Galena , also called lead glance , is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS). It is the most important ore of lead and an important source of silver .
22-432: Cambodunum is a Latinized Celtic placename which may refer to: Cambodunum (Britain) , present-day Slack, West Yorkshire Cambodunum (Germany) , present-day Kempten [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
44-628: A close-packed cubic unit cell much like the mineral halite of the halide mineral group. Zinc, cadmium , iron , copper , antimony , arsenic , bismuth and selenium also occur in variable amounts in galena. Selenium substitutes for sulfur in the structure constituting a solid solution series. The lead telluride mineral altaite has the same crystal structure as galena. Within the weathering or oxidation zone galena alters to anglesite (lead sulfate) or cerussite (lead carbonate). Galena exposed to acid mine drainage can be oxidized to anglesite by naturally occurring bacteria and archaea , in
66-405: A collection of artefacts including the reconstructed Grade II listed remains of the hypocaust , comprising the rubble columns and tiled floor, that were moved to Ravensknowle Park from the fort. Galena Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals . It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often associated with
88-482: A process similar to bioleaching . One of the oldest uses of galena was to produce kohl , an eye cosmetic now regarded as toxic due to the risk of lead poisoning . In Ancient Egypt , this was applied around the eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun and to repel flies, which were a potential source of disease. In pre-Columbian North America, galena was used by indigenous peoples as an ingredient in decorative paints and cosmetics, and widely traded throughout
110-407: A temple were uncovered "with many beautiful ornamented bricks, and an altar, having a patera at the summit, on one side a cornucopia, and an original staff on the other. The edifice had been dedicated to the goddess Fortune, by one Antonius Modestus or Modestinus, of the sixth conquering legion". The Huddersfield Archaeological and Topographical Society, whose secretary was George Lloyd , excavated
132-429: Is a semiconductor with a small band gap of about 0.4 eV , which found use in early wireless communication systems. It was used as the crystal in crystal radio receivers, in which it was used as a point-contact diode capable of rectifying alternating current to detect the radio signals. The galena crystal was used with a sharp wire, known as a " cat's whisker ", in contact with it. In modern times, galena
154-506: Is found in hydrothermal deposits emplaced around 1680 million years ago, which have since been heavily metamorphosed. The largest documented crystal of galena is composite cubo-octahedra from the Great Laxey Mine , Isle of Man , measuring 25 cm × 25 cm × 25 cm (10 in × 10 in × 10 in). Galena is the official state mineral of the U.S. states of Kansas, Missouri, and Wisconsin;
176-1030: The Mendips in Somerset , Derbyshire , and Cumberland in England ; the Linares mines in Spain were worked from before the Roman times until the end of the 20th century; the Madan and Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria ; the Sullivan Mine of British Columbia ; Broken Hill and Mount Isa in Australia ; and the ancient mines of Sardinia . In the United States , it occurs most notably as lead-zinc ore in
198-610: The Mississippi Valley type deposits of the Lead Belt in southeastern Missouri , which is the largest known deposit, and in the Driftless Area of Illinois , Iowa and Wisconsin , providing the origin of the name of Galena, Illinois , a historical settlement known for the material. Galena also was a major mineral of the zinc -lead mines of the tri-state district around Joplin in southwestern Missouri and
220-653: The adjoining areas of Kansas and Oklahoma . Galena is also an important ore mineral in the silver mining regions of Colorado , Idaho , Utah and Montana . Of the latter, the Coeur d'Alene district of northern Idaho was most prominent. Australia is the world's leading producer of lead as of 2021, most of which is extracted as galena. Argentiferous galena was accidentally discovered at Glen Osmond in 1841, and additional deposits were discovered near Broken Hill in 1876 and at Mount Isa in 1923. Most galena in Australia
242-545: The eastern United States. Traces of galena are frequently found at the Mississippian city at Kincaid Mounds in present-day Illinois. The galena used at the site originated from deposits in southeastern and central Missouri and the Upper Mississippi Valley. Galena is the primary ore of lead, and is often mined for its silver content. It is used as a source of lead in ceramic glaze . Galena
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#1732781049979264-569: The former mining communities of Galena, Kansas , Galena, Illinois , Galena, South Dakota and Galena, Alaska , take their names from deposits of this mineral. Galena belongs to the octahedral sulfide group of minerals that have metal ions in octahedral positions, such as the iron sulfide pyrrhotite and the nickel arsenide niccolite . The galena group is named after its most common member, with other isometric members that include manganese bearing alabandite and niningerite . Divalent lead (Pb) cations and sulfur (S) anions form
286-529: The fort was constructed of turf and wood to defend the Roman road in the time of Agricola in AD ;79. Outside the fort walls was a stone bath-house which was extended around AD 104 and AD 120. A vicus or small settlement of wooden huts grew outside the fort. In December 2016, a retired professor from Bangor University , Peter Field, hypothesised that the fort's site was a potential location for
308-504: The fort's ramparts and the foundations of its gateways and corner towers. The ramparts, constructed of turves on a stone footing, surrounded an area 356 feet (111 metres) square. They were surrounded by a ditch, in some parts a double ditch when the fort was built in about AD 79. Inside are the outlines of several wooden buildings including the military headquarters and barrack blocks. Another phase of development about 20 years later added two granaries roofed with tiles stamped COHIIIIBRE,
330-649: The galena contains up to 0.5% silver , a byproduct that far surpasses the main lead ore in revenue. In these deposits significant amounts of silver occur as included silver sulfide mineral phases or as limited silver in solid solution within the galena structure. These argentiferous galenas have long been an important ore of silver. Silver-bearing galena is almost entirely of hydrothermal origin; galena in lead-zinc deposits contains little silver. Galena deposits are found worldwide in various environments. Noted deposits include those at Freiberg in Saxony ; Cornwall ,
352-401: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cambodunum&oldid=1108498029 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cambodunum (Britain) Slack Roman Fort
374-492: The mark of the 4th cohort of Breuci who operated a tilery in the nearby Grimescar Valley. A phase of building in stone began in the early AD 120s. but by then the garrison had been reduced. The fort was occupied until about AD 140. Outside the fort to the east was the bath-house and to the north was a small civilian settlement which may have continued until AD 200. The Tolson Museum in Huddersfield has
396-626: The minerals sphalerite , calcite and fluorite . Galena is the main ore of lead , used since ancient times, since lead can be smelted from galena in an ordinary wood fire. Galena typically is found in hydrothermal veins in association with sphalerite , marcasite , chalcopyrite , cerussite , anglesite , dolomite , calcite , quartz , barite , and fluorite . It is also found in association with sphalerite in low-temperature lead- zinc deposits within limestone beds. Minor amounts are found in contact metamorphic zones, in pegmatites , and disseminated in sedimentary rock. In some deposits,
418-563: The mythical Camelot . The site of the fort is on gently sloping ground sheltered by a hill rising to 1,200 feet (366 m) above sea level about 4 miles (6 km) from Huddersfield, mostly to the south of the present-day M62 motorway . Observation posts on the surrounding hills commanded views towards Blackstone Edge , Standedge , Huddersfield and the Stainland Valley in the Halifax direction. In 1743 The foundations of
440-404: The site in 1865. It excavated the remains of a residence measuring 60 feet (18 m) by 68 feet (21 m) with a courtyard. Nearby was a cremation site and on the slope 80 yards (73 m) below the house are the remains of a hypocaust for the hot air bath . Also found nearby were a British stone axe, pottery, part of a brooch and a quantity of galena , (lead ore). A druidic 'rocking stone'
462-675: Was a castellum near Outlane , to the west of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire , England. Its site is a scheduled monument . The ruins of the fort which lay alongside the Pennine section of the Roman road from Deva Victrix ( Chester ) to Eboracum ( York ) are no longer visible. The fort may have been the Cambodunum mentioned as a station on this route in the Antonine Itinerary . Archaeological digs indicate
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#1732781049979484-465: Was found with these on Golcar Hill. On another part of the site are the remains of a cold bath comprised a slab of concrete 13 feet 6 inches (4.1 m) long by 6 feet 3 inches (1.9 m) wide. The room it was in had a red tiled floor. Copper or bronze coins from the reigns of Vespasian and Nerva , an earthenware jar and a tile stamped "COH IIII BRE" were also uncovered. Excavations between 1913 and 1915 and 1958 to 1963 uncovered
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