic works. He also wrote Momolo Cortesan in 1738. By 1743, he had perfected his hybrid style of playwriting (combining

5616-407: Was decorated by Giacomo Casa with the paintings “The Age of Enlightenment, or Progress” “Civilization educating the nations”, and eleven panels representing Arts ad Sciences. Casa inserted masonic symbols in the painting, allusion to Venice’s close connections with certain secret societies and illuminism. The Sala Cinese (Chinese Hall) and Sala Orientale (Oriental Hall) take their inspiration from

5694-483: Was in need of some restoration. Lodovico Cadorin was commissioned to carry out restoration work and redecorate the interiors. The new rooms were named "Sala del Senato" (Senate Room), "Sala Greca" (Greek Room), "Sala Cinese" (Chinese room) and "Sala Orientale" (Oriental Room). In the 19th century, the Florian played a role in the Italian Risorgimento because the "Senate Hall" was the meeting point for

5772-467: Was opened on 30 April 1895, by the Italian King and Queen, Umberto I and Margherita di Savoia . The first exhibition was seen by 224,000 visitors. The exhibition took place in the Giardini. The event became increasingly international in the first decades of the 20th century: from 1907 on, several countries installed national pavilions at the exhibition, with the first being from Belgium. In 1910

5850-547: Was the first American artist to win the Gran Premio, and the youngest to date. The student protests of 1968 also marked a crisis for the Biennale. Student protests hindered the opening of the Biennale. A resulting period of institutional changes opened and ending with a new Statute in 1973. In 1969, following the protests, the Grand Prizes were abandoned. These resumed in 1980 for the Mostra del Cinema and in 1986 for

5928-542: Was the first time a pope has visited the international exhibition. The main exhibition held in Castello, in the halls of the Arsenale and Biennale Gardens , alternates between art and architecture (hence the name biennale ; biennial ). The other events hosted by the Foundation—spanning theatre, music , and dance—are held annually in various parts of Venice, whereas the Venice Film Festival takes place at

6006-403: Was the only coffee house that allowed women. Later Lord Byron , Marcel Proust , and Charles Dickens were frequent visitors. It was one of the few places where Gasparo Gozzi 's early newspaper Gazzetta Veneta could be bought in the mid-18th century, and became a meeting place for people from different social classes. In 1750 the Florian expanded to four rooms. In 1773, Valentino Francesconi,

6084-402: Was this very success that was the object of harsh critiques by Carlo Gozzi , who accused Goldoni of having deprived the Italian theatre of the charms of poetry and imagination. The great success of Gozzi's fairy dramas so irritated Goldoni that it led to his self-exile to France. Goldoni gave to his country a classical form, which, though it has since been cultivated, has yet to be cultivated by

#773226