Cangaço ( Portuguese pronunciation: [kɐ̃ˈɡasu] ) was a phenomenon of Northeast Brazil in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This region of Brazil is known for its aridness and hard way of life, and in a form of " social banditry " against the government, many men and women decided to become nomadic bandits, roaming the hinterlands seeking money, food, and revenge.
57-490: By 1834, the term cangaceiro was already used to refer to bands of poor peasants who inhabited the northeastern deserts, wearing leather clothing and hats, carrying carbines, revolvers, shotguns, and the long narrow knife known as the peixeira [ pt ] . "Cangaceiro" was a pejorative expression, meaning a person who could not adapt himself to the coastal lifestyle. By the mid-19th century in that region, there were two main groups of loosely organized armed outlaws:
114-486: A 'cowboy' lever action, although it was historically too late for that. The John Browning –designed Winchester Model 1894 is the most prevalent of the Winchester repeating rifles. The Model 1894 was first chambered for the .32-40 and .38-55 cartridges, and later, a variety of calibers such as .25-35 WCF, .30-30 , and .32 Winchester Special. Winchester was the first company to manufacture a civilian rifle chambered for
171-421: A 28-inch (71 cm) barrel Sporting Rifle , and a 32-inch (81 cm) barrel Musket . Standard rifles had a blued finish while deluxe models were casehardened . Collectors identify a first model with no dust cover, a second model with a dust cover rail fastened by a screw, and a third model with an integral dust cover. Total production was 63,871 including 54 One of One Thousand Model 1876s and only seven of
228-406: A 30-inch (76 cm) "musket" – which was aimed at military contracts and only made up less than 5% of production. (Musket was a term that, at the time, denoted a full-length military-style stock, not to be confused with a true smoothbore musket ). The standard rifle-length version was most popular in the 19th century, although Winchester would make rifles to order in any configuration
285-524: A bid to compete with the powerful single-shot rifles of the time, Winchester brought out the Model 1876 ( Centennial Model ). While it chambered more powerful cartridges than the 1866 and 1873 models, the toggle link action was not strong enough for the then popular high-powered rounds used in Sharps or Remington single-shot rifles. From 1883, John Moses Browning worked in partnership with Winchester, designing
342-864: A coveted "One of One Thousand" grade in 1875. Barrels producing unusually small groupings during test-firing were fitted to rifles with set triggers and a special finish. Marked "One of One Thousand", they sold for a then pricey $ 100 (Worth about $ 2,612.90 as of 2024). A popular 1950 Western starring James Stewart , Winchester '73 , was based on the coveted gun. Promotions included a search for "One of One Thousand" rifles by Universal Studios , with advertisements in sporting magazines and posters in sporting goods stores. A second grade of Model 1873 barrels producing above average accuracy were fitted to rifles marked "One of One Hundred", and sold for $ 20 over list. Approximately 136 "One of One Thousand" Model 1873s were sold, and only eight "One of One Hundred" rifles. In all, over 720,000 Model 1873s were produced up until 1923. With
399-529: A feature not found on any other lever-action rifle. Calibers included .30-40 Krag (.30 US or .30 Army), .303 British , .30-03 Springfield, .30-06 Springfield , 7.62×54mmR , and .405 Winchester . Theodore Roosevelt used a Model 1895 in .405 on African safaris and called it his "medicine gun" for lions. In 1908, the 1895 Winchester became the first commercially produced sporting rifle chambered in .30-06 (then called ".30 Gov't 06"). Introduced in 1955, 60 years after Winchester's last all-new lever-action design,
456-582: A hollow conical ball filled with black powder and sealed by a cork primer. Although the Volcanic's repeater design far outpaced the rival technology, the unsatisfactory power and reliability of the .25 and .32 caliber "Rocket Balls" were little match for the competitors' larger calibers. Wesson had left Volcanic soon after it was formed and Smith followed eight months later, to create the Smith & Wesson Revolver Company . Volcanic moved to New Haven in 1856, but by
513-531: A lever-action rifle so quickly that it looked like he was holding a lamp). He began when he was just a boy, amongst vendetta plots of the Pereira and Nogueira-Carvalho families. When his parents were killed because of these disputes, some of his brothers ran away, but Antônio, Livino, and Ezequiel followed Virgulino into the cangaço. Seen as a mixture of hero and bandit, Lampião became one of the most representative icons of Brazil. Wandering around Santa Brígida, in
570-411: A long and profitable relationship with Winchester from the 1880s to the early 1900s. William Mason made some improvements to Browning's original design. In many respects, the Model 1886 was a true American express rifle , as it could be chambered in the more powerful black powder cartridges of the day, such as the .45-70 Government , long a Winchester goal. The 1886 proved capable of handling not only
627-675: A return to popularity due to present-day Cowboy action shooting , '73 rifles and carbines of a high quality have been made in Italy by Uberti , encouraging a return to production under license from the Olin company in 2013, joining the Model 1892 and the Model 1894 being manufactured in Japan by the Miroku Corporation for FN/Browning . Nearly faithful in design to the original, including
SECTION 10
#1732765796187684-473: A series of rifles and shotguns, most notably the lever-action Winchester Model 1886 , Model 1892 , Model 1894 , and Model 1895 rifles, along with the lever-action Model 1887/1901 shotgun, the pump-action Model 1890 rifle, and the pump-action Model 1893/1897 shotgun. The first Winchester rifle – the Winchester Model 1866 – was originally chambered for the rimfire .44 Henry . Nicknamed
741-459: A small and special band of troops—around twenty to sixty—from every state of the Brazilian federation, formed by the government law-enforcement agencies sent to seek and destroy the cangaceiros. The cangaceiros often referred to them as "monkeys", because of their brown uniforms and their willingness to obey their superiors' orders. Some of them carried modern Hotchkiss machine guns , weapons that
798-434: A very positive unlocking motion. The 9422 had worldwide appeal to customers raised on Western fiction and to parents looking for a way to introduce their children to shooting. Over the course of production, a higher-finished model called the 9422 XTR, a .17 rimfire model, and several commemorative models were offered. Production ended in 2005. In 2013, Winchester brought back the Model 1873, manufactured under license from
855-421: Is nearly identical in design to the originals including the trigger disconnect safety, sliding dustcover, and crescent-shaped buttplate , but with two notable exceptions. An additional safety mechanism, a firing pin block that prevents it from moving forward unless the trigger is pulled, was integrated, and the cartridge carrier was changed to eject used casings away from the shooter. The fixed, tubular magazine has
912-441: The jagunços , mercenaries who worked for whoever paid their price, usually land-owners who wanted to protect or expand their territorial limits and also deal with farm workers; and the cangaceiros, "social bandits", who had some level of support from the poorest population. The 1920s and 1930s saw the height of cangaceiro activity, with the most prominent bands numbering up to as many as 100 bandits. The bandits often behaved well to
969-440: The .44-40 cartridge, which was the first centrefire cartridge manufactured by Winchester and which became immensely popular. The 1873 was later produced chambered for .38-40 and .32-20 , both of which would become popular handgun cartridges of the day, allowing users to carry just one type of ammunition. The Model 1873 was produced in three variations: a 24-inch (61 cm) barrel rifle, a 20-inch (51 cm) barrel carbine, and
1026-574: The Forgotten Winchester and sparked media interest because of the mystery about who left it there and why they never came back for it. The Winchester Model 1876, or Centennial Model , was a heavier-framed rifle than the Models 1866 and 1873, chambered for full-powered centerfire rifle cartridges suitable for big-game hunting , rather than the handgun-sized rimfire and centerfire rounds of its predecessors. While similar in design to
1083-458: The Olin company by FN/Browning in the Kōchi Prefecture of Japan by the Miroku Corporation . It joins the Model 1892 and Model 1894 as the third classic Winchester rifle model to be reintroduced. The new 1873 model is available with a 20 or 24 in (51 or 61 cm) barrel, either round or octagonal, and a chambering of .357 Magnum / .38 Special , .44-40 Winchester, or .45 Colt. It
1140-493: The One of One Hundred grade. Originally chambered for the new .45-75 Winchester Centennial cartridge (designed to replicate the .45-70 ballistics in a shorter case), the Model 1876 also had versions in .40-60 Winchester , .45-60 Winchester and .50-95 Express; the '76 in the latter chambering is the only repeater known to have been in widespread use by professional buffalo hunters. The Canadian North-West Mounted Police used
1197-584: The Winchester Repeating Arms Company . Developed from the 1860 Henry rifle , Winchester rifles were among the earliest repeaters. The Model 1873 was particularly successful, being marketed by the manufacturer as "The Gun That Won the West". In 1848, Walter Hunt of New York patented his "Volition Repeating Rifle" incorporating a tubular magazine, which was operated by two levers and complex linkages. The Hunt rifle fired what he called
SECTION 20
#17327657961871254-480: The Winchester Repeating Arms Company . The company modified and improved the basic design of the Henry rifle, creating the first Winchester rifle: the Model 1866 . It retained the .44 Henry cartridge, was likewise built on a bronze-alloy frame, and had an improved magazine and a wooden forearm. In 1873 Winchester introduced the steel-framed Model 1873 chambering the more potent .44-40 centerfire cartridge. In 1876, in
1311-520: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Peixeira " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try the purge function . Titles on Misplaced Pages are case sensitive except for
1368-503: The " Rocket Ball ", an early form of caseless ammunition in which the powder charge was contained in the bullet's hollow base. Hunt's design was fragile and unworkable, but in 1849, Lewis Jennings purchased the Hunt patents and developed a functioning, if still complex rifle. This version was produced in small numbers by Robbins & Lawrence of Windsor, Vermont until 1852. Horace Smith and Daniel Wesson of Norwich, Connecticut, acquired
1425-412: The "Yellow Boy" because of its receiver of a bronze/brass alloy called gunmetal , it was famous for its rugged construction and lever-action "repeating rifle" mechanism that allowed the user to fire a number of shots before having to reload. Nelson King's improved patent remedied flaws in the Henry rifle by incorporating a loading gate on the side of the frame and integrating a round, sealed magazine that
1482-582: The '76 in .45-75 as a standard long arm for many years with 750 rifles purchased for the force in 1883; the Mountie-model '76 carbine was also issued to the Texas Rangers . Theodore Roosevelt used an engraved, pistol-gripped half-magazine '76 during his early hunting expeditions in the West and praised it. A '76 was also found in the possession of Apache warrior Geronimo after his surrender in 1886. The Model 1876 toggle-link action receiver
1539-408: The .45 Gov't but also .45-90 and the huge .50-110 Express "buffalo" cartridges, and in 1903 was chambered for the smokeless high-velocity .33 Winchester . In 1935, Winchester introduced a slightly modified M1886 as the Model 71 , chambered for the more powerful .348 Winchester cartridge. In order to compete with newer Marlin offerings, Winchester returned to its roots with the Model 1892, which
1596-522: The 1866 siege at Plevna sparked a renewed interest in the adoption of repeating rifles for several European countries. The Swiss Army initially selected the Model 1866 to replace their existing single-shot Milbank-Amsler rifles. However, ensuing political pressure to adopt a domestic design resulted in the Vetterli Model 1867 , a bolt-action design utilizing a copy of the Winchester's tubular magazine, being adopted instead. Due to public demand,
1653-499: The 1873, the 1876 was actually based on a prototype 1868 lever-action rifle that was never commercially produced by Winchester. Introduced to celebrate the American Centennial Exposition , the Model 1876 earned a reputation as a durable and powerful hunting rifle. Four versions were produced: a 22-inch (56 cm) barrel Carbine , a 26-inch (66 cm) barrel Express Rifle with a half-length magazine,
1710-485: The Brazilian arms maker Amadeo Rossi, and by Chiappa Firearms , an Italian maker. In its modern form, using updated materials and production techniques, the Model 1892's action is strong enough to chamber high-pressure handgun rounds, such as .357 Magnum , .44 Magnum , and .454 Casull . The Winchester '92 was often used in Hollywood Western movies and TV shows out of its correct period, achieving some fame as
1767-473: The German arms maker DWM . They also made famous a thin, long, and very sharp knife nicknamed a " peixeira ", a fish-filleting knife, used mostly to torture or slit the throats of their victims. The knife was also used in a very specific way to kill quickly; the blade was stabbed downwards between the neck and collarbone. Due to its length, the blade would cause instantly lethal damage to major blood vessels and
Cangaço - Misplaced Pages Continue
1824-665: The Jennings patent from Robbins & Lawrence, as well as shop foreman Benjamin Tyler Henry . Smith made several improvements to the Jennings design, and in 1855 Smith and Wesson together with several investors formed a corporation, the Volcanic Repeating Arms Company , to manufacture Smith's modification of the Hunt-Jennings, the Volcanic lever-action pistol and rifle. Its largest stockholder
1881-401: The Model 1866 continued to be manufactured and sold until 1899, mainly because they were less expensive than the later steel-framed centerfire models. The Model 1873 was one of the most successful Winchester rifles of its day, with Winchester marketing it as "The Gun That Won the West". Still an icon in the modern day, it was manufactured between 1873 and 1923. It was originally chambered for
1938-458: The Model 88 was unlike any previous lever-action. A short-throw lever operated a three-lug rotating bolt and rounds were fed vertically from a detachable box magazine: in effect, it was lever-operated bolt action. These features in a lever-action permitted the use of high-powered modern short-case cartridges with spitzer bullets: .243 Winchester , .284 Winchester , .308 Winchester (essentially 7.62x51mm NATO ), and .358 Winchester . The Model 88
1995-454: The band were killed: Lampião, Maria Bonita, Luís Pedro, Mergulhão, Enedina, Elétrico, Quinta-Feira, Moeda, Alecrim, Colchete and Macela. Forty others in the band managed to escape. Coiteiros were people who helped the cangaceiros, giving them shelter and food. They did this for many reasons – they could be relatives of a cangaceiro, friends, ex-neighbours, or simply had some interest in their power, or they were afraid of them. The volantes were
2052-617: The cangaceiros quickly learned to fear—but were always willing to steal for their own use. The cangaceiros had very specific notions of how to behave and dress. First of all, most of them knew how to sew quite well. Living in the desert lands of the northeast of Brazil, they had to survive amidst spiky dry bushes. Despite the heat during the day, the cangaceiros preferred to wear leather clothing, embellished with all kinds of coloured ribbons and metal pieces. They also used leather gloves with coins and other pieces of metal sewn onto them, almost like armour but with decorative purposes. Because of
2109-427: The customer wished, including longer barrels or baby carbines with barrels as short as 12 inches (30 cm), octagonal-shaped barrels, color case-hardened receivers and fancy engraving. The original Model 1873 was never offered in the military revolver .45 Colt cartridge, but a number of modern reproductions are chambered for the round. To both celebrate and enhance the Model 1873's prestige, Winchester established
2166-540: The distinction of being the first Winchester lever-action rifle to load from an internal box magazine instead of from an internal tube magazine under the barrel. This allowed the Model 1895 to be chambered for military cartridges with spitzer (pointed) projectiles, and the rifle was used by the armed forces of a number of nations including the United States, Great Britain, and Imperial Russia . The Russian production models could also be loaded using charger clips ,
2223-541: The end of that year became insolvent. Oliver Winchester purchased the bankrupt firm's assets from the remaining stockholders and reorganized it as the New Haven Arms Company in April 1857. Benjamin Henry continued to work with Smith's cartridge concept and perfected the much larger, more powerful .44 Henry cartridge. Henry also supervised the redesign of the rifle to use the new ammunition, retaining only
2280-453: The first character; please check alternative capitalizations and consider adding a redirect here to the correct title. If the page has been deleted, check the deletion log , and see Why was the page I created deleted? Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixeira " Winchester rifle Winchester rifle is a comprehensive term describing a series of lever action repeating rifles manufactured by
2337-466: The first sporting rifle to sell over one million units, ultimately selling over seven million before U.S.-production was discontinued in 2006. The Winchester .30-30 configuration is practically synonymous with "deer rifle" in the United States. In the early 20th century, the rifle's designation was abbreviated to "Model 94", as was done with all older Winchester designs still in production (for example, Model 97, Model 12, etc.). The Winchester Model 1895 has
Cangaço - Misplaced Pages Continue
2394-583: The general form of the breech mechanism and the tubular magazine. This became the Henry rifle of 1860, which was manufactured by the New Haven Arms Company, and used in considerable numbers by certain Union army units in the American Civil War . Confederates called the Henry "that damned Yankee rifle that they load on Sunday and shoot all week!" After the war, Oliver Winchester renamed New Haven Arms
2451-522: The government to destroy them. The poorer inhabitants of the backlands of the Brazilian Northeast were generally badly treated by the paramilitary police, and often preferred the presence of cangaceiro bands in their settlements. The most famous cangaceiro of them all, the one who is often associated with the whole history of the cangaço, was a man called Virgulino Ferreira da Silva, also known as " Lampião " ("Oil Lamp", because, he could fire
2508-940: The heart. peixeira Look for Peixeira on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Peixeira in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
2565-510: The heat and the absence of water, some cangaceiros -–especially Lampião -– wore French perfume. They often stole it from rich people's houses, but usually paid for it if obtained from small shopkeepers, and used it in large quantities. The weapons of the Cangaceiros were mostly Mauser bolt-action and Winchester -like lever-action rifles, revolvers and the famous " pára belo ". It is claimed that like ' macaco' (monkey), ' belo' (beautiful)
2622-483: The most significant inventions in firearms history: the metallic rimfire cartridge. Smith's cartridge, the .22 Short , would be introduced commercially in 1857 with the landmark Smith & Wesson Model 1 revolver and is still manufactured today. The Volcanic rifle had only limited success, which was partially attributable to the design and poor performance of the Hunt-derived Volcanic cartridge,
2679-485: The new smokeless propellants, and although delays prevented the .30-30 cartridge from appearing on the shelves until 1895, it remained the first commercially available smokeless powder round for the North American consumer market. Though it was initially too expensive for most shooters, the Model 1894 went on to become one of the best-selling hunting rifles of all time – it had the distinction of being
2736-474: The poorer sections of society, performing acts of charity, buying goods for higher than usual prices from small shopkeepers and giving free parties ("bailes"). In contrast, the wealthy were robbed, targeted for forced monetary contributions ( extortion ) and were often kidnapped and held to ransom. The cangaceiro bands were sheltered by helpers within the population, who also provided information which helped them escape from police forces, known as volantes , sent by
2793-490: The state of Bahia , he met Maria Alia da Silva (a.k.a. Maria de Déia), wife of shoemaker Zé de Nenê. Later she would be better known as Mrs. Lampião, Maria Bonita (literally "Pretty Maria"). Lampião was killed by the police in 1938, in Sergipe, next to the state limits of Sergipe and Alagoas , when an informer, Joca Bernardes, gave away their location to the police. A massive offensive led to bloodshed, and eleven members of
2850-486: The trigger disconnect safety, sliding dustcover, and a crescent-shaped buttplate , it incorporates two safety improvements: a firing pin block preventing it from moving forward unless the trigger is pulled, and a cartridge carrier modification to eject used casings away from the shooter. In 2014, a weathered Model 1873 was found leaning against a tree in Great Basin National Park. It became known as
2907-412: Was Oliver Winchester . For the Volcanic rifle, Smith added a primer charge to Hunt's "Rocket Ball" and thus created one of the first fixed metallic cartridges which incorporated bullet, primer and powder in one self-contained unit. While still with the company, Smith went a step further and added a cylindrical copper case to hold the bullet and powder with the primer in the case rim, thus creating one of
SECTION 50
#17327657961872964-508: Was another slang term for the policemen. Hence, pistols were called " pára belo " (belo stopper ). However, the name seems to be actually a derivation of the Latin expression para bellum , which means "prepare for war" and was used to refer to the then official sidearm used by the Brazilian governmental troops and by some of the law enforcement soldiers, the Luger pistol , which was produced by
3021-622: Was chambered for the same low-pressure cartridges as the Model 1873. The Model 1892 incorporates a much-stronger Browning action that was a scaled-down version of the Model 1886. It was also a much lighter rifle than the 1873 model, with which it was sold concurrently for over twenty years, for the same price. A total of 1,004,675 Model 1892 rifles were made by Winchester, and it was exported internationally, becoming very popular in South America and Australasia. Although Winchester stopped manufacture in 1941, today versions are still being made by
3078-590: Was discontinued in 1973 and is the third best-selling lever-action rifle in Winchester's history, following only the M1894 and M1892. The later Sako Finnwolf and Browning BLR have similar actions. The Model 88 Carbine was offered with a 19-inch (48 cm) barrel. Winchester's Model 9422 was introduced in 1972. It was designed to capture the image of the traditional lever-actions with exposed hammer, straight grip, tube magazine and barrel bands. Unlike older Winchester lever actions it came grooved for scope mounting . It
3135-413: Was offered in .22 Long Rifle and .22 WMR , and was priced at the high end of the .22 LR sporting rifle market. The 9422 action design was original and extremely reliable. The feed system handled the cartridge from the magazine to the breech face by its rim, and the slide cammed the rear of the breechblock up into the locking recess. A concealed polymer buffer above the breech gave a firm-feeling lockup and
3192-623: Was partially covered by a forestock. France purchased 6,000 Model 1866 rifles along with 4.5 million .44 Henry cartridges during the Franco-Prussian War . The Ottoman Empire purchased 45,000 Model 1866 rifles and 5,000 carbines in 1870 and 1871. These rifles were used in the 1877 Russo-Turkish War , causing much surprise when outnumbered Turks at the Siege of Plevna inflicted many times more casualties than their opponents armed with single-shot Krnka and Berdan rifles. The effect of
3249-429: Was too short to handle popular big-game cartridges, including the .45-70, and production ceased in 1897, as big-game hunters preferred the Model 1886 action chambered for longer and more powerful cartridges. The Model 1886 continued the trend towards chambering heavier rounds and had an all-new and considerably stronger locking-block action than the toggle-link Model 1876. It was designed by John Moses Browning , who had
#186813