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77-452: On May 24, 2011, Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar , at the one-year anniversary celebratory rally marking the election of her coalition government to power, announced that the airstrip would be upgraded to a domestic airport to serve the Trinidad - Tobago airbridge. If successful, the airport would be upgraded to a full-scale international airport . If upgraded, the airport will be

154-592: A Member of Parliament for the Siparia constituency in 1995 and has been ever since. She served as Attorney General in 1995 until Ramesh Maharaj was able to disassociate himself from ongoing cases and again in 2001 after Maharaj left the party. When the UNC formed Government on 22 December 2000, she was sworn in as the Minister of Education . On 25 April 2006 she received the support of the majority of Opposition MPs for

231-519: A Caribbean airport is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a motor sport venue is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Trinidad and Tobago article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kamla Persad-Bissessar The Hon. Kamla Persad-Bissessar SC MP ( pronounced [kəmlɑː prəsɑːd̪-biseːsər] ( listen ) ; born Kamla Susheila Persad , 22 April 1952), often referred to by her initials KPB ,

308-556: A century ago when these parts of the continent were under British and French colonial rule. Most of these migrants were of Gujarati or Punjabi origin. There are almost three million Indians living in South-East Africa. Indian-led businesses were (or are) the backbone of the economies of these countries. These ranged in the past from small rural grocery stores to sugar mills . In addition, Indian professionals, such as doctors, teachers, engineers, also played an important part in

385-494: A ladies Indian singing and Hindu prayer group, as well as being an elder counsellor who helped those in need. Her maternal grandmother, Rookmin, and her maternal great-grandmother, Sumaria, were both laborers in the sugarcane and cocoa fields and both had to become the breadwinners to support their families after their husbands died at young ages. Persad-Bissessar has said that she credits her mother, grandmothers, and great-grandmother as setting examples for her in feminism and paving

462-545: A lesser degree Gujarat , Andhra Pradesh and Goa . However, the phenomenon continues to be a major force in India's economic ( foreign direct investment ), social and political relations with nations having significant Indian populace. For example, the 2008 signing of the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement was helped by intense lobbying from Indian Americans . Indophilia or Indomania

539-730: A religious procession led to violence against them by Muslim Uyghurs. In 1896 two Uyghur Turkis attacked a Hindu merchant and the British consul Macartney demanded the Uyghurs be punished by flogging. The money lenders and merchants of Hindu background from British India in Xinjiang were guaranteed by the British Consul-General. Russian refugees, missionaries, and British-Indian merchants and money lenders of Hindu background were potential targets of gangs of Kashgaris so

616-497: A significant group are Muslims (26.3%). Mauritius is the only Hindu majority (48.5%) country of Africa according to the 2011 census. There are also a relatively small number of Baháʼís and Sikhs . The mother tongue of Indo-Mauritians is Creole , as well as French and English in general fields, however various Indian languages are still spoken, especially Bhojpuri , Tamil , Hindi , Marathi , Odia , Telugu , and Urdu as they are used in religious activities. Mauritius hosts

693-730: A state visit to India. Persad-Bissessar spent her early childhood living in a joint family with her parents and paternal grandparents at Boodoo Trace in Penal, where she attended the Mohess Road Hindu School. In 1959, at the age of seven, her family moved to Siparia where she attended the Erin Road Presbyterian Primary School, and later the Siparia Union Presbyterian Primary School. In 1963, she

770-596: Is a Trinidadian lawyer, politician and educator who is the Leader of the Opposition of Trinidad and Tobago , political leader of the United National Congress (UNC) political party, and was the prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 26 May 2010 until 9 September 2015. She was the country's first female prime minister, attorney general , and Leader of the Opposition, the first woman to chair

847-588: Is a grandmother of two and has described herself as an adherent of both Hinduism and the Spiritual Baptist faith. She had raised her brother's children after he died in a car accident. Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin Overseas Indians ( ISO : Pravāsī Bhāratīya ), officially Non-Resident Indians ( NRIs ) and People of Indian Origin ( PIOs ) are Indians who reside or originate outside of India . According to

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924-471: Is a permanent visa for visiting India with a foreign passport. According to the Ministry of External Affairs report updated on 21 May 2024, there are 35.4 million non-resident Indians (NRIs) and People of Indian Origins (PIOs) (including OCIs) residing outside India. The Indian diaspora comprise the world's largest overseas diaspora. Every year, 2.5 million (25 lakh) Indians immigrate overseas, making India

1001-507: Is a social organisation of PIO/NRI professionals. An Indian Women's Association brings together PIO/NRI spouses and undertakes charitable activities. There is a Gurudwara Prabandhak Committee in Jakarta and Sindhis as well, Sikhs are associated with Gurudwara activities. The Economic Association of Indonesia and India (ECAII) brings together leading entrepreneurs from the Indian community with

1078-516: Is believed that they travelled in Arab dhows , Maratha Navy ships (under Kanhoji Angre ), and possibly Chinese junks and Portuguese vessels. Some of these people settled in South-East Africa and later spread to places like present day Uganda, and Mozambique. Later they mingled with the much larger wave of South Asians who came with the British. Indian migration to the modern countries of Kenya, Uganda, Mauritius, South Africa, and Tanzania began nearly

1155-528: Is commonly referred to as the OCI card . The name is itself misleading, as it doesn't offer Indian citizenship. The Constitution of India does not permit full dual citizenship. The OCI card is effectively a long-term visa, with restrictions on voting rights and government jobs. The card is available to certain Overseas ex-Indians, and while it affords holders residency and other rights, it does have restrictions, and

1232-677: Is love, admiration or special interest for India or its people and culture. An Indophile is someone who loves India, Indian culture, cuisine, religions, history or its people. Population of Overseas Indians, by country, according to the Consular Services of the Ministry of External Affairs of India, or other estimates (if indicated). Indians in Madagascar are descended mostly from traders who arrived in 19th century looking for better opportunities. The majority of them came from

1309-734: Is not considered to be any type of Indian citizenship from a constitutional perspective. Prime minister Narendra Modi announced on 28 September 2014 that PIO and OCI cards would be merged. On 9 January 2015, the Person of Indian Origin Card scheme was withdrawn by the Government of India and was merged with the Overseas Citizen of India card scheme. PIO cardholders must apply to convert their existing cards into OCI cards. The Bureau of Immigration stated that it would continue to accept

1386-432: Is taxed as that of NRIs while they enjoy all the other rights of a citizen. A Person of Indian Origin (PIO) means a foreign citizen (except a national of Pakistan , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , China , Iran , Bhutan , Sri Lanka and/or Nepal ), who: After multiple efforts by leaders across the Indian political spectrum, a long term visa scheme was established. It is entitled the "Overseas Citizenship of India", and

1463-857: The Aapravasi Ghat , the only site of UNESCO in the world, to pay homage to the memory of indenture . The Indian Festivals of Maha Shivaratri , Diwali , Thaipusam , Ponggal , Ganesh Chaturthi and Ugadi are all National Holidays as well as the Annual Commemoration of the Arrival of Indian Indentured Labourers in Mauritius. Indians make up a quarter of Réunion's population. Most originally came as indentured workers from Tamil Nadu . Most Asians in South Africa are descended from indentured Indian labourers who were brought by

1540-738: The British Colonial disasters ended, much of the migration that occurred was of pioneering Girmitya indentured workers – mostly Bhojpuri and Awadhi -speaking people from the Bhojpur district of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar to other British colonies under the Indian indenture system . The major destinations were Mauritius , Guyana , Trinidad and Tobago , Suriname , other parts of the Caribbean (e.g. Jamaica , Guadeloupe , Martinique , Belize , Barbados , Grenada , Saint Vincent and

1617-606: The Government of India , Non-Resident Indians are citizens of India who currently are not living in India, while the term People of Indian Origin refers to people of Indian birth or ancestry who are citizens of countries other than India (with some exceptions). Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) is given to People of Indian Origin and to persons who are not People of Indian Origin but married to Indian citizen or People of Indian Origin . Persons with OCI status are known as Overseas Citizens of India ( OCIs ). The OCI status

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1694-676: The Madhesh province of Nepal to acquire Nepalese citizenship and Nepalese identity via naturalisation. The total number of Indian citizens temporarily living and working in Nepal is estimated to be somewhere between two and three million. Nepal is also the seventh largest source of remittance to India, which amounted to nearly $ 3.5 billion in 2013/2014. The official figures, it is estimated that there are around 125,000 Indians living in Indonesia and 25,000 PIOs/NRIs living in Indonesia of which

1771-1039: The Qajar and Zand dynasties in Persia after a clampdown by Nader Shah and the Afghan Ghilzar wars in Iran. Sarmarqandi and Bukharan traders bought Indian indigo from merchants of Hindu origin in Kandahar in 1783 according to George Forester. The tallest houses were owned by Hindus according to Elphinstone in 1815. Lumsden recorded 350 stores owned by Hindus in Kandahar . Finance, precious metals, and textiles were all dealt with by Sikhs and Hindus in Kandahar. A Hindu worked for Timur Shah Durrani in Afghanistan. Peshawar Hindus were in Kabul by 1783. Money lending

1848-542: The Spanish East Indies government and occupying the surrounding areas until Caintâ and Morong (today in Rizal province) between 1762 and 1763. Following the end war's end, a number of Indian soldiers mutinied, settled, and married local Tagalog women. These Sepoy Indians still have descendants in the town today. Indian Singaporeans – defined as persons of South Asian paternal ancestry – form 9% of

1925-462: The 1990s with an influx of both well-educated and unskilled migrants from India, and as part of growing income inequality in Singapore. Indians earn higher incomes than Malays, the other major minority group. Indians are also significantly more likely to hold university degrees than these groups. However, the mainly locally born Indian students in public primary and secondary schools under-perform

2002-558: The 1990s, new Indian immigrants have increased the size and complexity of the local Indian population. Together with modern communications like cable television and the Internet , this has connected Singapore with an emerging global Indian culture. Prominent Indian individuals have long made a mark in Singapore as leaders of various fields in national life. Indians are also collectively well-represented, and sometimes over-represented, in areas such as politics , education , diplomacy and

2079-747: The 41 seats in the House of Representatives to form the opposition. In the 2020 general election , the People's National Movement won re-election and Persad-Bissessar remained the Leader of the Opposition. However, the United National Congress did pick up two more seats than previously held. Persad-Bissessar married Gregory Bissessar in 1971 and they have one son. She and her husband reside in Philippine, Penal-Debe , Trinidad and Tobago. She

2156-446: The British from India in the 19th century, mostly to work on the sugar cane plantations of what is now the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The majority are of Tamil speaking heritage along with people that speak Hindi or Bhojpuri , mostly descending from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. There are also smaller numbers of Telugu speaking communities while a minority are descended from Indian traders who migrated to South Africa at around

2233-781: The Bughra Amirs. Antagonism against both the British and Hindus ran high among the Muslim Turki Uyghur rebels in Xinjiang's southern area. Muslims plundered the possessions in Karghalik of Rai Sahib Dip Chand, who was the aksakal of Britain, and his fellow Hindus on 24 March 1933, and in Keryia they slaughtered British Indian Hindus. Sind's Shikarpur district was the origin of the Hindu diaspora there. The slaughter of

2310-1027: The Bukharan Emirate as well as Ferghana cotton. They also engaged in legal money lending in Bukhara, which they could not legally do in Russian Turkestan . Jews, Hindus, Baluch, Persians, and Arabs lived in Samarkand, and Hindus and Baháʼís live in Baluchistan and Khorasan in Iran. Uyghur merchants would harass Hindu usurers by screaming at them asking them if they ate beef or hanging cow skins on their quarters. Uyghur men also rioted and attacked Hindus for marrying Uyghur women in 1907 in Poskam and Yarkand like Ditta Ram calling for their beheading and stoning Indians to death as they engaged in anti-Hindu violence. Hindu Indian usurers engaging in

2387-603: The Chittys number about 200,000 today. Currently, there are over 150,000 people of Indian origin residing in Philippines. By law, Indian Filipinos are defined as Philippine citizens of Indian descent. India and the Philippines have historic cultural and economic ties going back over 3,000 years. Iron Age finds in the Philippines point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu in South India and what are today

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2464-483: The Commonwealth of Nations and the first woman of Indian origin to be a prime minister of a country outside of India and the wider subcontinent . Persad-Bissessar became political leader of the UNC in 2010. In 2011, Persad-Bissessar was named the thirteenth most influential female leader around the world by Time magazine. Persad-Bissessar held the premiership from May 2010 to September 2015, where she

2541-640: The Consulate-General of Britain was a potential shelter. The killings of two Hindus at the hands of Uighurs took place in the Shamba Bazaar in a most brutal fashion. The plundering of the valuables of slaughtered British Indian Hindus happened in Posgam on 25 March 1933, and on the previous day in Karghalik at the hands of Uighurs . Killings of Hindus took place in Khotan at the hands of

2618-547: The Grenadines , Saint Lucia ), Fiji , Réunion , Seychelles , Malay Peninsula (e.g. Malaysia and Singapore ), East Africa (e.g. Kenya , Somalia , Tanzania , Uganda ) and South Africa . Gujarati and Sindhi merchants and traders settled in the Arabian Peninsula , Aden , Oman , Bahrain , Dubai , South Africa and East African countries, most of which were ruled by the British. The Indian Rupee

2695-622: The Hindus from British India was called the "Karghalik Outrage". The Muslims had killed nine of them. The forced removal of the Swedes was accompanied by the slaughter of the Hindus in Khotan by the Islamic Turkic rebels. The Emirs of Khotan slaughtered the Hindus as they forced the Swedes out and declared sharia in Khotan on 16 March 1933. A major emigration from the Indian subcontinent

2772-550: The Indian Community in Indonesia is now Jakarta-based; it is estimated that the population of Jakarta's Indian community is about 19,000. There are six main social or professional associations in Jakarta's Indian PIO/NRI community. Gandhi Seva Loka (formerly known as Bombay Merchants Association) is a charitable institution run by the Sindhi community and is engaged mainly in educational and social activities. The India Club

2849-705: The Indian expatriate community registered with the embassy and consulate in Medan numbers around 5,000-7,000 people. Most are from Tamil descendants. Indians have been living in Indonesia for centuries, from the time of the Srivijaya and Majapahit Empire both of which were Hindu and heavily influenced by the subcontinent. Indians were later brought to Indonesia by the Dutch in the 19th century as indentured labourers to work on plantations located around Medan in Sumatra. While

2926-518: The Indian merchant community plummeting due to the Ottoman and Afghan wars in Iran (1722–27) . In Kerman , traders of Hindu background had a caravanserai . Traders of Indian background were mentioned by Jean Chardin, Jean de Thévenot, Adam Olearius and F. A. Kotov in the Safavid dynasty in Persia where they lived along with Jews and Armenians. Traders from India of Sikh and Hindu background lived in

3003-533: The Indian population was transient, mainly comprising young men who came as workers, soldiers and convicts. By the mid-20th century, a settled community had emerged, with a more balanced gender ratio and a better spread of age groups . Tamil is one among the four official languages of Singapore alongside English, Chinese and Malay. Singapore's Indian population is notable for its class stratification , with disproportionately large elite and lower income groups. This long-standing problem has grown more visible since

3080-440: The Indian west coast state of Gujarat and were known as Karana (Muslim) and Bania (Hindu). The majority speak Gujarati , though some other Indian languages are spoken. Nowadays, the younger generations speak at least three languages; these languages include French or English, Gujarati and Malagasy . The people are known as Indo-Mauritians , and form about 65.8% of the population. The majority of them are Hindu (73.7%) and

3157-610: The Malaysian population. 85% of these people are Tamil-speaking. They have retained their languages and religion – 88% of ethnic Indians in Malaysia identify as Hindus. A minority number of the population are Sikhs and Muslims. There is also a small community of Indian origin, the Chitty , who are the descendants of only Tamil traders who had emigrated before 1500 CE. Considering themselves Tamil, speaking Malay, and practicing Hinduism,

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3234-441: The People's National Movement, which had called an early election. Her election campaign has been analysed as a successful attempt to bring together people with different ethnic backgrounds and ideological affiliations under female leadership. She was the first female prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago and is also the first female Commonwealth Chairperson-in-Office. She was succeeded as Chairperson-in-Office by Julia Gillard with

3311-408: The Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries BCE. The influence of Indian culture on Filipino cultures intensified from the 2nd through the late 14th centuries CE, impacting various fields such as language, politics, and religion. During the Seven Years' War , Indians from Chennai , and Tamil Nadu were part of the British expedition against Spanish Manila , taking the city from

3388-613: The Tamil, Punjabi and Odia communities still maintain their cultural traditions. The Indian diaspora also includes several thousand Sindhi families who constitute the second wave of Indian immigrants who made Indonesia their home in the first half of the 20th century. The Sindhi community is mainly engaged in trading and commerce . Among these communities, Tamils and to a lesser extent Sikhs were primarily engaged in agriculture while Sindhis and Punjabis mainly established themselves in textile trade and sports businesses. The inflow of major Indian investments in Indonesia starting in

3465-435: The age of seventeen, in August 1969, to attended Norwood Technical College in West Norwood , London , England . While in college in England, she worked as a social worker with the Church of England's Children's Society of London . By the time she left Trinidad she had already met her future husband Gregory Bisessar and he was already in England when she was attending college. They married two years later in 1971, when she

3542-424: The country's citizens and permanent residents, making them Singapore 's third largest ethnic group. Among cities, Singapore has one of the largest overseas Indian populations. Although contact with ancient India left a deep cultural impact on Singapore's indigenous Malay society, the mass migration of ethnic Indians to the island only began with the founding of modern Singapore by the British in 1819. Initially,

3619-454: The development of these countries. Indians in Japan consist of migrants from India to Japan and their descendants. As of December 2008 , There are currently around 40,000 Indians living in Japan. Roughly 60% consist of expatriate IT professionals and their families. In 2006, the newly formed Nepal parliament passed the controversial citizenship act Nepali nationality law that allowed nearly two million Indians especially those living in

3696-420: The establishment of the Indianised kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The Chola rulers , who were known for their naval power, conquered Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula . Another early diaspora, of which little is known, was a reported Indian "Shendu" community that was recorded when Yunnan was annexed by the Han dynasty in the 1st century by the Chinese authorities. During the mid-19th century right after

3773-478: The generations, although some do enjoy watching Indian movies and listening to Indian music , and they maintain (and have had imposed upon them) a strong Indian racial identity as a consequence of the legacy of Apartheid . Before the larger wave of migration during the British colonial era, a significant group of South Asians, especially from the west coast ( Sindh , Surat , Konkan and Malabar ) travelled regularly to South East Africa, especially Zanzibar. It

3850-417: The late 1960s, when it started being used for cropdusting. It became unused in 2003 after the closure of the sugar industry. In 2013, Trinidad and Tobago's Civil Aviation Authority conducted a feasibility study on the suitability of Camden as a general aviation airport. The strip was found to be attractive as an airport, and a six-phase development was recommended using a public/private partnership. The goal of

3927-624: The late 1970s drew a fresh wave of Indian investors and managers to this country. This group of entrepreneurs and business professionals has further expanded over the past two decades and now includes engineers, consultants, chartered accountants, bankers and other professionals. The Indian community is very well regarded in Indonesia, is generally prosperous, and includes individuals holding senior positions in local and multinational companies. Due to economic factors, most traders and businessmen among PIOs have over past decades moved to Jakarta from outlying areas such as Medan and Surabaya . Almost half

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4004-430: The majority of these came from South India, a significant number also came from the north of India. The Medan Indians included Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. They have now been in Indonesia for over four generations and hold Indonesian passports . While local statistics continue to suggest that there are some 40,000 PIOs in Sumatra, the vast majority are now completely assimilated into Indonesian society, though some elements of

4081-565: The mid-16th century and remained active for over four centuries. Astrakhan at the mouth of the Volga was the first place in the Tsardom of Russia where an Indian merchant colony was established as early as the 1610s. Russian chroniclers reported the presence of Hindu traders in Moscow and St Petersburg in the 18th century. Multani people from Multan , Shikarpur and Mawar of both Hindu and Muslim background acted as bankers and merchants in Safavid Persia. Hindu merchants in Hamadan were massacred by Ottomans as stated by an Armenian, with

4158-404: The nation with the highest annual number of emigrants in the world. Strictly, the term Non-resident Indian refers only to the tax status of an Indian citizen who, as per section 6 of The Income-tax Act, 1961 , has not resided in India for a specified period for the purposes of the Income Tax Act. The rates of income tax are different for persons who are "resident in India" and for NRIs. For

4235-410: The national average at major examinations. Singapore Indians are linguistically and religiously diverse, with South Indians and Hindus forming majorities. Indian culture has endured and evolved over almost 200 years. By the mid to late 20th century, it had become somewhat distinct from contemporary South Asian cultures, even as Indian elements became diffused within a broader Singaporean culture . Since

4312-443: The objective of promoting bilateral economic relations, but it has been largely inactive. Finally, there is the Indonesian Chapter of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI). Malaysia has one of the world's largest overseas Indian and overseas Chinese populations. Most Indians migrated to Malaysia as plantation labourers under British rule. They are a significant minority ethnic group, making up 8% or 2,410,000 as 2017 of

4389-486: The old PIO cards as valid travel documents until 31 December 2023. Notes: Narimsimhan et al. (2019) have found that there was an "Indus periphery" population living in Central Asia during the Bronze Age . They had migrated from the Indus Valley Civilisation and had settled down in BMAC settlements to trade, this is corroborated by the discovery of Indus Valley seals in Central Asia. The modern Indian merchant diaspora in Central Asia and Arabia emerged in

4466-438: The opening of the 2011 CHOGM on 28 October 2011. On 21 September 2015, Persad-Bissessar was appointed leader of the opposition by president Anthony Carmona after her party was defeated at the polls, following the 7 September 2015 general elections. The People's National Movement led by Keith Rowley secured 23 out of 41 seats to form the government, while the People's Partnership coalition led by Persad-Bissessar secured 18 out of

4543-453: The popular vote by 20,000. Nonetheless, the PNM under the leadership of Keith Rowley (who later became Trinidad and Tobago's seventh Prime Minister) maintained power and was re-elected, however, with a smaller majority. Kamla Susheila Persad was born in Siparia in southern Trinidad to Lilraj and Rita Persad, both Hindus of Indian descent. Her father was a bookkeeper and worked in the accounting department of Texaco , while her mother

4620-422: The post of Leader of the Opposition. The position of Leader of the Opposition was declared vacant by President George Maxwell Richards after Basdeo Panday was convicted of failing to make an accurate declaration to the Integrity Commission concerning a bank account held in London. Persad-Bissessar was subsequently appointed Leader of the Opposition on 26 April 2006. On 24 January 2010, Kamla Persad-Bissessar

4697-491: The purposes of the Income Tax Act, "residence in India" requires stay in India of at least 182 days in a financial year or 365 days spread out over four consecutive years and at least 60 days in that year. According to the act, any Indian citizen who does not meet the criteria as a "resident of India" is a non-resident of India and is treated as NRI for paying income tax. Seafarers are not considered NRIs. However as they work out of India, often for more than 182 days, their income

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4774-503: The same time, many from Gujarat. The city of Durban has the highest number of Asians in sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian independence leader Mahatma Gandhi worked as a lawyer in the country in the early 1900s. South Africa has one of the highest number of people of Indian descent outside of India in the world, i.e. born in South Africa and not migrant. Most of them are fourth or fifth-generation descendants. Most Indian South Africans do not speak any Indian languages, as they were 'lost' over

4851-406: The third international airport on the islands after Piarco International Airport in Trinidad and the A.N.R. Robinson International Airport in Tobago. The airstrip was built in 1942 by the United States. The area was used due to its flat lands and obstructionless approach paths. After World War 2, the airstrip was handed over to the government of Trinidad and Tobago. The airport was unused until

4928-513: The top of her class, with awards for being the most outstanding student and having the best overall performance. In 2006, she obtained an Executive Masters in Business Administration from the University of West Indies Arthur Lok Jack Graduate School of Business in San Juan, Trinidad and Tobago . In 1987 Persad-Bissessar entered politics serving as an alderwoman on the Saint Patrick County Council until 1991. She then became an opposition senator from 1994 until 1995. Persad-Bissessar then became

5005-442: The upgrade was to facilitate inter-island travel. Throughout 2014, Trinidad and Tobago rescinded and reinstated the project to upgrade the airport on two occasions for unknown reasons. Since then, the airport has come under the control of the Air Guard. Aerial World Service Ltd https://web.archive.org/web/20161124102334/https://aerialworldservicesltd.com/ is a flight school at the airport that offers training from private pilot all

5082-529: The way for her. Persad-Bissessar had one brother and three sisters, her brother, Roland, and eldest sister, Shirley, are deceased and her other two sisters are Vidwatie Newton who lived in England and Sally Ahamad who lives in New York . She was born into a Brahmin Hindu Indian family. Her ancestors emigrated in the 1880s from India to Trinidad through the Indian indenture system . Her maternal great-grandparents (her maternal grandmother's parents) were Sumaria and Seepersad who were from India . Sumaria

5159-428: The way through to commercial pilot certification on technically advanced aircraft. They also offer private flights. National Helicopter Services Limited NHSL is also present at the airport. University of Trinidad and Tobago UTT operates an aviation campus at the airport. 10°25′35″N 61°26′44″W  /  10.426361°N 61.445672°W  / 10.426361; -61.445672 This article about

5236-429: Was a maid and labourer in the cocoa fields, who eventually saved up to own and operate a roti shop. Her paternal grandparents were Soomintra Persad (née Gopaulsingh) and Choranji Persad, and her maternal grandparents were Rookmin and Ramprit. Her paternal grandmother, Soomintra, was a market seller who was a founding member of the Saraswati Prakash Mandir, a Hindu temple at Boodoo Trace in Penal , and she had organized

5313-567: Was accepted to Iere High School in Siparia, a new co-ed school at the time. There she was a top debating student, champion badminton and netball player, and she excelled in her classes and was put into special classes to write the GCE O Levels in 1966. She graduated in 1969. When Persad-Bissessar was sixteen, she wanted to go to the United Kingdom to further her studies, but her traditional father and uncles insisted she stayed in Trinidad and Tobago. However, her mother eventually convinced them to send her. Persad-Bissessar then left Trinidad at

5390-595: Was also a consultant lecturer at the Jamaica College of Insurance. She was the youngest lecturer, at the age of twenty-five, to the ever teach at the University of the West Indies. She was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to attend Columbia University to do research leading to a PhD but she opted to study law instead. In 1985, she graduated from the University of the West Indies at Cave Hill with her Bachelor of Laws (Hons.). During her time UWI, Cave Hill she gave birth to her son. In 1987, she graduated from Hugh Wooding Law School with her Legal Education Certificate at

5467-451: Was also the leader of the People's Partnership - a political coalition of centre and center-left wing parties that governed the country. Since September 2015, she has been the Leader of the Opposition of Trinidad and Tobago. After the coalition disbanded in September 2015, following their electoral defeat, Persad-Bissessar attempted to regain power in the August 2020 elections; however, the UNC only managed to increase their seat count by 2 and

5544-748: Was eighteen and he was twenty-two. They later left England for Jamaica , where they spent fourteen years. In Jamaica she attended the University of the West Indies in Mona and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) in 1974 and a post-graduate Diploma of Education in 1976. After graduating, she taught at St Andrew High School in Kingston and at the University of the West Indies in Mona, and she

5621-474: Was elected political leader of the UNC, emerging victorious over the party's founder and former prime minister, Basdeo Panday. She was formally appointed opposition leader on 25 February 2010, having gained the support of a majority of UNC MPs. Persad-Bissessar took office as prime minister after the victory of the People's Partnership in the general election of 24 May 2010 , defeating the previous government of

5698-562: Was from present-day Chennai , Tamil Nadu , India and had left India from the Madras Port . Her paternal great-grandparents (her paternal grandfather's parents) were Pundit Ram Lakhan Mishra and Ganga Mishra who were from India. Pundit Ram Lakhan Mishra was from Bhelupur , Bihar , India. After indentureship, Pundit Ram Lakhan and Ganga Mishra had settled at Boodoo Trace in the town of Penal in southern Trinidad. In 2012, Persad-Bissessar visited her paternal great-grandfather's village on

5775-529: Was the legal currency in many countries of Arabian peninsula. Punjabi, Rajasthani, Sindhi, Baloch and Kashmiri Camel drivers were brought to Australia. After gaining independence from the British Raj , unlike internal migration, senior government leaders have historically not vocalized opinions on international emigration. As a result, it remains a political issue only in states with major emigrant populations, such as Kerala , Punjab , Tamil Nadu and to

5852-778: Was the main occupation of Hindus in Kabul. Armenians and Hindus lived in Kabul according to an 1876 survey. Jews and Hindus lived in Herat in the 1800s. Sindhi Shikarpur Hindus, Jews, and Arabs lived in Balkh in 1886. Sindhi and Punjabi were the languages used by Indians in Afghanistan. Some Afghan cities including Kabul have places of worship for Hindus and Sikhs. Local citizenship has been obtained in Afghanistan by Hindu and Sikh traders. Peshawari and Shikarpuri Indian traders were involved in Central Asia. The Shikarpuri invested in grain in

5929-521: Was to Southeast Asia . There is a possibility that the first wave of Indian migration towards Southeast Asia occurred when Emperor Ashoka invaded Kalinga and following Samudragupta 's expedition towards the South. This was followed by early interaction of Indian traders with South Asians and, after the mid-first millennium CE, by the emigration of members of the Brahmin social caste . This resulted in

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