The Treaty of Canandaigua (or Konondaigua, as spelled in the treaty itself), also known as the Pickering Treaty and the Calico Treaty , is a treaty signed after the American Revolutionary War between the Grand Council of the Six Nations and President George Washington , representing the United States of America.
41-650: It was signed at Canandaigua , New York , on November 11, 1794, by fifty sachems ( hoya:ne:h ) and war chiefs representing the Grand Council of the Six Nations of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois ) Confederacy (including the Cayuga , Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Seneca and Tuscarora Nations) and by Timothy Pickering , official agent of President Washington. The Treaty of Canandaigua arose out of
82-700: A combination of geo-political tensions. In the aftermath of its defeat in the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain was forced to relinquish its land east of the Mississippi River to the United States. However, Great Britain’s original rights to this territory were unclear, causing resentment among the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, to whom the land originally belonged. Moreover, some indigenous peoples on
123-699: A federal policy of depriving the Oneida people of their Article Two rights to the quiet enjoyment of their treaty lands by both failing to prevent New York from purchasing treaty lands and actively "encouraging the removal of the Oneidas... to the west." By 1920, the Oneida Nation retained only 32 acres (13 ha) of treaty land, down from the six million acres (2,400,000 ha) held before the American Revolution. The Oneida Nation of Wisconsin
164-569: A lasting legacy in asserting the sovereignty of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy; historian Robert W. Venables states that “from 1794 to the present day, the treaty has been the legal keystones of relations between the United States and the Six Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. The treaty is at the center of any of the Six Nation’s land claims and their rights to govern their own reservations”. The sovereignty and autonomy established in
205-738: A result, the United States ceded land to the Seneca Nation. Afraid that the Haudenosaunee Confederacy would join the opposition at the western frontier, the United States held the first conference for the Treaty of Canandaigua in September 1794. The official conference for the Treaty of Canandaigua began on October 18, 1794, with more than 1,500 members of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy present. Deliberations were tense at first because of discrepancies of cultural beliefs on treaties. According to scholar Granville Ganter, “Unlike their Anglo counterparts,
246-450: A solid boundary on its western frontier. It also recognized that peace with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy was critical in case another war broke out. The United States attempted to make peace with the Haudenosaunee Confederacy with a series of conferences and treaties: the treaties of Fort Stanwix and Fort Harmar . However, both treaties were considered failures by the United States government because they resulted in increased tension with
287-608: Is an American historian . She attended Pasadena City College , and earned a master's degree and a PhD at the University of California, Los Angeles . From 1962 to 1971, she taught at U.S. International University , in San Diego, California. She left her job to join a farming commune in southern Colorado. From 1974 to 1975, she taught at Arizona State University , and from 1975 to 1976 she taught at UCLA. She taught history at New Mexico State University . 1976–1993 and holds
328-544: Is derived from the Seneca name of its historic village here, spelled variously Kanandarque, Ganandogan, Ga-nun-da-gwa, or Konondaigua, which was established long before any European Americans came to the area. In a modern transcription, the historic village is rendered as tganǫdæ:gwęh , which means "place selected for a settlement" or "at the chosen town". The city is surrounded by the Town of Canandaigua . The City of Canandaigua
369-616: Is on the northern end of Canandaigua Lake , one of the Finger Lakes, 24 miles (39 km) southeast of Rochester , 68 miles (109 km) west of Syracuse , and 93 miles (150 km) east of Buffalo . Canandaigua is part of the Greater Rochester area and Rochester’s southern most suburb. Parts of six neighboring towns also share the Canandaigua mailing address and 14424 ZIP Code. Developed near Canandaigua Lake at
410-697: The Constellation Brands – Marvin Sands Performing Arts Center (CMAC); Granger Homestead; the Canandaigua Lady paddle-wheel tour boat; and Sonnenberg Gardens and Mansion State Historic Park . French explorers Robert de La Salle and René de Bréhant de Galinée visited the region in 1669. They recorded seeing a burning spring known to the Seneca in what is now known as the nearby Town of Bristol . The water of
451-520: The Finger Lakes region, the largest wine-producing area in New York . The city is on U.S. Route 20 and NY Routes 5 and 21. Köppen Dfa , hot summer humid continental climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,545 people, 4,789 households, and 2,470 families residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, there were 11,264 people, 4,762 households, and 2,666 families residing in
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#1732787808987492-575: The 1794 Treaty is a way of life. George Heron Canandaigua (city), New York Canandaigua ( / ˌ k æ n ə n ˈ d eɪ ɡ w ə / ; Utaʼnaráhkhwaʼ in Tuscarora ) is a city in Ontario County, New York , United States. Its population was 10,545 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Ontario County; some administrative offices are at the county complex in the adjacent town of Hopewell . The name Canandaigua
533-537: The Canandaigua debtors' prison. He was an early proponent of building a canal through the Mohawk Valley to improve shipping and connect the Hudson River with Lake Erie. During his time in prison, he published 14 influential essays on the canal concept. Stephen A. Douglas was a student at Canandaigua Academy between 1830 and January 1833; he later moved west and was elected as US senator from Illinois. He
574-456: The Haudenosaunee Confederacy from America. Article Seven states that if the “perpetual peace and friendship” between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and America were disturbed in any way, the conflict would be resolved peacefully by a third party. Article Six of the treaty continues to be honored by the contracting parties. It provides that the U.S. government annually provide goods valued at $ 4,500. To date, Haudenosaunee leaders have insisted that
615-440: The Haudenosaunee saw treaty agreements as requiring constant renewal and upkeep. The term they used was ‘brightening the chain of friendship’”. Seneca leader Red Jacket played an integral role in helping Pickering overcome some of these ideological differences throughout the deliberations. He “reminded Pickering that making peace requires declarations that mean one thing—peace—and mixing in language of blame or criticism simply fouls
656-427: The Treaty of 1794 with the United States government”. The conference ended on November 11, 1794, when fifty-nine war chiefs and sachems signed the treaty, and the text of the Canandaigua treaty, which comprised seven articles, was submitted to the U.S. Senate on January 2, 1795, carrying the title: "The Six Nations, and Oneida, Tuscarora, and Stockbridge Tribes'”. The treaty established peace and friendship between
697-459: The United States of America and the Six Nations and affirmed Haudenosaunee land rights in the state of New York , and the boundaries established by the Phelps and Gorham Purchase of 1788. Article One of the treaty promises “perpetual peace and friendship” between America and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Article Two acknowledges lands belonging to the Oneida, Onondoga, and Cayuga, and gives them
738-556: The United States. Pickering and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy were unimpressed by Knox’s request and declined to participate in the war. In 1793, the military operation on the western frontier broke out into war, escalating the situation in the Ohio Valley. In June 1794, the Haudenosaunee Confederacy proposed a conference at Buffalo Creek . At the conference, the confederacy rejected the Fort Harmar and Fort Stanwix treaties. As
779-403: The average family size was 2.95. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 23.3% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males. The median income for a household in
820-460: The city in the year 2000 census. The population density was 2,447.5 inhabitants per square mile (945.0/km ). There were 5,066 housing units at an average density of 1,100.8 per square mile (425.0/km ). The city's racial makeup was 96.04% White , 1.53% Black or African American , 0.22% Native American , 0.66% Asian , 0.06% Pacific Islander , 0.26% from other races , and 1.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.02% of
861-400: The city was $ 37,197, and the median income for a family was $ 47,388. Males had a median income of $ 31,950 versus $ 26,538 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 20,153. About 5.9% of families and 9.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 8.9% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over. The Canandaigua City School District serves Canandaigua and
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#1732787808987902-574: The confederacy. Henry Knox , the United States secretary of war , began a military operation on the western frontier in September 1790 and appointed Timothy Pickering as Indian commissioner to address the Haudenosaunee Confederacy’s grievances with the United States government. Pickering decided to follow a “strategy of conciliation and compromise”, beginning with a conference with the Seneca Nation to offer gifts and peace after
943-408: The failed treaties of Fort Harmar and Fort Stanwix. A series of conferences followed, in which Pickering opened dialogue between the Haudenosaunee Confederacy and the United States regarding what would become of the land that Great Britain had lost. In October 1791, Knox’s military efforts on the western frontier were failing, and he suggested enlisting the Haudenosaunee Confederacy to fight on behalf of
984-519: The late 20th century, the company expanded rapidly through acquisitions in the 1980s and 1990s. It joined other companies in forming Constellation Brands , and became the world's largest wine and spirits distributor. In 2006, Canandaigua Wine Company rebranded as Centerra Wine Co., a subsidiary of Constellation Wines, U.S., Inc. On March 14, 2006, President George W. Bush visited Canandaigua, giving speeches at Canandaigua Academy and Ferris Hills, an independent residential living community for seniors. He
1025-422: The legal right to sell the land if they so wish and Article Three legally defines the perimeter of Seneca territories. Article Four maintains that America must not “claim or disturb” any lands belonging to the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. Article Five legally acknowledges that the road from “Fort Schlosser to Lake Erie, as far south as Buffalo Creek” belongs to the Seneca Nation. Article Six promises $ 4,500 each year to
1066-409: The payment be made with bolts of cloth, rather than cash, as a means of adhering to the terms of the largely dishonored treaty. The U.S. government dishonored Article Two, which ensured that the land rights of the Oneida, Onondaga, and Cayuga nations would be protected by the U.S. government against state interference. By the early 19th century, federal Indian agents were "deeply involved" in furthering
1107-407: The population. There were 4,762 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.0% were non-families. 35.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.25 and
1148-404: The process”. Another ideological difference between the United States and the Haudenosaunee Confederacy during deliberations was the role of women. No United States settler women were included in the dialogue; however, Haudenosaunee women, in keeping with their significant role in tribal governance, were included. Historian Joan M. Jensen states that Seneca women “spoke during the negotiations of
1189-558: The site of the historic Seneca village Ganandogan, by the mid-19th century Canandaigua was an important railroad junction and home port for several steamboats that operated on the lake. After the Civil War , local industries included two brick works, the Lisk Manufacturing Company, several mills, and the regionally prominent McKechnie Brewery. The shire town of the original county of western New York, Canandaigua
1230-578: The spring appears to burn as a flame; this is caused by escaping natural gas , and several such burning springs have been noted in the Canandaigua area. The city was the historic site of Kanandaigua, a Seneca village. The village site was later used for West Avenue Cemetery. The village was formed by former residents of the Ganondagan Seneca village, destroyed by the French in 1687. The Kanandaigua Seneca village, consisting of 23 longhouses,
1271-565: The state. It established two small reservations for the Seneca and Oneida, who had been allies of the American rebels, but they suffered considerable enmity and discrimination after the war. What is now the city, separated from the Town of Canandaigua to become the Village of Canandaigua in 1815 and a city in 1913. In 1807–1808, Jesse Hawley , a flour merchant from Geneva , served 20 months in
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1312-524: The surrounding region. The district includes Canandaigua Academy as its high school . The main campus of Finger Lakes Community College is located just east of the city. Within the City of Canandaigua, the following buildings, properties and districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places : Joan M. Jensen Joan M. Jensen (born December 9, 1934 St. Paul, Minnesota )
1353-529: The treaty was also reaffirmed in the State Papers of the London Review of 1796, stating that anyone is able to “freely to pass and repass” through the territory addressed in the treaty, while recognizing the friendship established by the treaty itself. The treaty was signed by fifty sachems and war chiefs. Notable signatories include: To us it is more than a contract, more than a symbol; to us
1394-722: The war, pioneer settlers came from eastern New York and New England. They founded the city's public high school, Canandaigua Academy , in 1791. On November 11, 1794, the Treaty of Canandaigua was signed in the town by representatives of the United States of America and the Six Nations of the Iroquois ; the British had ceded Iroquois lands without consulting them, and the US forced most of the Iroquois Native Americans out of
1435-411: The western frontier of the United States remained loyal to the British after the American Revolutionary War and were hostile towards the United States. The United States faced resentment from the Haudenosaunee Confederacy over its acceptance of land in the Ohio Valley from Great Britain and faced the threat of another war on its western frontier. To avoid war, the United States government sought to define
1476-495: Was describing Medicare Part D for senior citizens. The text of his speech at Ferris Hills can be found here . According to the United States Census Bureau , Canandaigua has an area of 4.8 square miles (12.5 km ), of which 4.6 square miles (11.9 km ) are land and 0.2 square mile (0.6 km ) (4.75%) is covered by water. The city is at the northern end of Canandaigua Lake , in
1517-561: Was destroyed during the American Revolutionary War by the Sullivan Expedition on September 10, 1779. American rebels had mounted this attack in reprisal for an attack by Mohawk and other British allies on Cherry Valley in the eastern part of the territory. The American forces attacked Iroquois villages throughout western New York, destroying 40 and burning the winter stores of the people. The Iroquois fled to Fort Niagara as refugees, and many died of starvation that winter. After
1558-487: Was found guilty and fined $ 100, which she did not pay. John Willys , born in Canandaigua in 1873, operated a bicycle sales and repair shop there, before later becoming a successful automobile manufacturer. On October 30, 1900, Theodore Roosevelt made a brief stop in Canandaigua to give a campaign speech at Atwater Park . In 1945, Marvin Sands founded Canandaigua Wine Company. With a growing American market for wine in
1599-486: Was still receiving an annuity check of $ 1,800 as late as 1941, almost 150 years after the treaty took effect. The Quakers were involved in the aftermath of the treaty. Pickering appointed the Quakers to teach the Haudenosaunee Confederacy “European-style agriculture”. The Friends’ Review , a Quaker publication, recalls “ploughs, axes, and hoes” being “liberally” supplied to the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The treaty has had
1640-523: Was the 1860 Democratic Party presidential nominee, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln . This area of New York was a center of activism for women's suffrage and other progressive movements. In 1873, the Ontario County Courthouse , located in the City of Canandaigua, was the site of the trial of Susan B. Anthony , a leader of the women's suffrage movement, who was arrested for voting at a time when only men were allowed to vote. She
1681-405: Was the site of the trial of Susan B. Anthony in 1873 on charges of voting illegally because only men were allowed to vote. In the 21st century, the town is a center for business, government, health care, and education. Canandaigua is the home of Constellation Brands , founded as Canandaigua Wine Company, which produces Manischewitz wine ; Finger Lakes Community College ; Thompson Health System;