Campinarana (NT0158, Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐ̃ˌpinɐˈɾɐ̃nɐ] ), also called Rio Negro Campinarana , is a neotropical ecoregion in the Amazon biome of the north west of Brazil and the east of Colombia that contains vegetation adapted to extremely poor soil. It includes savanna, scrub and forest, and contains many endemic species of fauna and flora.
24-660: Areas of campinarana, which may cover several thousand square kilometres, are found in the transitional region from the Guyana Shield to the Amazon basin. Large stretches of Campinarana are contained within the Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests , Negro-Branco moist forests , Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests , Uatuma-Trombetas moist forests and Guianan savanna . The campinarana ecoregion totals about 31,200 square miles (81,000 km). Campinarana
48-553: A high level of biodiversity. It has not been studied in great depth by scientists. Most of the Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion is covered by terra firme forests growing on poor soil. These forests typically have a 25 to 30 metres (82 to 98 ft) canopy, either open or closed with emergent trees up to 40 metres (130 ft). Common families of trees are Fabaceae , Sapotaceae , Rubiaceae , Chrysobalanaceae , Lauraceae and Annonaceae . There are many palms in
72-529: A well developed Bh horizon at 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). Tropical rainfall over millions of years had intensely leached the soils, which had become infertile due to lack of a source of fresh parent material. They may be short of phosphorus and/or calcium. The water that drains the Campinarana is tea colored, often called blackwater . The low exchange capacity of the podzols lets decomposing organic matter dissolve in soil water as humic acids , from where it
96-516: Is carried into the nearby streams. Campinarana has very varied vegetation formations from fields to forests with thin trees. The sclerophyllous vegetation is adapted to the sandy soil, with high endemism and low diversity. Campinarana vegetation includes savanna , scrub and forests. The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics defines four subtypes, or formations, of vegetation: The forests are found higher up. They have trees up to 30 metres (98 ft) from families that differ from those in
120-896: Is defined by the Japurá River from the border with Colombia to the point where it meets the Solimões at Tefé , then by the Solimões to the Rio Negro. The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests adjoin the Caquetá moist forests to the west, and the Negro–Branco moist forests to the north. To the east it adjoins the Uatuma–Trombetas moist forests . To the south it adjoins the Monte Alegre várzea , Purus várzea , and Solimões–Japurá moist forests . The ecoregion contains large areas of
144-723: Is mainly found in flat flooded areas in the Rio Negro and Rio Branco basins in the border region between Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil, but patches are found throughout the Amazon region. Areas of white-sand soils and their characteristic campinarana vegetation are found in the Serra do Cachimbo on the Pará – Mato Grosso boundary, the Parecis plateau in Rondônia , the Atlantic coast near
168-760: Is named for the Japurá , Solimões , and Negro rivers. Almost all of the ecoregion is in the central northern part of the Brazilian Amazon basin , with a small portion in Colombia. It has an area of 26,961,776 hectares (66,624,000 acres). Conservation units include the Jaú National Park and the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve . The ecoregion lies on the lowland plateau in the interfluvial between
192-459: Is typically found on leached white sands around circular swampy depressions in lowland tropical moist forest. The soil is low in nutrients, with highly acidic humus. A study at San Carlos de Río Negro , near the confluence of the Guainia and Casiquiare rivers in southern Venezuela, found the soils were similar to temperate podzols . They had a thick humus layer, a highly leached A horizon, and
216-723: The Egretta and Ardea genera, tinamous ( Crypturellus species) and parrots ( Amazona and Piona species). There are many species of reptiles and amphibians, including the omnipresent green iguana ( Iguana iguana ) and tegus lizards ( Tupinambis species). Snakes include boa constrictor ( Boa constrictor ) and the venomous fer-de-lance ( Bothrops asper ), palm pit-vipers ( Bothriechis species), coral snakes ( Micrurus species) and bushmasters ( Lachesis muta ). The rivers are home to fish of all sizes, turtles, Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ), and Amazonian manatee ( Trichechus inunguis ). The region holds
240-606: The Rio Negro and the Solimões River . In Colombia the region skirts the foothills of the Guiana Shield to the northwest, and contains the lower Vaupés River basin and the land south of the Guainía River, the name of the upper Rio Negro in Colombia. The region is then bounded by the Rio Negro along the border with Venezuela and into Brazil to its confluence with the Solimões at Manaus . The southern border
264-1135: The Tarumã Mirim River to the east include Vismia amazonica , Unonopsis guatterioides , Pentaclethra macroloba , Macrolobium suaveolens , Eschweilera parvifolia , Caraipa grandiflora , Aspidosperma nitidum and Mabea nitida . Timber trees on the upper margins of the várzea include Ceiba pentandra , Manilkara amazonica , and Virola surinamensis . The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests contain diverse fauna. 181 species of mammals have been recorded, including South American tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ), capybara ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ), jaguar ( Panthera onca ), collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ), red-faced spider monkey ( Ateles paniscus ), red-handed tamarin ( Saguinus midas ), common squirrel monkey ( Saimiri sciureus ), and several gracile capuchin monkeys ( Cebus species). There are many small rodents, anteaters, opossums, and over 100 bat species. 506 species of birds have been reported. Common birds include macaws ( Ara species), cattle egret ( Bubulcus ibis ), herons of
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#1732801483273288-524: The banks of all the larger rivers and many of the smaller rivers. Near Tefé and Manaus the flood water may rise 14 metres (46 ft). Flooding lasts for one or two months on the upper reaches of the smaller rivers, but may extend for as much as ten months near Manaus. The wide floodplains of the Japurá and Solimões rivers hold the várzea forests of the Purus várzea ecoregion. The blackwater Rio Negro and rivers of
312-418: The distinct campinarana ecoregion, which has white sand soils that are periodically subject to shallow flooding, and hold broad-leaf meadows, dwarf shrubs and shrublands. The lowland plateau that holds the Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion emerged as soft sediments about 2.5 million years ago. The terrain is mainly non-flooded terra firme on wide plains cut by steep-sided valleys of tributaries of
336-522: The ecoregion as "Relatively Stable/Intact". None of the ecoregion is protected, but most of it is relatively intact due to its low productivity. Some areas have suffered from cattle grazing, with burning to maintain pasturage. Japur%C3%A1-Solim%C3%B5es-Negro moist forests The Japurá–Solimões–Negro moist forests (NT0132) is an ecoregion of tropical moist broad leaf forest in the Amazon biome . The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion
360-692: The holds many rare or endangered flora. The ecoregion is in the Neotropical realm and the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome. There are many rivers and flooded areas, but most of the vegetation is terra firme forest, not subject to flooding. The ecoregion is part of the Río Negro-Juruá Moist Forests, a global ecoregion, the other parts being the Negro–Branco , Solimões–Japurá and Caquetá moist forests. The reasonably intact global ecoregion has high annual rainfall, diverse soils and varied terrain, resulting in
384-1715: The humid rain forest that surrounds the Campinarana. The scrub has bare sand, herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees less than 7 metres (23 ft) high. The palm Barcella odora is endemic. It is found on the sides of the depressions. The savannah is mainly composed of grasses and lichens, found in the wet plains beside lakes and rivers. Fauna are less diverse in the campinarana than in the surrounding ecoregions. 153 species of mammals have been reported. Mammals with restricted distribution include white-faced saki ( Pithecia pithecia ), golden-backed uakari ( Cacajao melanocephalus ), red-faced spider monkey ( Ateles paniscus ), mottle-faced tamarin ( Saguinus inustus ), Isabelle's ghost bat ( Diclidurus isabella ), Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat ( Lonchorhina marinkellei ), least big-eared bat ( Neonycteris pusilla ), Ega long-tongued bat ( Scleronycteris ega ), Brock's yellow-eared bat ( Vampyriscus brocki ), yellow-throated squirrel ( Sciurus gilvigularis ), northern grass mouse ( Necromys urichi ), black-tailed hairy dwarf porcupine ( Coendou melanurus ) and Tome's spiny rat ( Proechimys semispinosus ). Other mammals include collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ), white-lipped peccary ( Tayassu pecari ), South American tapir ( Tapirus terrestris ), jaguar ( Panthera onca ) and red brocket ( Mazama americana ). Endangered mammals include white-bellied spider monkey ( Ateles belzebuth ), black bearded saki ( Chiropotes satanas ), Fernandez's sword-nosed bat ( Lonchorhina fernandezi ), Marinkelle's sword-nosed bat ( Lonchorhina marinkellei ) and giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis). 368 species of birds have been recorded, fewer than in
408-439: The interior of the ecoregion flood Igapó forests, with lower diversity of tree species and less fertile soil. The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion has a hot and humid climate with average monthly temperature from 26 to 27 °C (79 to 81 °F). Average annual rainfall is 2,500 millimetres (98 in), with a well-defined rainy season. The Japurá–Solimoes–Negro moist forests ecoregion has medium endemism , but
432-476: The larger rivers. The region has elevations that are mostly well below 80 metres (260 ft), dropping to 23 metres (75 ft) at Manaus. The Japurá and Solimões are whitewater rivers , carrying large amounts of suspended solids, while the Rio Negro and most of the smaller rivers in the region are blackwater rivers . Each year heavy rainfall within the ecoregion and higher up in the Andes causes flooding along
456-416: The low terra firme uplands, on natural levees in a flooded Várzea forest , on restinga sand dunes in a coastal lowland, on Cretaceous sandstone plateaus and on hill areas of granitic rocks. The soil type determines the ecosystem more than temperature or rainfall. Factors affecting the vegetation are poor drainage, extremely sandy soil, intense leaching and impermeable layers below the surface. Campinarana
480-520: The mouth of the Amazon, and in Maranhão . Similar vegetation is found in northern Peru, eastern Colombia and south western Venezuela. Temperatures in the region average 24 °C (75 °F) and average rainfall is 2,500 to 3,000 millimetres (98 to 118 in). Tropical soils are generally infertile, and white sand soils are among the most infertile of such soils, primarily composed of quartz sand. The white sands are found on arenaceous sediments on
504-523: The region except for very close to Manaus, but the rivers carry much boat traffic. Urban development in the Manaus region causes deforestation and pollution. In the border region between Colombia and Brazil large stretches of river bank are being destroyed by gold miners. There is unregulated logging of timber along the river banks. Mottle-faced tamarin The mottle-faced tamarin ( Saguinus inustus )
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#1732801483273528-646: The south half of the Puinawai Natural Reserve in Colombia. Protected areas in Brazil include the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve in the Purus várzea ecoregion, the Amanã Sustainable Development Reserve and the Jaú National Park . The forest is largely undisturbed and relatively stable, but there are high levels of mining, logging, agriculture, hunting and fishing along the rivers. There are no roads in
552-758: The surrounding forest. Endemic species include Rio Branco antbird ( Cercomacra carbonaria ), spot-backed antwren ( Herpsilochmus dorsimaculatus ), chestnut-crested antbird ( Rhegmatorhina cristata ) and Orinoco piculet ( Picumnus pumilus ). Species with restricted distribution include russet-backed oropendola ( Psarocolius angustifrons ), white-bellied dacnis ( Dacnis albiventris ), dotted tanager ( Tangara varia ), Serra do Mar tyrant-manakin ( Neopelma chrysolophum ), yellow-crested manakin ( Heterocercus flavivertex ) and crestless curassow ( Mitu tomentosum ). Endangered birds include Rio Branco antbird ( Cercomacra carbonaria ) and yellow-bellied seedeater ( Sporophila nigricollis ). The World Wildlife Fund classes
576-679: The understory and canopy of the different types of forest. In the terra firme areas the most common palms are miriti and carana in the genus Mauritia . Other terra firme trees include Brazil nut ( Bertholletia excelsa ), sucupira ( Bowdichia virgilioides ) and rubber ( Hevea spruceana ). Trees in igapó forests along the Jaú River in the west include Elvasia calophylla , Swartzia laevicarpa , Pouteria elegans , Aldina latifolia , Swartzia polyphylla , Ouratea hexasperma , Mollia speciosa , Leopoldiana pulchra , Inga puntata and Heterostemon mimosoides . Trees along
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