108-465: The California mussel ( Mytilus californianus ) is a large edible mussel , a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Mytilidae . This species is native to the west coast of North America , occurring from northern Mexico to the Aleutian Islands of Alaska . California mussels are found clustered together, often in very large aggregations, on rocks in the upper intertidal zone on
216-466: A Bachelor of Science degree. By the time Washington state entered the Union in 1889, both Seattle and the university had grown substantially. Washington's total undergraduate enrollment increased from 30 to nearly 300 students, and the campus's relative isolation in downtown Seattle faced encroaching development. A special legislative committee, headed by UW graduate Edmond Meany , was created to find
324-1105: A FAO study. Within Europe, where mussels have been cultivated for centuries, Spain remained the industry leader. Aquaculture of mussels in North America began in the 1970s. In the US, the northeast and northwest have significant mussel aquaculture operations, where Mytilus edulis (blue mussel) is most commonly grown. While the mussel industry in the US has increased, in North America, 80% of cultured mussels are produced in Prince Edward Island in Canada. In Washington state , an estimated 2.9 million pounds of mussels were harvested in 2010, valued at roughly $ 4.3M. In New Zealand, Perna canaliculus (the New Zealand green-lipped mussel), industry produces over 140,000 metric tons (150,000 short tons) annually and in 2009
432-571: A Transition School and Early Entrance Program on campus, which first began in 1977. UW is an elected member of the American Association of Universities , and has been listed as a " Public Ivy " in Greene's Guides since 2001. The Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) has consistently ranked UW as one of the top 20 universities worldwide every year since its first release. In 2019, UW ranked 14th worldwide out of 500 by
540-420: A yield rate (the percentage of accepted students who choose to attend the university) of 27.8%. UW's freshman retention rate is 93%, with 84% going on to graduate within six years. Of the 19% of the incoming freshman class who submitted SAT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite scores were 1240–1450. Of the 8% of enrolled freshmen in 2021 who submitted ACT scores; the middle 50 percent Composite score
648-440: A chance to add to the city's potential and prestige. Bagley learned of a law that allowed United States territories to sell land to raise money in support of public schools. At the time, Arthur A. Denny , one of the founders of Seattle and a member of the territorial legislature, aimed to increase the city's importance by moving the territory's capital from Olympia to Seattle. However, Bagley ultimately persuaded Denny that founding
756-468: A danger along some coastlines. For instance, mussels should be avoided during the warmer months along the west coast of the United States. This poisoning is usually due to a bloom of dinoflagellates (red tides), which contain toxins. The dinoflagellates and their toxin are harmless to mussels, even when concentrated by the mussel's filter feeding, but the concentrated toxins cause serious illness if
864-463: A hard surface as a young mussel. There, it is capable of moving slowly by means of attaching and detaching byssal threads to attain a better life position. Freshwater mussels reproduce sexually. Sperm is released by the male directly into the water and enters the female via the incurrent siphon. After fertilization, the eggs develop into a larval stage called a glochidium (plural glochidia), which temporarily parasitizes fish, attaching themselves to
972-462: A means to mitigate excess nutrients and complement traditional wastewater treatment programs. Out of 511 species assessed globally, 44% of freshwater mussels listed on the IUCN Red List are classified at some level of threatened. There are 297 known freshwater mussel taxa in the United States and Canada, which are home to the most diverse freshwater mussel fauna in the world, especially in
1080-485: A new campus to better serve the growing student population and faculty. The committee eventually selected a site on the northeast of downtown Seattle called Union Bay , which was the land of the Duwamish , and the legislature appropriated funds for its purchase and construction. In 1895, the university relocated to the new campus by moving into the newly built Denny Hall . The University Regents tried and failed to sell
1188-438: A new university campus. Arthur and Mary Denny donated eight acres, while fellow pioneers Edward Lander, and Charlie and Mary Terry, donated two acres on Denny's Knoll in downtown Seattle . More specifically, this tract was bounded by 4th Avenue to the west, 6th Avenue to the east, Union Street to the north, and Seneca Streets to the south. John Pike, for whom Pike Street is named, was the university's architect and builder. It
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#17327940522731296-569: A number of the university's most historical academic, research, housing, parking, recreational and administrative buildings. With UW's continued growth, administrators proposed a new, multimillion-dollar, multi-phase development plan in late 2014 to refine portions of the North Campus, renovating and replacing old student housing with new LEED-certified complexes, introducing new academic facilities, sports fields, open greenery, and museums. The UW Foster School of Business , School of Law , and
1404-710: A partnership with Seattle City Light as part of their Green Up Program, ensuring that all of Seattle campus' electricity is supplied by and purchased from renewable sources. In 2010, then UW President Emmert furthered the university's efforts with a host of other universities across the U.S., and signed the American College & University Presidents' Climate Commitment . UW created a Climate Action Team, as well as an Environmental Stewardship Advisory Committee (ESAC) which keeps track of UW's greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint. Policies were enacted with environmental stewardship in mind, and institutional support
1512-552: A previously unavailable option of transportation into and out of the campus, designed specifically to reduce dependence on private vehicles, bicycles and local King County buses. In January 23, 1939, the University of Washington was criticized for hiring Economics Professor Harold J. Laski , a British Marxist , as a visiting lecturer in between the First Red Scare and Second Red Scare . The University of Washington
1620-417: A protein matrix; and the periostracum , an outer pigmented layer resembling a skin. The periostracum is composed of a protein called conchin , and its function is to protect the prismatic layer from abrasion and dissolution by acids (especially important in freshwater forms where the decay of leaf materials produces acids). Like most bivalves, mussels have a large organ called a foot . In freshwater mussels,
1728-477: A similar manner, using a byssus. They are classified with the Heterodonta , the taxonomic group which includes most of the bivalves commonly referred to as "clams". The mussel's external shell is composed of two hinged halves or "valves". The valves are joined on the outside by a ligament, and are closed when necessary by strong internal muscles (anterior and posterior adductor muscles). Mussel shells carry out
1836-466: A spicy, favored delicacy. In coastal Karnataka Bearys prepare special rice balls stuffed with spicy fried mussels and steamed, locally known as "pachilede pindi". Mussels can be smoked, boiled, steamed, roasted, barbecued or fried in butter or vegetable oil. They can be used in soups, salads and sauces. As with all shellfish , except shrimp, mussels should be checked to ensure they are still alive just before they are cooked; enzymes quickly break down
1944-574: A stock of butter and white wine. Fries and Belgian beer sometimes are accompaniments. A similar style of preparation is commonly found in the Rhineland where mussels are customarily served in restaurants with a side of dark bread in "months containing an R", that is between September and April. In the Netherlands, mussels are sometimes served fried in batter or breadcrumbs , particularly at take-out food outlets or informal settings. In France,
2052-539: A time, activists had been passionate as to incite a response from school administration to occupy the campus after the activists harmed 17 persons. African American Dr. Robert Flennaugh was appointed to the UW Board of Regents on March 25, 1970 and later on June 22 the University of Washington Daily eliminated gender-based help ads. Activism peaked in 1975 when 2,000 students protested university hiring practices on
2160-468: A top recipient of federal research funds in the United States. The establishment of technology giants such as Microsoft , Boeing and Amazon in the local area also proved to be highly influential in the UW's fortunes, not only improving graduate prospects but also helping to attract millions of dollars in university and research funding through its distinguished faculty and extensive alumni network. In 1990,
2268-575: A university would better contribute to the growth of Seattle's economy. Two universities were initially chartered, but later the decision was repealed in favor of a single university in Lewis County provided that locally donated land was available. When no site emerged, Denny successfully petitioned the legislature to reconsider Seattle as a location in 1858. In 1861, scouting began for an appropriate 10 acres (4 ha) site in Seattle to serve as
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#17327940522732376-401: A variety of functions, including support for soft tissues, protection from predators and protection against desiccation. The shell has three layers. In the pearly mussels there is an inner iridescent layer of nacre (mother-of-pearl) composed of calcium carbonate , which is continuously secreted by the mantle; the prismatic layer, a middle layer of chalky white crystals of calcium carbonate in
2484-447: Is 1.0% N and 0.1% P. When the mussels are harvested and removed, these nutrients are also removed from the system and recycled in the form of seafood or mussel biomass, which can be used as an organic fertilizer or animal feed-additive. These ecosystem services provided by mussels are of particular interest to those hoping to mitigate excess anthropogenic marine nutrients, particularly in eutrophic marine systems. While mussel aquaculture
2592-422: Is 2-3mm. The seed is then typically reared in a nursery environment, where it is transferred to a material with a suitable surface for later relocation to the growing area. After about three months in the nursery, mussel seed is "socked" (placed in a tube-like mesh material) and hung on longlines or rafts for grow-out. Within a few days, the mussels migrate to the outside of the sock for better access food sources in
2700-612: Is a public research university in Seattle , Washington , United States. Founded in 1861, the University of Washington is one of the oldest universities on the West Coast of the United States . The university has a 703-acre (284 ha) main campus located in the city's University District . It also has satellite campuses in nearby cities of Tacoma and Bothell . Overall, UW encompasses more than 500 buildings and over 20 million gross square footage of space, including one of
2808-516: Is actually promoted in some countries such as Sweden as a water management strategy to address coastal eutrophication, mussel farming as a nutrient mitigation tool is still in its infancy in most parts of the world. Ongoing efforts in the Baltic Sea (Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Poland) and Long Island Sound and Puget Sound in the U.S. are currently examining nutrient uptake, cost-effectiveness, and potential environmental impacts of mussel farming as
2916-555: Is also sometimes used by mussels as a defensive measure, to tether predatory molluscs, such as dog whelks , that invade mussel beds, immobilising them and thus starving them to death. In cooking, the byssus of the mussel is known as the "beard" and is removed during preparation, often after cooking when the mussel has opened. Both marine and freshwater mussels are filter feeders ; they feed on plankton and other microscopic sea creatures which are free-floating in seawater. A mussel draws water in through its incurrent siphon . The water
3024-660: Is also the location of the UW light rail station . West Campus consists of mainly modernist structures located on city streets, and stretches between 15th Avenue and Interstate 5 from the Ship Canal, to N.E. 41st Street. It is home to the College of Built Environments, School of Social Work, Fishery Sciences Building, UW Police Department as well as many of the university's apartments such as Stevens Court and Mercer Court and residence halls Alder, Lander, Maple and Elm Hall. Also near
3132-403: Is complete in 2025. The Board of Regents is currently searching for a replacement . In 2017 the university reported $ 4.893 billion in revenues and $ 5.666 billion in expenses, resulting in an operating loss of $ 774 million. This loss was offset by $ 342 million in state appropriations, $ 443 million in investment income, $ 166 million in gifts, and $ 185 million of other non-operating revenues. Thus,
3240-414: Is largely taken up by wetlands and Huskies sports facilities and recreation fields, including Husky Stadium , Hec Edmundson Pavilion , and Husky Ballpark . The area directly north of the sports facilities is home to UW's computer science and engineering programs, which includes computer labs once used by Paul G. Allen and Bill Gates for their prior venture before establishing Microsoft. In 2019,
3348-610: Is recognized as a top producer of Fulbright Scholars , ranking 2nd in the US in 2017. The university does not require submission of either SAT or ACT scores for admission. The university's undergraduate admissions process is rated 91/99 by the Princeton Review , and is classified "more selective" by the U.S. News & World Report . For the Class of 2025 (enrolled fall 2021), UW received 48,840 applications and accepted 26,121 (53.5%). Of those accepted, 7,252 enrolled,
California mussel - Misplaced Pages Continue
3456-579: Is silvery and somewhat nacreous . The common name "mussel" is also used for many freshwater bivalves, including the freshwater pearl mussels . Freshwater mussel species inhabit lakes, ponds, rivers, creeks, canals, and they are classified in a different subclass of bivalves, despite some very superficial similarities in appearance. Freshwater zebra mussels and their relatives in the family Dreissenidae are not related to previously mentioned groups, even though they resemble many Mytilus species in shape, and live attached to rocks and other hard surfaces in
3564-598: Is situated in Seattle , by the shores of Union and Portage Bays with views of the Cascade Range to the east, and the Olympic Mountains to the west. The site encompasses 703 acres (2.84 km ) bounded by N.E. 45th Street on the north, N.E. Pacific Street on the south, Montlake Boulevard N.E. on the east, and 15th Avenue N.E. on the west. Red Square is the heart of the campus, surrounded by landmark buildings and artworks, such as Suzzallo Library ,
3672-447: Is stationary. In marine mussels, the foot is smaller, tongue-like in shape, with a groove on the ventral surface which is continuous with the byssus pit. In this pit, a viscous secretion is exuded, entering the groove and hardening gradually upon contact with sea water. This forms extremely tough, strong, elastic, byssal threads that secure the mussel to its substrate allowing it to remain sessile in areas of high flow. The byssal thread
3780-418: Is the common name used for members of several families of bivalve molluscs , from saltwater and freshwater habitats. These groups have in common a shell whose outline is elongated and asymmetrical compared with other edible clams, which are often more or less rounded or oval. The word "mussel" is frequently used to mean the bivalves of the marine family Mytilidae , most of which live on exposed shores in
3888-403: Is then brought into the branchial chamber by the actions of the cilia located on the gills for ciliary-mucus feeding. The wastewater exits through the excurrent siphon. The labial palps finally funnel the food into the mouth, where digestion begins. Marine mussels are usually found clumping together on wave-washed rocks, each attached to the rock by its byssus. The clumping habit helps hold
3996-617: Is very popular among tourists and low classes, probably because of the hot climate that favours mussels reproduction. In India, mussels are popular in Kerala , Maharashtra , Karnataka - Bhatkal , and Goa . They are either prepared with drumsticks , breadfruit or other vegetables, or filled with rice and coconut paste with spices and served hot. Fried mussels ('Kadukka' കടുക്ക in Malayalam ) of north Kerala especially in Thalassery are
4104-540: The Broken Obelisk , and the statue of George Washington . It functions as the central hub for students and hosts a variety of events annually. University Way, known locally as " The Ave ", lies nearby and is a focus for much student life at the university. North Campus features some of UW's most recognized landscapes as well as landmarks, stretching from the signature University of Washington Quad directly north of Red Square to N.E. 45th Street, and encompasses
4212-634: The Pisaster starfish . They feed on plankton. California mussels were an important food source for the Native Americans who lived on the Pacific Coast prior to European contact. On California's Northern Channel Islands, archaeological evidence shows that they were harvested continuously for almost 12,000 years. Erlandson et al. (2008) documented a decline in the average size of harvested California mussels on San Miguel Island during
4320-464: The Éclade des Moules , or, locally, Terré de Moules , is a mussel bake that can be found along the beaches of the Bay of Biscay . In Italy, mussels are mixed with other seafood; they are most commonly eaten steamed, sometimes with white wine, herbs, and served with the remaining water and some lemon. In Spain, they are consumed mostly steamed, sometimes boiling white wine, onion and herbs, and served with
4428-688: The ARWU , 26th worldwide out of 981 in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings , and 28th worldwide out of 101 in the Times World Reputation Rankings . Meanwhile, QS World University Rankings ranked it 68th worldwide, out of over 900. U.S. News & World Report ranked UW 6th out of nearly 1,500 universities worldwide for 2024, with UW's undergraduate program tied for 40th among 389 national universities in
California mussel - Misplaced Pages Continue
4536-854: The Bill & Melinda Gates Center For Computer Science & Engineering opened in East Campus. The area northeast of the sports facilities is occupied by components of the UW Botanic Gardens, such as the Union Bay Natural Area , the UW Farm, and the Center for Urban Horticulture. Further east is the Ceramic and Metal Arts Building and Laurel Village, which provides family housing for registered full-time students. East Campus
4644-541: The Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture , which houses a significant number of exhibits including a 66-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex fossil skull – one of only 15 known to exist in the world today and part of an ongoing excavation, are also located in North Campus. South Campus occupies the land between Pacific Street and the Lake Washington Ship Canal . The land was previously
4752-1022: The Gairdner Foundation International Award , 5 winners of the National Medal of Science , 8 Nobel Prize laureates, 5 winners of Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research , 4 members of the American Philosophical Society , 2 winners of the National Book Award , 2 winners of the National Medal of Arts , 2 Pulitzer Prize winners, 1 winner of the Fields Medal , and 1 member of the National Academy of Public Administration . Among UW students by 2012, there were 136 Fulbright Scholars, 35 Rhodes Scholars, 7 Marshall Scholars and 4 Gates Cambridge Scholars. UW
4860-480: The US Federal Government . Oppenheimer never accepted the invitations, and President Dr. Henry Schmitz disapproved of his nomination. From 1958 to 1973, the University of Washington saw a tremendous growth in student enrollment, its faculties and operating budget, and also its prestige under the leadership of Charles Odegaard . During this period, the faculty was sharply divided over the issues of
4968-441: The "bray" or boiling water as a supplementary hot drink. In Cantonese cuisine , mussels are cooked in a broth of garlic and fermented black bean. In New Zealand, they are served in a chilli or garlic-based vinaigrette , processed into fritters and fried, or used as the base for a chowder . In Brazil, it is common to see mussels being cooked and served with olive oil, usually accompanied by onion, garlic and other herbs. The plate
5076-669: The Advancement of Science, 68 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 67 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , 53 members of the Institute of Medicine , 29 winners of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers , 21 members of the National Academy of Engineering , 15 Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigators, 15 MacArthur Fellows , 9 winners of
5184-534: The Board of Regents approved a five-year contract for Cauce, awarding her yearly compensation of $ 910,000. Cauce's compensation package includes an annual salary of $ 697,500, $ 150,000 per year in deferred compensation, an annual $ 50,500 contribution into a retirement account, and a $ 12,000 annual automobile allowance. She was the Interim President before her appointment, fulfilling the position left vacant by
5292-533: The Governor appoints a successor. Officers of the Board are elected annually at the September meeting. One of the most notable former regents is William Henry Gates II , the father of Bill Gates . William Henry Gates II served as a Regent from 1997 to 2012. The president of the University of Washington, Ana Mari Cauce , was selected by the Board of Regents, effective October 13, 2015. On November 12, 2015,
5400-405: The Pacific Coast to help them avoid the mass incarceration. Nevertheless, many Japanese American students and "soon-to-be" graduates were unable to transfer successfully in the short time window or receive diplomas before being incarcerated. It was only many years later that they were recognized for their accomplishments, during the University of Washington's Long Journey Home ceremonial event that
5508-536: The U.S. and tied for 19th among 209 public universities. In 2019, it ranked 10th among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings . In 2019, Kiplinger magazine's review of "top college values" named UW 5th for in-state students and 10th for out-of-state students among U.S. public colleges, and 84th overall out of 500 schools. In the Washington Monthly National University Rankings UW
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#17327940522735616-584: The United States during the Second World War , mussels were commonly served in diners and restaurants across the country. This was due to wartime rationing and shortages of red meat, such as beef and pork. Mussels became a popular substitute for most meats (with the exception of poultry). In Belgium, the Netherlands, and France, mussels are consumed with French fries ( mosselen met friet or moules-frites ) or bread. In Belgium, mussels are sometimes served with fresh herbs and flavorful vegetables in
5724-541: The University of Washington opened its additional campuses in Bothell and Tacoma . Originally designed for students who had completed two years of higher education, both schools have since evolved into four-year universities with the authority to award degrees. The first freshman classes were admitted in the fall of 2006. Today, both the Bothell and Tacoma campuses also offer a range of master's degree programs. In 2012,
5832-525: The University's reputation was damaged." The original proposal of the University included increases for research scientists of about 10% over three years plus changes in the pay structure and a catch-up increase of 3.25% for those who did not get a merit raise last year. For postdocs, the original UW offer was an average 15% total wage increase in 2023, including 13% in January when new minimums were introduced, plus higher minimum salaries. UW's main campus
5940-440: The campus grounds for the exposition, surrounding today's Drumheller Fountain facing towards Mount Rainier . In exchange, organizers agreed Washington would take over the campus and its development after the fair's conclusion. This arrangement led to a detailed site plan and several new buildings, prepared in part by John Charles Olmsted . The plan was later incorporated into the overall UW campus master plan, permanently affecting
6048-588: The campus is the U District Station . The University of Washington Board of Regents governs the University of Washington per the Revised Code of Washington 28B.20.130 statute. The Board is responsible for selecting, overseeing, and assessing the University President . Generally, the Board of Regents entrusts the President with the daily operations of the University, in collaboration with
6156-570: The campus layout. Both World Wars brought the military to campus, with certain facilities temporarily lent to the federal government. In spite of this, subsequent post-war periods were times of dramatic growth for the university. The period between the wars saw a significant expansion of the upper campus. Construction of the Liberal Arts Quadrangle , known to students as "The Quad," began in 1916 and continued to 1939. The university's architectural centerpiece, Suzzallo Library ,
6264-553: The campus through May 13 and 14. Further opposition to the Vietnam War occurred, and in response to anti-Vietnam War protests by the late 1960s, the University Safety and Security Division became the University of Washington Police Department whose administrative change would be well founded as on June 29, 1969, a bomb detonated on campus, causing $ 100,000 damages and no injuries. No group claimed responsibility for
6372-444: The construction of artificial tendons. Mussels are widely used as bio-indicators to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. They are particularly useful since they are distributed worldwide and they are sessile. These characteristics ensure that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or
6480-433: The correct fish host. Once the larval mussels attach to the fish, the fish body reacts to cover them with cells forming a cyst , where the glochidia remain for two to five weeks (depending on temperature). They grow, break free from the host, and drop to the bottom of the water to begin an independent life. Marine mussels are eaten by humans, starfish , seabirds, and by numerous species of predatory marine gastropods in
6588-610: The decline of freshwater mussels include destruction by dams, increased siltation, channel alteration and the introduction of invasive species such as the zebra mussel . Humans have used mussels as food for thousands of years. About 17 species are edible, of which the most commonly eaten are Mytilus edulis , M. galloprovincialis , M. trossulus and Perna canaliculus . Although freshwater mussels are edible, today they are widely considered unpalatable and are rarely consumed. Freshwater mussels were once eaten extensively by native peoples of North America and some still do today. In
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#17327940522736696-544: The design of peptide mimics that were well studied for surface bioengineering of medical implants. Self-assembling mussel-inspired peptides were also shown to form functional nanostructures. Also, a peptide derived from mussel foot protein-5, a key protein in mussel adhesion, displayed antibacterial properties and served as inspiration for the design of a new class of peptide-based antibacterial adhesive hydrogels, which are active against drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally byssal threads have provided insight into
6804-668: The faculty and in line with legal provisions. The Board of Regents is made up of eleven members, including one student member and one faculty member. Regents are appointed by the Governor of the State of Washington for six-year terms, except for the Student Regent (who serves for one year) and the Faculty Regent (who serves for three years). Regents continue to serve after their terms have ended until either they resign or
6912-738: The family Muricidae , such as the dog whelk , Nucella lapillus . Freshwater mussels are eaten by muskrats , otters , raccoons , ducks, baboons , humans, and geese. Marine mussels are abundant in the low and mid intertidal zone in temperate seas globally. Other species of marine mussel live in tropical intertidal areas, but not in the same huge numbers as in temperate zones. Certain species of marine mussels prefer salt marshes or quiet bays, while others thrive in pounding surf, completely covering wave-washed rocks. Some species have colonized abyssal depths near hydrothermal vents . The South African white mussel exceptionally does not bind itself to rocks but burrows into sandy beaches extending two tubes above
7020-404: The fish's fins or gills. Prior to their release, the glochidia grow in the gills of the host fish where they are constantly flushed with oxygen-rich water. In some species, release occurs when a fish attempts to attack the mussel's mantle flaps, which are shaped like minnows or other prey, an example of aggressive mimicry . Glochidia are generally species-specific, and will only live if they find
7128-407: The foot is large, muscular, and generally hatchet-shaped. It is used to pull the animal through the substrate (typically sand, gravel, or silt) in which it lies partially buried. It does this by repeatedly advancing the foot through the substrate, expanding the end so it serves as an anchor, and then pulling the rest of the animal with its shell forward. It also serves as a fleshy anchor when the animal
7236-741: The grow-out area and the rearing method being used. Dredges are currently used for on-bottom culture. Mussels grown on wooden poles can be harvested by hand or with a hydraulic powered system. For raft and longline culture, a platform is typically lowered under the mussel lines, which are then cut from the system and brought to the surface and dumped into containers on a nearby vessel. After harvest, mussels are typically placed in seawater tanks to rid them of impurities before marketing. Byssal threads, used to anchor mussels to substrates, are now recognized as superior bonding agents. A number of studies have investigated mussel "glues" for industrial and surgical applications. Further, mussel adhesive proteins inspired
7344-574: The highest species diversity in Southeast Asia), and 33 in Australasia. The species in these areas are not as well researched as in North America and Europe. Approximately 61% of freshwater mussels in Asia had not been assessed and conservation efforts were almost non-existent. No Asian mussels were protected internationally under legislation such as CITES . The main factors contributing to
7452-509: The incident. Odegaard instituted a vision of building a "community of scholars", convincing the Washington State legislatures to increase investment in the university. Washington senators , such as Henry M. Jackson and Warren G. Magnuson , also used their political clout to gather research funds for UW. The results included an increase in the operating budget from $ 37 million in 1958 to over $ 400 million in 1973, solidifying UW as
7560-411: The intertidal zone, attached by means of their strong byssal threads ("beard") to a firm substrate. A few species (in the genus Bathymodiolus ) have colonised hydrothermal vents associated with deep ocean ridges. In most marine mussels the shell is longer than it is wide, being wedge-shaped or asymmetrical. The external colour of the shell is often dark blue, blackish, or brown, while the interior
7668-563: The investigations. A year after, another second investigation was commenced by the Joint Legislative Fact-finding Committee on Un-American Activities in the State of Washington, leading to investigations into other professors with a response of "One hundred and three professors [signing] an open letter to the University of Washington Board of Regents that stated the firings were based on guilt by association. The letter also declared that faculty morale and
7776-706: The largest library systems in the world with more than 26 university libraries, art centers, museums, laboratories, lecture halls, and stadiums. Washington is the flagship institution of the six public universities in Washington state . It is known for its medical, engineering, and scientific research. Washington is a member of the Association of American Universities . According to the National Science Foundation , UW spent $ 1.73 billion on research and development in 2024, ranking it fifth in
7884-524: The level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the status of the ecosystem. Transplanted caged mussel were used in a study to monitor heavy metal contamination in coastal waters. Marine nutrient bioextraction is the practice of farming and harvesting marine organisms such as shellfish and seaweed for the purpose of reducing nutrient pollution . Mussels and other bivalve shellfish consume phytoplankton containing nutrients such as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). On average, one live mussel
7992-400: The meat and make them unpalatable or poisonous after dying or uncooked. Some mussels might contain toxins. A simple criterion is that live mussels, when in the air, will shut tightly when disturbed. Open, unresponsive mussels are dead, and must be discarded. Unusually heavy, wild-caught, closed mussels may be discarded as they may contain only mud or sand. (They can be tested by slightly opening
8100-421: The mussels are consumed by humans, including paralytic shellfish poisoning . Foods that are an "excellent source" of a particular nutrient provide 20% or more of the recommended daily value . Foods that are a "good source" of a particular nutrient provide between 10 and 20% of the recommended daily value. University of Washington The University of Washington ( UW and informally U-Dub or U Dub )
8208-411: The mussels firm against the force of the waves. At low tide mussels in the middle of a clump will undergo less water loss because of water capture by the other mussels. Both marine and freshwater mussels are gonochoristic , with separate male and female individuals. In marine mussels, fertilization occurs outside the body, with a larval stage that drifts for three weeks to six months, before settling on
8316-735: The nation. Its 22 varsity sports teams compete as the Huskies in the Big Ten Conference of the NCAA Division I , and represent the United States at the Olympic Games and other competitions. In 1854, territorial governor Isaac Stevens recommended the establishment of a university in the Washington Territory . Prominent Seattle-area residents, including Methodist preacher Daniel Bagley , saw this as
8424-699: The old campus, eventually settling with leasing the area. This later became one of the university's most valuable pieces of real estate in modern-day Seattle, generating millions in annual revenue with what is now called the Metropolitan Tract . The original Territorial University building was torn down in 1908, and its former site now houses the Fairmont Olympic Hotel . The sole-surviving remnants of Washington's first building are four 24-foot (7.3 m), white, hand-fluted cedar, Ionic columns. They were salvaged by Edmond S. Meany , one of
8532-440: The open coast, where they are exposed to the strong action of the surf. The shell of this species is thick and is often 129 to 130 millimetres (5 to 5 in) in length, sometimes larger still. The shell is blue on the outside with a heavy brown periostracum which is usually worn off except near the growing edge of the shell. The beaks of the shell are often eroded. The shell has coarse radial ribbing and irregular growth lines on
8640-408: The outer surface. The inner surface of the shell is blue and faintly pearly. Like other mytilids, the animal is attached to the substrate with a very strong and elastic byssus . The shell is primarily made of carbonates . In the 1950s that was mostly aragonite with some calcite , but by 2017/2018 the proportions had reversed. This was surprising given that previously some increase in aragonite
8748-798: The past 10,000 years, a pattern they attributed to growing human populations and increased predation pressure from human fishing. Hogan (2008) notes more specific archaeological recovery from the Chumash in the period 800 to 1300 AD . California mussels continue to be harvested as sources of both food and bait up and down the Pacific Coast of North America. The flesh of the California mussel tends to be orange in color. They can be baked, boiled, or fried like other mussels , clams , and oysters . While these mussels are usually edible, care needs to be taken, because during times of red tide in any given locality, California mussels may contain harmful levels of
8856-521: The previous President Michael K. Young when he was announced to be Texas A&M University 's next President on February 3, 2015. Phyllis Wise , who had served at UW as Provost and Executive Vice President, and as Interim President for a year, was named the Chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in August 2011. Cauce has announced she plans to step down after her second term
8964-715: The remaining water and some lemon. They can also be eaten as tigres , a sort of croquette using the mussel meat, shrimps and other pieces of fish in a thick bechamel then breaded and fried in the clean mussel shell. They are used in other sort of dishes such as rices or soups or commonly eaten canned in a pickling brine made of oil, vinegar, peppercorns, bay leaves and paprika. In Turkey, mussels are either covered with flour and fried on skewers ( midye tava ), or filled with rice and served cold ( midye dolma ) and are usually consumed after alcohol (mostly raki or beer). They are used in Ireland boiled and seasoned with vinegar, with
9072-473: The role of the faculty in faculty appointments, and the conflict of who should run the University, the faculty or the parents and taxpayers. Henry Schmitz characterized the matter as "an internal power struggle." UW student enrollment had more than doubled to 34,000 as the baby boom generation came of age. The University of Washington has a long history with civil rights starting from 1874, through 1899 with civil activism and through 1968 to 1975. This era
9180-423: The sand surface for ingestion of food and water and exhausting wastes. Freshwater mussels inhabit permanent lakes, rivers, canals and streams throughout the world except in the polar regions. They require a constant source of cool, clean water. They prefer water with a substantial mineral content, using calcium carbonate to build their shells. In 2005, China accounted for 40% of the global mussel catch according to
9288-742: The shell halves.) A thorough rinse in water and removal of "the beard" is suggested. Mussel shells usually open when cooked, revealing the cooked soft parts. Historically, it has been believed that after cooking all the mussels should have opened and those that have not are not safe to eat and should be discarded. However, according to marine biologist Nick Ruello, this advice may have arisen from an old, poorly researched cookbook's advice, which has now become an assumed truism for all shellfish. Ruello found 11.5% of all mussels failed to open during cooking, but when forced open, 100% were "both adequately cooked and safe to eat." Although mussels are valued as food, mussel poisoning due to toxic planktonic organisms can be
9396-527: The shelter of pre-existing mussels and their biological filaments. Mussels attach themselves to the hard surfaces using their thread-like byssus . Given the right circumstances, California mussels can grow up to 200 mm (8 inches) in length and may live for more than 20 years. However, mortality in intertidal open coastal environments is often high, resulting from battering from driftwood and other debris, wave pounding, predation , desiccation , and disease . Predators of California mussels include
9504-790: The site of the University Golf Course but was given up to construct a building for the School of Medicine . Today, South Campus is the location of UW's health sciences and natural sciences facilities, including the UW Medical Center and the Magnuson Health Sciences Center as well as locations for instruction and research in oceanography, bioengineering , biology, genome sciences, hydraulics, and comparative medicine. The East Campus area stretches east of Montlake Boulevard to Laurelhurst and
9612-846: The southeastern United States. Of the 297 known species, 213 (71.7%) taxa are listed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern. Approximately 37 North American species were considered extinct in 2004. Out of 16 recognized freshwater mussel species in Europe, 12 are considered threatened, with varying statuses from Near Threatened to Critically Endangered. 8 species are protected by the European Union Habitats Directive across all annexes. There are approximately 85 known species in Africa, 102 in Central America, 74 in South America, 228 in Asia (with
9720-460: The top medical school in the United States. The University of Washington's role as a medical school sharply drew more attention after the World War II boom in wartime industry and economics. J. Robert Oppenheimer was nominated in 1954 by the University of Washington's Physics Department to lecture physics students for one week, but was unable to attend because of loyalty checks asked for by
9828-490: The toxins which can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning . The keystone species concept was coined, in 1969, by the zoologist Robert T. Paine , professor emeritus of the University of Washington , to explain the relationship between Pisaster ochraceus , a species of starfish , and Mytilus californianus . Mussel Pteriomorphia (marine mussels) Palaeoheterodonta (freshwater mussels) Heterodonta ( zebra mussels ) Mussel ( / ˈ m ʌ s ə l / )
9936-581: The university began exploring plans and governmental approval to expand the main Seattle campus, including significant increases in student housing, teaching facilities for the growing student body and faculty, as well as expanded public transit options. The University of Washington light rail station was completed in March 2015, connecting Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood to the UW Husky Stadium within five minutes of rail travel time. It offers
10044-456: The university's Consolidated Endowment Fund, managed by an internal investment company at an annual cost of approximately $ 6.2 million. The university reported $ 443.383 million of investment income in fiscal year 2017. In 2018, the university claimed to have nearly $ 1 billion in new construction underway. Environmental sustainability has long been a major focus of the university's Board of Regents and Presidents. In February 2006, UW joined
10152-808: The university's Honor Roll of Donors recognized top contributors as including Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Microsoft , the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , and the late Paul G. Allen . Additional notable donors include Amazon , AstraZeneca , Bayer , BlackRock , Boeing , Burroughs Wellcome Fund , Carnegie Corporation of New York , Chan Zuckerberg Initiative , China Medical Board , Eli Lilly and Company , Gilead Sciences , GlaxoSmithKline , Merck , Monsanto , Novartis , Open Philanthropy , Open Society Foundations , Pfizer , Rockefeller Foundation , and Wellcome Trust . Endowed gifts are commingled in
10260-566: The university's first graduates and former head of its history department. Meany and his colleague, Dean Herbert T. Condon, dubbed the columns as "Loyalty," "Industry," "Faith", and "Efficiency", or "LIFE." The columns now stand in the Sylvan Grove Theater . Organizers of the 1909 Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition eyed the still largely undeveloped campus as a prime setting for their world's fair . They came to an agreement with Washington's Board of Regents that allowed them to use
10368-414: The university's net position increased by $ 363 million in 2017. The university is funded in part by donations from philanthropists , foundations, and corporations, as well as individual donors. Bill Gates Sr. and his son Bill Gates , as well as Melinda French Gates and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , are described as having an "unmatched" impact across the entire university. As of 2020,
10476-443: The water column. Mussels grow quickly and are usually ready for harvest in less than two years. Unlike other cultured bivalves, mussels use byssus threads (beard) to attach themselves to any firm substrate, which makes them suitable for a number of culture methods. There are a variety of techniques for growing mussels. In roughly 12–15 months, mussels reach marketable size (40mm) and are ready for harvest. Harvesting methods depend on
10584-422: Was also marked by high levels of student activism , as was the case at many American universities. Much of the unrest focused around civil rights , actively seen when football coach Jim Owens suspended four Black football players on October 30, 1969, for "[a] lack of commitment to the team," after which activists demanded Owen's resignation and the rest of the black football players on the team refused to play. For
10692-518: Was between 29 and 34. In the 2020–2021 academic year, 24 freshman students were National Merit Scholars . The university uses capacity constrained majors, a gate-keeping process that requires most students to apply to an internal college or faculty. New applications are usually considered once or twice annually, and few students are admitted each time. The screening process is based on cumulative academic performance, recommendation letters and extracurricular activities. UW's research budget surpassed
10800-451: Was built in 1926 and expanded in 1935. In 1942, all persons of Japanese ancestry in the Seattle area were forced into inland internment camps as part of Executive Order 9066 following the attack on Pearl Harbor . During this difficult time, university president Lee Paul Sieg took an active and sympathetic leadership role in advocating for and facilitating the transfer of Japanese American students to universities and colleges away from
10908-583: Was held in May 2008. In October 2, 1946, the University of Washington formally opened a medical school as part of a School of Health Sciences against the Washington State Medical Association's oppositions, who did not wish to create a competitive surplus of physicians. The operation was spearheaded by President Henry Suzzallo based on plans created by Gideon Weed , Rufus Willard , and Thomas Minor earlier in 1884. The G.I. Bill
11016-606: Was highly suspect by the Truman Administration in 1948 and 1949. Thomas H. Bienz , a Democratic State senator , declared that "At least 150 [University faculty members] are Communists " and soon thereafter two investigations were started by the Canwell Committee and the University. Professor of philosophy Herbert Phillips , professor of old English literature Joe Butterworth and professor of social psychology Ralph Gundlach were dismissed after
11124-481: Was later created and passed, establishing the School of Health Sciences while providing $ 3.75 million for buildings and $ 450,000 for salaries. This was the foundation for the University of Washington Medical Center , ranked by U.S. News & World Report as one of the top ten hospitals in the nation. The School of Health Sciences was later renamed the School of Medicine in 1946, which is now consistently ranked as
11232-494: Was observed in warmer waters, and the ocean temperature has risen since then, making researchers expect an increase in aragonite. However it was the opposite - showing that the deciding factor in M. californianus shell carbonate composition is ocean acidification - because calcite withstands acidity better. The California mussel prefers the high salinity , low sediment conditions found on open rocky coasts. However, they do not colonize bare rock easily, instead preferring
11340-475: Was opened on November 4, 1861, as the Territorial University of Washington. The legislature passed articles incorporating the university, and establishing its Board of Regents in 1862. The school initially struggled, closing three times: in 1863 for low enrollment, and again in 1867 and 1876 for shortage of funds. Washington awarded its first graduate Clara Antoinette McCarty Wilt in 1876, with
11448-517: Was provided to assist with campus sustainability. Overall, the University of Washington was one of several universities to receive the highest grade, "A−", on the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card in 2011. The university offers bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees through its 140 departments, themselves organized into various colleges and schools. It also continues to operate
11556-495: Was ranked 15th domestically in 2018, based on its contribution to the public good as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service. In 2017, the Leiden Ranking , which focuses on science and the impact of scientific publications among the world's 500 major universities, ranked UW 12th globally and 5th in the U.S. Among the faculty as of 2012, there have been 151 members of American Association for
11664-728: Was valued in excess of NZ$ 250 million. Freshwater mussels are used as host animals for the cultivation of freshwater pearls . Some species of marine mussel, including the blue mussel ( Mytilus edulis ) and the New Zealand green-lipped mussel ( Perna canaliculus ), are also cultivated as a source of food. In some areas of the world, mussel farmers collect naturally occurring marine mussel seed for transfer to more appropriate growing areas, however, most North American mussel farmers rely on hatchery-produced seed. Growers typically purchase seed after it has set (about 1mm in size) or after it has been nursed in upwellers for 3-6 additional weeks and
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