27-435: See text . Callerya is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae . It belongs to the subfamily Faboideae , tribe Wisterieae . It includes 12 species native to the eastern Himalayas, Indochina, southern China and Taiwan, and Peninsular Malaysia. Its species are climbers, generally reaching up to about 1 m (3 ft) tall. The genus has a somewhat complicated taxonomic history; its circumscription
54-1808: A molecular phylogeny of plants placed the flowering plants in their evolutionary context: Bryophytes [REDACTED] Lycophytes [REDACTED] Ferns [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The main groups of living angiosperms are: Amborellales [REDACTED] 1 sp. New Caledonia shrub Nymphaeales [REDACTED] c. 80 spp. water lilies & allies Austrobaileyales [REDACTED] c. 100 spp. woody plants Magnoliids [REDACTED] c. 10,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Chloranthales [REDACTED] 77 spp. Woody, apetalous Monocots [REDACTED] c. 70,000 spp. 3-part flowers, 1 cotyledon , 1-pore pollen, usu. parallel-veined leaves Ceratophyllales [REDACTED] c. 6 spp. aquatic plants Eudicots [REDACTED] c. 175,000 spp. 4- or 5-part flowers, 3-pore pollen, usu. branch-veined leaves Amborellales Melikyan, Bobrov & Zaytzeva 1999 Nymphaeales Salisbury ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Austrobaileyales Takhtajan ex Reveal 1992 Chloranthales Mart. 1835 Canellales Cronquist 1957 Piperales von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Magnoliales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Laurales de Jussieu ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Acorales Link 1835 Alismatales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Petrosaviales Takhtajan 1997 Dioscoreales Brown 1835 Pandanales Brown ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Liliales Perleb 1826 Asparagales Link 1829 Arecales Bromhead 1840 Poales Small 1903 Zingiberales Grisebach 1854 Commelinales de Mirbel ex von Berchtold & Presl 1820 Plants of
81-429: A cup. Nine of the stamens are fused together, the other is free; all curve upwards at the apex. The flat or inflated seed pods are 4–15 cm (1.6–5.9 in) long by 1.5–4 cm (0.6–1.6 in) wide, splitting when ripe to release usually two to five seeds. The taxonomic history of the genus Callerya and its type species is somewhat complicated. In 1843, Theodor Vogel published the genus name Marquartia for
108-561: A scholar, missionary and sinologist. The correct name for Vogel's Marquartia tomentosa apparently became Callerya tomentosa . However, it was later discovered that this species had already been described in 1842 by George Bentham as Millettia nitida , so the correct name in Callerya for the type species is Callerya nitida , a combination published by Robert Geesink in 1984. The boundaries of Callerya have varied. Revisions by Geesink in 1984 and by Anne M. Schot in 1994 resulted in
135-440: A species in the family Fabaceae that he called Marquartia tomentosa . However, Justus Carl Hasskarl had published the name Marquartia in the previous year (1842) for a genus in the family Pandanaceae , so Vogel's Marquartia was an illegitimate later homonym. Callerya was published by Stephan Endlicher later in 1843, so became a replacement name for Vogel's Marquartia . The genus name commemorates Joseph-Marie Callery ,
162-610: A total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families. The diversity of flowering plants is not evenly distributed. Nearly all species belong to the eudicot (75%), monocot (23%), and magnoliid (2%) clades. The remaining five clades contain a little over 250 species in total; i.e. less than 0.1% of flowering plant diversity, divided among nine families. The 25 most species-rich of 443 families, containing over 166,000 species between them in their APG circumscriptions, are: The botanical term "angiosperm", from Greek words angeíon ( ἀγγεῖον 'bottle, vessel') and spérma ( σπέρμα 'seed'),
189-858: Is starting to impact plants and is likely to cause many species to become extinct by 2100. Angiosperms are terrestrial vascular plants; like the gymnosperms, they have roots , stems , leaves , and seeds . They differ from other seed plants in several ways. The largest angiosperms are Eucalyptus gum trees of Australia, and Shorea faguetiana , dipterocarp rainforest trees of Southeast Asia, both of which can reach almost 100 metres (330 ft) in height. The smallest are Wolffia duckweeds which float on freshwater, each plant less than 2 millimetres (0.08 in) across. Considering their method of obtaining energy, some 99% of flowering plants are photosynthetic autotrophs , deriving their energy from sunlight and using it to create molecules such as sugars . The remainder are parasitic , whether on fungi like
216-444: Is 12–25 mm (0.5–1.0 in) long by 8–17 mm (0.3–0.7 in) wide, and is white, green, or various reddish shades from pink to mauve or violet, with a yellow or green nectar guide. The wing petals are shorter than the keel at 5–15 mm (0.2–0.6 in) long by 2–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide, with short basal claws. The keel petals are 8–16 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long by 3–6 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide, united into
243-421: Is distinctly larger than the rest, and the basal pair usually smallest. The erect inflorescence is a terminal panicle (in C. bonatiana composed of axillary racemes ), usually 6–20 cm (2–8 in) long, but sometimes up to 40 cm (15.7 in). The individual flowers are 11–25 mm (0.4–1.0 in) long and have the general shape of members of the subfamily Faboideae . The standard petal
270-491: The Alismatales grow in marine environments, spreading with rhizomes that grow through the mud in sheltered coastal waters. Some specialised angiosperms are able to flourish in extremely acid or alkaline habitats. The sundews , many of which live in nutrient-poor acid bogs , are carnivorous plants , able to derive nutrients such as nitrate from the bodies of trapped insects. Other flowers such as Gentiana verna ,
297-460: The orchids for part or all of their life-cycle, or on other plants , either wholly like the broomrapes, Orobanche , or partially like the witchweeds, Striga . In terms of their environment, flowering plants are cosmopolitan, occupying a wide range of habitats on land, in fresh water and in the sea. On land, they are the dominant plant group in every habitat except for frigid moss-lichen tundra and coniferous forest . The seagrasses in
SECTION 10
#1732797956810324-481: The seeds are enclosed within a fruit. The group was formerly called Magnoliophyta . Angiosperms are by far the most diverse group of land plants with 64 orders , 416 families , approximately 13,000 known genera and 300,000 known species . They include all forbs (flowering plants without a woody stem ), grasses and grass-like plants, a vast majority of broad-leaved trees , shrubs and vines , and most aquatic plants . Angiosperms are distinguished from
351-892: The "Big Five" extinction events in Earth's history, only the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event had occurred while angiosperms dominated plant life on the planet. Today, the Holocene extinction affects all kingdoms of complex life on Earth, and conservation measures are necessary to protect plants in their habitats in the wild ( in situ ), or failing that, ex situ in seed banks or artificial habitats like botanic gardens . Otherwise, around 40% of plant species may become extinct due to human actions such as habitat destruction , introduction of invasive species , unsustainable logging , land clearing and overharvesting of medicinal or ornamental plants . Further, climate change
378-753: The World Online Plants of the World Online ( POWO ) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . It was launched in March 2017 with the ultimate aim being "to enable users to access information on all the world's known seed-bearing plants by 2020". This was Kew's answer to the "2020 target 1" of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD): "an online flora for all known plants." The initial focus
405-480: The World Online accepted 12 species: Three species formerly placed in the genus have been moved to Austrocallerya : The genera Adinobotrys , Padbruggea and Whitfordiodendron , which had been sunk into Callerya , were restored in the 2019 study. Adinobotrys is not placed in the Wisterieae, the other two are. Species affected include: Callerya species are native over a wide area from Nepal in
432-818: The dominant group of plants across the planet. Agriculture is almost entirely dependent on angiosperms, and a small number of flowering plant families supply nearly all plant-based food and livestock feed. Rice , maize and wheat provide half of the world's staple calorie intake, and all three plants are cereals from the Poaceae family (colloquially known as grasses). Other families provide important industrial plant products such as wood , paper and cotton , and supply numerous ingredients for beverages , sugar production , traditional medicine and modern pharmaceuticals . Flowering plants are also commonly grown for decorative purposes , with certain flowers playing significant cultural roles in many societies. Out of
459-659: The flowering plants as an unranked clade without a formal Latin name (angiosperms). A formal classification was published alongside the 2009 revision in which the flowering plants rank as the subclass Magnoliidae. From 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has reclassified the angiosperms, with updates in the APG II system in 2003, the APG III system in 2009, and the APG IV system in 2016. In 2019,
486-519: The genus being expanded, which continued until 33 species were recognised by 2016. Schot placed the genus in the tribe Millettieae . A 2019 molecular phylogenetic study showed that as then circumscribed , Callerya was not monophyletic , nor did it belong in Millettieae. Instead a reduced genus was placed in an expanded tribe Wisterieae , where it formed a clade with Afgekia , Kanburia , Serawaia and Whitfordiodendron , as sister to
513-518: The manner of vines or lianas . The number of species of flowering plants is estimated to be in the range of 250,000 to 400,000. This compares to around 12,000 species of moss and 11,000 species of pteridophytes . The APG system seeks to determine the number of families , mostly by molecular phylogenetics . In the 2009 APG III there were 415 families. The 2016 APG IV added five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, for
540-470: The other genera. Callerya flowers have wing petals that are shorter than the keel petals and standards that are relatively larger than in some related genera. Only five species were placed in the genus in the 2019 study. Other species which appeared to be in Callerya were not included in the study, so the exact boundaries of the revised genus were not settled. It was suggested that there might be "as many as twelve species". As of August 2023, Plants of
567-567: The other major seed plant clade, the gymnosperms , by having flowers , xylem consisting of vessel elements instead of tracheids , endosperm within their seeds, and fruits that completely envelop the seeds. The ancestors of flowering plants diverged from the common ancestor of all living gymnosperms before the end of the Carboniferous , over 300 million years ago. In the Cretaceous , angiosperms diversified explosively , becoming
SECTION 20
#1732797956810594-465: The past 250 years of botanical research. It aims to make data available from projects that no longer have an online presence or were never externally available. POWO has information on taxonomy, identification, distribution, traits, threat status and use of plants worldwide. It also contains many images. As of September 2024 , POWO contained 1,433,000 global plant names, 531,800 detailed descriptions, and 400,900 images. This botany article
621-568: The spring gentian, are adapted to the alkaline conditions found on calcium -rich chalk and limestone , which give rise to often dry topographies such as limestone pavement . As for their growth habit , the flowering plants range from small, soft herbaceous plants , often living as annuals or biennials that set seed and die after one growing season, to large perennial woody trees that may live for many centuries and grow to many metres in height. Some species grow tall without being self-supporting like trees by climbing on other plants in
648-528: The west through China to Hainan in the east and south through Indochina to Peninsular Malaysia . Flowering plant Basal angiosperms Core angiosperms Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits , and form the clade Angiospermae ( / ˌ æ n dʒ i ə ˈ s p ər m iː / ). The term 'angiosperm' is derived from the Greek words ἀγγεῖον / angeion ('container, vessel') and σπέρμα / sperma ('seed'), meaning that
675-483: Was coined in the form "Angiospermae" by Paul Hermann in 1690, including only flowering plants whose seeds were enclosed in capsules. The term angiosperm fundamentally changed in meaning in 1827 with Robert Brown , when angiosperm came to mean a seed plant with enclosed ovules. In 1851, with Wilhelm Hofmeister 's work on embryo-sacs, Angiosperm came to have its modern meaning of all the flowering plants including Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons. The APG system treats
702-562: Was on tropical African Floras, particularly Flora Zambesiaca, Flora of West Tropical Africa and Flora of Tropical East Africa. The database uses the same taxonomical source as Kew's World Checklist of Selected Plant Families , which is the International Plant Names Index , and the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP). The database contains information of the world's flora that was gathered in
729-466: Was substantially revised in 2019. Species of Callerya are scrambling climbers, growing over rocks or shrubs, reaching 0.5–1 m (1.6–3.3 ft) high. The leaves are evergreen and generally have 2–12 paired leaflets plus a terminal leaflet. The leaflets are usually 3–15 cm (1.2–5.9 in) long, sometimes up to 22 cm (8.7 in) long, by 2–6 cm (0.8–2.4 in) wide, sometimes up to 10 cm (3.9 in)) wide. The terminal leaflet
#809190