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63-519: The ensign consists of a white flag with the National Flag of Canada in the canton, and in the fly a navy blue emblem comprising an anchor , an eagle and a naval crown . The ensign's emblem is similar to the central device of the former RCN badge (which was redesigned in 2016), but replacing Saint Edward's Crown with a naval crown. Prior to the creation of the RCN, Canadian Government Ships of

126-462: A "concession to Québec". A new all-party committee was formed in September 1964, comprising seven Liberals, five Conservatives, one New Democrat , one Social Crediter , and one Créditiste , with Herman Batten as chairman, while John Matheson acted as Pearson's right-hand man. Among those who gave their opinions to the group was Duguid, expressing the same views as he had in 1945, insisting on

189-547: A committee to design a flag to be used at home, but it was dissolved before the final report could be delivered. Despite the failure of the committee to solve the issue, public sentiment in the 1920s was in favour of fixing the flag problem for Canada. New designs were proposed in 1927, 1931, and 1939. By the Second World War , the Red Ensign was viewed as Canada's de facto national flag. A joint committee of

252-597: A committee to resolve the ongoing issue of the lack of an official Canadian flag, sparking a debate about a flag change to replace the Union Flag . Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by Mount Allison University historian George Stanley , based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada , was selected. The flag officially appeared on February 15, 1965; the date is now celebrated annually as National Flag of Canada Day . Before 1965,

315-503: A design using three maple leaves; Arthur R. M. Lower , stressing the need for a distinctly Canadian emblem; Marcel Trudel , arguing for symbols of Canada's founding nations, which did not include the maple leaf (a thought shared by Diefenbaker); and A. Y. Jackson , providing his own suggested designs. A steering committee also considered about 2,000 suggestions from the public, in addition to 3,900 others that included, according to Library and Archives Canada , "those that had accumulated in

378-459: A motion to parliament for the adoption of his favourite design, presented to him by artist and heraldic advisor Alan Beddoe , of a "sea to sea" (Canada's motto) flag with blue borders and three conjoined red maple leaves on a white field. This motion led to weeks of acrimonious debate in the House of Commons and the design came to be known as the "Pearson Pennant", derided by the media and viewed as

441-654: A position of some prominence in New France , with the evolving variations of French military flags being used over time. As the de facto British national flag, the Union Flag (commonly known as the "Union Jack") was used similarly in Canada from the time of British settlement in Nova Scotia after 1621. Its use continued after Canada's legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931 until

504-516: A seventh of the cost offset by donations. Federal Identity Program The Federal Identity Program ( FIP , French : Programme de coordination de l'image de marque , PCIM ) is the Government of Canada 's corporate identity program . The purpose of the FIP is to provide to the public a consistent and unified image for federal government projects and activities. Other objectives of

567-576: A unique protocol for folding the Canadian flag for presentations, such as during a funeral ceremony; CF does not recommend this method for everyday use. The flag can be displayed on any day at buildings operated by the Government of Canada, airports, military bases, diplomatic offices, and citizens during any time of the day. When flying the flag, it should be flown using its pole and should not be inferior to other flags, save for, in descending order,

630-513: A white square at its centre in the ratio of 1∶2∶1, in which is featured one stylized, red, 11-pointed maple leaf charged in the centre. It is the first flag to have been adopted by both houses of Parliament and officially proclaimed by the Canadian monarch as the country 's official national flag . The flag has become the predominant and most recognizable national symbol of Canada . In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson formed

693-644: Is an official Canadian flag and is flown on certain occasions. Regulations require federal installations to fly the Royal Union Flag beside the national flag when physically possible, using a second flagpole, on the following days: Commonwealth Day (the second Monday in March), Victoria Day (the same date as the Canadian sovereign's official birthday ), and the anniversary of the Statute of Westminster (December 11). The Royal Union Flag can also be flown at

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756-466: Is exactly half its size and it bears a stylized red maple leaf at its centre. In heraldic terminology, the flag's blazon as outlined on the original royal proclamation is " gules on a Canadian pale argent a maple leaf of the first". The maple leaf has been a Canadian emblem since the 18th century. It was first used as a national symbol in 1868 when it appeared on the coat of arms of both Ontario and Quebec . In 1867, Alexander Muir composed

819-541: Is occasionally still used, including official use at some ceremonies. It was flown at the commemorations of the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 2007. This decision elicited criticism from those who believed it should not have been given equal status to the Canadian flag and received praise from people who believed that it was important to retain the ties to Canada's past. The Royal Union Flag and Red Ensign are still flown in Canada by veterans' groups and others who continue to stress

882-446: Is used on the flag of British Columbia and the flag of Newfoundland and Labrador . Several of the provincial lieutenant governors formerly used a modified union flag as their standard, but the lieutenant governor of Nova Scotia is the only one who retains this design. The Royal Standard of Canada (banner of arms) is an official flag introduced May 6, 2023, and first flown at Government House, Halifax, that day. The Red Ensign

945-672: The Canadian Red Ensign had been in unofficial use since the 1860s and was later officially approved by a 1945 Order in Council for use "wherever place or occasion may make it desirable to fly a distinctive Canadian flag". Also, the Royal Union Flag remains an official flag in Canada, to symbolize Canada's allegiance to the monarch and membership in the Commonwealth of Nations . There is no law dictating how

1008-722: The Department of Canadian Heritage and the flag program run by the Department of Public Works . These programs increased the exposure of the flag and the concept that it was part of the national identity. To raise awareness of the new flag, the Parliamentary Flag Program was set up in December 1972 by the Cabinet and, beginning in 1973, allowed members of the House of Commons to distribute flags and lapel pins in

1071-627: The First and Second World Wars , badges of the Canadian forces were often based on a maple leaf design. The maple leaf would eventually adorn the tombstones of Canadian military graves. By proclaiming the Royal Arms of Canada, King George V in 1921 made red and white the official colours of Canada; the former came from Saint George's Cross and the latter from the French royal emblem since King Charles VII . These colours became "entrenched" as

1134-670: The Fisheries Protection Service had to use a defaced Blue Ensign with colonial badge as per the Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865 . The current ensign was introduced in 1968, and it replaced the national flag as the naval jack of the Canadian Forces. Naval jacks are worn at the bow of warships, but only when anchored or docked during daylight hours or when " dressing overall " for special occasions. The national flag had replaced both

1197-640: The King's standard , the governor general's standard , any of the personal standards of members of the Canadian Royal Family , or flags of the lieutenant governors . The Canadian flag is flown at half-mast in Canada to indicate a period of mourning. Since the Canadian flag was adopted in 1965, the Canadian government has sponsored programs to promote it. Examples include the Canadian Parliamentary Flag Program of

1260-481: The National War Memorial or at other locations during ceremonies that honour Canadian involvement with forces of other Commonwealth nations during times of war. The national flag always precedes the Royal Union Flag, with the former occupying the place of honour. The Royal Union Flag is also part of the provincial flags of Ontario and Manitoba , forming the canton of these flags; a stylized version

1323-767: The Official Languages Act was established to ensure the equality of English and French in all federal jurisdictions. That same year, the Task Force on Government Information found that the Canadian government was conveying a confused image to the populace through a hodge-podge of symbology and typefaces (fonts) . In 1970, the FIP was created to standardize a corporate identity for the Canadian government. The Federal Identity Program covers approximately 160 institutions and over 20,000 facilities across Canada and worldwide. Individual departments or agencies can manage their own corporate identity and decide

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1386-598: The Pantone colour specifier can be used when reproducing the flag. For the Federal Identity Program , the red tone of the standard flag has an RGB value of 255–0–0 (web hexadecimal #FF0000). In 1984, the National Flag of Canada Manufacturing Standards Act was passed to unify the manufacturing standards for flags used in both indoor and outdoor conditions. The Flag of Canada is represented as

1449-846: The Red Ensign , with the addition of the Canadian composite shield in the fly, began to be used unofficially on land and sea and was known as the Canadian Red Ensign . As new provinces joined the Confederation, their arms were added to the shield. In 1892, the British admiralty approved the use of the Red Ensign for Canadian use at sea. The composite shield was replaced with the coat of arms of Canada upon its grant in 1921, and in 1924, an Order in Council approved its use for Canadian government buildings abroad. In 1925, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King established

1512-606: The Unicode emoji sequence U+1F1E8 🇨 REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER C , U+1F1E6 🇦 REGIONAL INDICATOR SYMBOL LETTER A . The Saint George's Cross was carried by John Cabot when he reached the later-named Newfoundland in 1497. In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in Gaspé bearing the French royal coat of arms with the fleurs-de-lis . The Royal Banner of France or "Bourbon Flag" held

1575-616: The White Ensign at the ensign staff and the Canadian Blue Ensign at the jack staff in 1965, and the national flag remained the ensign of Canadian Forces' ships after the introduction of the new jack. Effective May 5, 2013 ( Battle of the Atlantic Sunday ), the two flags switched roles: the white flag with the maple leaf canton became the ensign, and the national flag became the jack. The commissioning pennant

1638-403: The escutcheon of the Canadian coat of arms. By May 9 the following year, the committee reported back with a recommendation "that the national flag of Canada should be the Canadian red ensign with a maple leaf in autumn golden colours in a bordered background of white". The Legislative Assembly of Quebec had urged the committee not to include any of what it deemed as "foreign symbols", including

1701-656: The flag of Quebec instead. Display of the flag is also contentious, with the Quebec provincial government ordering that the Quebec flag be given seniority over the Canadian one in the province, and many Quebec government facilities, such as the Quebec City Hall , the headquarters of the Sûreté du Québec and SAAQ , and the Quebec Parliament , refusing to fly the Canadian flag at all. No law dictates

1764-515: The national colours of Canada upon the proclamation of the Royal Standard of Canada (the Canadian monarch's personal flag) in 1962. The Department of Canadian Heritage has listed the various colour shades for printing ink that should be used when reproducing the Canadian flag; these include: The number of points on the leaf has no special significance; the number and arrangement of the points were chosen after wind tunnel tests showed

1827-533: The 50th anniversary of the National Flag of Canada, I am pleased to join with all Canadians in the celebration of this unique and cherished symbol of our country and identity." A commemorative stamp and coin were issued by Canada Post and the Royal Canadian Mint , respectively. As a symbol of the nation's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and allegiance to the Crown , the Royal Union Flag

1890-552: The Canadian flag (the Red Ensign) contained the same symbol (the Union Flag) also used as a flag by the United Kingdom, one of the belligerents. Pearson's goal was to create a Canadian flag that was distinctive and unmistakably Canadian. The main opponent to changing the flag was the leader of the opposition and former prime minister, John Diefenbaker , who eventually made the subject a personal crusade. In 1961, Leader of

1953-584: The Commons 163 to 78. Congratulations. I believe it is an excellent flag that will serve Canada well." The Senate added its approval two days later. After the resolutions proposing a new national flag for Canada were passed by the two houses of parliament, a proclamation was drawn up for signature by the Queen of Canada . This was created in the form of an illuminated document on vellum , with calligraphy by Yvonne Diceman and heraldic illustrations. The text

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2016-796: The Department of the Secretary of State and those from a parliamentary flag committee of 1945–1946". Through six weeks of study with political manoeuvring, the committee took a vote on the two finalists: the Pearson Pennant (Beddoe's design) and the current design. Believing the Liberal members would vote for the Prime Minister's preference, the Conservatives voted for the single leaf design. The Liberals, though, all voted for

2079-506: The Federal Identity Program: the Canada wordmark and the corporate signature with one of the two national symbols and a bilingual title, all of which are rendered consistently. Official and signage colours, including the national colours of Canada , are specified in the design standard as RGB values , CMYK colors , and Pantone Color Matching System numbers. The Canada wordmark is mandatory on virtually all of

2142-529: The Opposition Lester Pearson asked John Ross Matheson to begin researching what it would take for Canada to have a new flag. By April 1963, Pearson was prime minister in a minority government and risked losing power over the issue. He formed a 15-member multi-party parliamentary committee in 1963 to select a new design, despite opposition leader Diefenbaker's demands for a referendum on the issue. On May 27, 1964, Pearson's cabinet introduced

2205-518: The Queen ". Of the flag, Vanier said "[it] will symbolize to each of us—and to the world—the unity of purpose and high resolve to which destiny beckons us". Maurice Bourget , Speaker of the Senate, said: "The flag is the symbol of the nation's unity, for it, beyond any doubt, represents all the citizens of Canada without distinction of race, language, belief, or opinion." Yet there was still opposition to

2268-581: The RMC flag should form the basis of the national flag. The suggestion was followed by Stanley's memorandum of March 23, 1964, on the history of Canada's emblems, in which he warned that any new flag "must avoid the use of national or racial symbols that are of a divisive nature" and that it would be "clearly inadvisable" to create a flag that carried the Union Flag or a fleur-de-lis. According to Matheson, Pearson's "paramount and desperate objective" in introducing

2331-557: The Senate and House of Commons was appointed on November 8, 1945, to recommend a national flag to officially adopt. It received 2,409 designs from the public and was addressed by the director of the Historical Section of the Canadian Army, Archer Fortescue Duguid , who pointed out that red and white were Canada's official colours and there was already an emblem representing the country: three joined maple leaves seen on

2394-575: The Union Flag, and Mackenzie King, then still prime minister, declined to act on the report; fearing it may lead to political instability. As a result, the Union Flag was kept as a national flag, and the order to fly the Canadian Red Ensign at government buildings was maintained. By the 1960s, the debate for an official Canadian flag intensified and became controversial, culminating in the Great Flag Debate of 1964. In 1963,

2457-399: The adoption of the current flag in 1965. Shortly after Canadian Confederation in 1867, the need for distinctive Canadian flags emerged. The first Canadian flag was then used as the flag of the governor general of Canada , a Union Flag with a shield in the centre bearing the quartered arms of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, surrounded by a wreath of maple leaves. In 1870,

2520-399: The applications mentioned above. Established in 1972, the Canada wordmark is essentially a logo for the government of Canada: it consists of the word "Canada" written in a serif font, a modified version of Baskerville , with a Canadian flag over the final ' a '. In a 1999 study commissioned by the federal government, 77% of respondents remembered seeing the Canada wordmark at some point in

2583-520: The canton or by including maple leaves in the design. The Canadian flag also appears on the government's wordmark . The flag is horizontally symmetric, so the obverse and reverse sides appear identical. The width of the Maple Leaf flag is twice the height. The white field is a Canadian pale (a central band occupying half the width of a vertical triband flag , rather than a third of the width, named for its use in this flag); each bordering red field

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2646-494: The change, and Stanley's life was even threatened for having "assassinated the flag". Despite this, Stanley attended the flag-raising ceremony. At the time of the 50th anniversary of the flag in 2015, the government—held by the Conservative Party —was criticized for the lack of an official ceremony dedicated to the date; accusations of partisanship were levelled. Minister of Canadian Heritage Shelly Glover denied

2709-536: The charges, and others, including Liberal Members of Parliament, pointed to community events taking place around the country. Governor General David Johnston did, though, preside at an official ceremony at Confederation Park in Ottawa , integrated with Winterlude . He said, "[t]he National Flag of Canada is so embedded in our national life and so emblematic of our national purpose that we simply cannot imagine our country without it." Queen Elizabeth II stated: "On this,

2772-536: The current design to be the least blurry of the various designs when tested under high-wind conditions. The image of the maple leaf used on the flag was designed by Jacques Saint-Cyr; Jack Cook claims that this stylized eleven-point maple leaf was lifted from a copyrighted design owned by a Canadian craft shop in Ottawa. The colours 0/100/100/0 in the CMYK process, PMS 032 (flag red 100%), or PMS 485 (used for screens) in

2835-521: The department minister and the President of the Treasury Board . The title is rendered in one of three typefaces of the sans serif Helvetica family, selected for its simplicity and modernity. Other symbols can be used together with the FIP symbols, except on standard applications such as stationery, signage and vehicle markings. Certain federal entities were listed as exempt from FIP in

2898-480: The document was flown to the United Kingdom (for the Queen's royal sign-manual ) and to the Caribbean (for the signature of Favreau, who was on vacation). This transport to different climates, combined with the quality of the materials with which the proclamation was created and the subsequent storage and repair methods (including the use of Scotch Tape ), contributed to the deterioration of the document: The gouache

2961-559: The fields of application based on their mandate and operating needs. The corporate identity can be used either externally in communication with the public, or internally with government employees. Among the applications are stationery , forms , vehicular markings, signage , advertising , published material , electronic communications , audio-visual productions, candy , expositions , personnel identification, awards , plaques , packaging , buildings , labelling , and identification of equipment. There are two basic components of

3024-636: The importance of Canada's British heritage and the Commonwealth connection. In Quebec , the provincial flag (a white cross on a field of blue with four fleurs-de-lis ) can be considered a national flag along with the Maple Leaf flag, as is the Acadian flag in the Acadian regions of the Maritime provinces . Public display of Canadian flags is rare in Quebec, with most Quebecers preferring to fly

3087-628: The minority Liberal government of Lester B. Pearson gained power and decided to adopt an official Canadian flag through parliamentary debate. The principal political proponent of the change was Pearson. He had been a significant broker during the Suez Crisis of 1956, for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize . During the crisis, Pearson was disturbed when the Egyptian government objected to Canadian peacekeeping forces because

3150-415: The national flag is to be treated, but there are conventions and protocols to guide how it is to be displayed and its place in the order of precedence of flags, which gives it primacy over the aforementioned and most other flags. Many different flags created by Canadian officials, government bodies, and military forces contain the maple leaf motif in some fashion, either by having the Canadian flag charged in

3213-519: The new flag was keeping Quebec in Canada. It was Stanley's idea that the new flag should be red and white and that it should feature the single maple leaf; his memorandum included the first sketch of what would become the flag of Canada. Stanley and Matheson collaborated on a design that was, after six months of debate and 308 speeches, passed by a majority vote in the House of Commons on December 15, 1964. Just after this, at 2:00 am, Matheson wrote to Stanley: "Your proposed flag has just now been approved by

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3276-475: The other four locations (one on each side of Centre Block and one each over East and West Blocks), which are 1.4 by 2.7 metres (4.5 by 9 ft). Since 1996, February 15 has been commemorated as National Flag of Canada Day . In 1996, Minister of Canadian Heritage Sheila Copps instituted the One in a Million National Flag Challenge. Canadian Heritage put the expenses at $ 15.5 million, with approximately

3339-460: The past. Television viewers may be familiar with the logo from seeing it in the credits of Canadian television programs, where it is used to indicate government funding or tax credits. There exist two basic types of FIP corporate signatures, each having a bilingual title and one of two official symbols. The title, referred to as an applied title, is used in all communications with the public. Creating or changing an applied title must be approved by

3402-554: The patriotic song " The Maple Leaf Forever ", which became an unofficial anthem in English-speaking Canada. The maple leaf was later added to the Canadian coat of arms in 1921. From 1876 until 1901, the leaf appeared on all Canadian coins and remained on the penny after 1901. The use of the maple leaf by the Royal Canadian Regiment as a regimental symbol extended back to 1860. During

3465-460: The policy, visual identifiers – used by government departments other than those specified in the FIP must be approved by the Treasury Board. The origin of the Federal Identity Program can be traced back to 1921 when King George V proclaimed the Royal Coat of Arms , making red and white the official colours of Canada. In 1965, Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed the Canadian flag , and the maple leaf became an official symbol of Canada. In 1969,

3528-401: The program include facilitating public access to federal programs and services, promoting the equal status of the two official languages, and achieving better management of the federal identity. Managed by the Treasury Board Secretariat , this program, and the government's communication policy, help to shape the public image of the government. In general, logos – or, in the parlance of

3591-484: The proper use of the Canadian flag. Canadian Heritage has released rules for flying the National Flag of Canada alone and with other flags. The rules deal with the order of precedence in which the Canadian flag is placed, where the flag can be used, how it is used, and what people should do to honour the flag. The suggestions, titled National Flag of Canada Etiquette, were published by Canadian Heritage online and last updated in 24 February 2022. Canadian Forces also have

3654-413: The shape of the Canadian flag to their constituents. Full-size flags that have been flown on Peace Tower and four other locations on Parliament Hill are packaged by the Department of Public Works and offered to the public free of charge. As of March 2019, the program has a waiting list of over 100 years for both Peace Tower flags, which are 2.3 by 4.6 metres (7.5 by 15 ft) in size, and for flags from

3717-457: The single leaf design, as did the members from the other two parties, giving a unanimous 15 to 0 vote for the option created by George Stanley and inspired by the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada (RMC) in Kingston, Ontario . There, near the parade square, in March 1964, while viewing the college flag atop the Mackenzie Building, Stanley, then RMC's Dean of Arts, first suggested to Matheson, then Member of Parliament for Leeds, that

3780-455: The vellum from changing dimensionally. The new national flag was inaugurated on February 15, 1965, at an official ceremony held on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, in the presence of Governor General Major-General Georges Vanier , the Prime Minister, other members of the Cabinet, and Canadian parliamentarians. The Red Ensign was lowered at the stroke of noon, and the new maple leaf flag was raised. The crowd sang " O Canada " followed by " God Save

3843-455: Was flaking off, leaving gaps in the heraldic designs, most conspicuously on the red maple leaf of the flag design in the centre of the sheet, and the adhesive from the tape had left stains. A desire to have the proclamation as part of a display at the Canadian Museum of Civilization marking the flag's 25th anniversary led to its restoration in 1989. The proclamation is today stored in a temperature and humidity-controlled plexiglass case to prevent

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3906-453: Was rendered in black ink, using a quill , while the heraldic elements were painted in gouache with gilt highlights. The Great Seal of Canada was embossed and secured by a silk ribbon. This parchment was signed discreetly by the calligrapher but was made official by the signatures of Queen Elizabeth II (given on January 28, 1965 ), Prime Minister Lester Pearson , and Attorney General Guy Favreau . In order to obtain these signatures,

3969-415: Was the same as that used by the UK's Royal Navy until the early 1990s, at which point it was progressively phased out in favour of a new pennant of Canadian design, where the maple leaf replaces St. George's cross . National Flag of Canada The National Flag of Canada ( French : Drapeau national du Canada ), often referred to simply as the Canadian flag , consists of a red field with

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