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67-665: Pereira (Portuguese and Galician for " pear tree ") may refer to: People [ edit ] Pereira (surname) Places [ edit ] Brazil Pereira (Bahia) (est. 1534) in the present-day Barra neighborhood of Salvador in Bahia Pereira Barreto , municipality in São Paulo Pereiras , municipality in São Paulo Colombia Pereira, Colombia , capital city of
134-702: A shelf life that typically ranges from one to five years, although under specific circumstances, it can be much longer. A freeze-dried canned product, such as canned dried lentils , could last as long as 30 years in an edible state. In 1974, samples of canned food from the wreck of the Bertrand , a steamboat that sank in the Missouri River in 1865, were tested by the National Food Processors Association . Although appearance, smell, and vitamin content had deteriorated, there
201-403: A bulbous end. The fruit is a pseudofruit composed of the receptacle or upper end of the flower stalk (the so-called calyx tube) greatly dilated. Enclosed within its cellular flesh is the true fruit: 2–5 ' cartilaginous ' carpels , known colloquially as the "core". Pears and apples cannot always be distinguished by the form of the fruit; some pears look very much like some apples, e.g.
268-441: A curled edge. A rubber compound is put inside the curl. The body and end are brought together in a seamer and held in place by the base plate and chuck, respectively. The base plate provides a sure footing for the can body during the seaming operation and the chuck fits snugly into the end (lid). The result is the countersink of the end sits inside the top of the can body just below the flange. The end curl protrudes slightly beyond
335-550: A law method See also [ edit ] Pereiro (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Pereira . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pereira&oldid=1014707205 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
402-489: A lesser degree. Other species are used as rootstocks for European and Asian pears and as ornamental trees . Pear wood is close-grained and has been used as a specialized timber for fine furniture and making the blocks for woodcuts . The Manchurian or Ussurian Pear, Pyrus ussuriensis (which produces unpalatable fruit primarily used for canning) has been crossed with Pyrus communis to breed hardier pear cultivars. The Bradford pear ( Pyrus calleryana 'Bradford')
469-508: A moderate amount of dietary fiber , and no micronutrients in significant amounts (table). A 2019 review found preliminary evidence for the potential of pear consumption to favorably affect cardiovascular health. Pears grow in the sublime orchard of Alcinous , in the Odyssey vii: "Therein grow trees, tall and luxuriant, pears and pomegranates and apple -trees with their bright fruit, and sweet figs , and luxuriant olives . Of these
536-497: A recipe for a spiced, stewed-pear patina , or soufflé . Romans also introduced the fruit to Britain. Pyrus nivalis , which has white down on the undersurface of the leaves, is chiefly used in Europe in the manufacture of perry (see also cider ). Other small-fruited pears, distinguished by their early ripening and globose fruit, may be referred to as P. cordata , a species found wild in southwestern Europe. The genus
603-458: A sheet of coated tin plate. To create the can body, rectangles are cut and curled around a die, and welded together creating a cylinder with a side seam. Rollers are then used to flare out one or both ends of the cylinder to create a quarter circle flange around the circumference. Precision is required to ensure that the welded sides are perfectly aligned, as any misalignment will cause inconsistent flange shape, compromising its integrity. A circle
670-455: A strong enough thermal heat treatment. C. botulinum prefers low oxygen environments and is a poor competitor to other bacteria, but its spores are resistant to thermal treatments. When a canned food is sterilized insufficiently, most other bacteria besides the C. botulinum spores are killed, and the spores can germinate and produce botulism toxin. Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness, leading to paralysis that typically starts with
737-565: Is accelerated by the gas ethylene . If pears are placed next to bananas in a fruit bowl, the ethylene emitted by the banana causes the pears to ripen. Refrigeration will slow further ripening. According to Pear Bureau Northwest, most varieties show little color change as they ripen (though the skin on Bartlett pears changes from green to yellow as they ripen). Pears are consumed fresh, canned, as juice , and dried . The juice can also be used in jellies and jams , usually in combination with other fruits, including berries. Fermented pear juice
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#1732772077459804-1235: Is an alternate form of this word sometimes used in medieval Latin . The pear is native to coastal, temperate, and mountainous regions of the Old World , from Western Europe and North Africa east across Asia. They are medium-sized trees, reaching up to 20 m tall, often with a tall, narrow crown; a few pear species are shrubby . The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, 2–12 cm (1– 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) long, glossy green on some species, densely silvery-hairy in some others; leaf shape varies from broad oval to narrow lanceolate. Most pears are deciduous , but one or two species in Southeast Asia are evergreen . Some pears are cold-hardy, withstanding temperatures as low as −25 to −40 °C (−13 to −40 °F) in winter, but many grown for agriculture are vulnerable to cold damage. Evergreen species only tolerate temperatures down to about −12 °C (10 °F). The flowers are white, rarely tinted yellow or pink, 2–4 centimetres (1– 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) diameter, and have five petals , five sepals , and numerous stamens . Like that of
871-573: Is called perry or pear cider and is made in a way that is similar to how cider is made from apples. Perry can be distilled to produce an eau de vie de poire , a colorless, unsweetened fruit brandy. Pear purée is used to manufacture snack foods such as Fruit by the Foot and Fruit Roll-Ups . The culinary or cooking pear is green but dry and hard, and only edible after several hours of cooking. Two Dutch cultivars are Gieser Wildeman (a sweet variety) and Saint Remy (slightly sour). Pear wood
938-411: Is consumed fresh, canned , as juice , dried , or fermented as perry . The word pear is probably from Germanic pera as a loanword of Vulgar Latin pira , the plural of pirum , akin to Greek apios (from Mycenaean ápisos ), of Semitic origin ( pirâ ), meaning "fruit". The adjective pyriform or piriform means pear-shaped. The classical Latin word for a pear tree is pirus ; pyrus
1005-403: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Pear tree About 30 species; see text Pears are fruits produced and consumed around the world, growing on a tree and harvested in late summer into mid-autumn. The pear tree and shrub are a species of genus Pyrus / ˈ p aɪ r ə s / , in the family Rosaceae , bearing
1072-430: Is now called a double seam. A can thus sealed is impervious to contamination by creating two tight continuous folds between the can's cylindrical body and the lids. This eliminated the need for solder and allowed improvements in manufacturing speed, reducing cost. Double seaming uses rollers to shape the can, lid and the final double seam. To make a sanitary can and lid suitable for double seaming, manufacture begins with
1139-746: Is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality woodwind instruments and furniture , and was used for making the carved blocks for woodcuts . It is also used for wood carving, and as a firewood to produce aromatic smoke for smoking meat or tobacco . Pear wood is valued for kitchen spoons, scoops and stirrers, as it does not contaminate food with color, flavor or smell, and resists warping and splintering despite repeated soaking and drying cycles. Lincoln describes it as "a fairly tough, very stable wood... (used for) carving... brushbacks, umbrella handles, measuring instruments such as set squares and T-squares... recorders... violin and guitar fingerboards and piano keys... decorative veneering." Pearwood
1206-489: Is perfectly dependable as a preservative. Sterilization is done after the can is sealed, so that both the container and the food are secured. The spores of the microorganism Clostridium botulinum (which causes botulism ) can be eliminated only at temperatures above the boiling point of water. As a result, from a public safety point of view, foods with low acidity (a pH more than 4.6) need sterilization under high temperature (116–130 °C). To achieve temperatures above
1273-424: Is the favored wood for architect's rulers because it does not warp. It is similar to the wood of its relative, the apple tree ( Malus domestica ) and used for many of the same purposes. Raw pear is 84% water, 15% carbohydrates and contains negligible protein and fat (table). In a 100 g ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 oz) reference amount, raw pear supplies 239 kilojoules (57 kilocalories) of food energy ,
1340-404: Is the movement of substances from the can itself into the contents. Potential toxic substances that can migrate are lead, causing lead poisoning , or bisphenol A (BPA), a potential endocrine disruptor that is an ingredient in the epoxy commonly used to coat the inner surface of cans. Some cans are manufactured with a BPA-free enamel lining produced from plant oils and resins. In February 2018,
1407-409: Is then cut from the sheet using a die cutter. The circle is shaped in a stamping press to create a downward countersink to fit snugly into the can body. The result can be compared to an upside down and very flat top hat . The outer edge is then curled down and around about 140 degrees using rollers to create the end curl. The result is a steel tube with a flanged edge, and a countersunk steel disc with
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#17327720774591474-616: Is thought to have originated in present-day Western China in the foothills of the Tian Shan , a mountain range of Central Asia, and to have spread to the north and south along mountain chains, evolving into a diverse group of over 20 widely recognized primary species. The enormous number of varieties of the cultivated European pear ( Pyrus communis subsp. communis ), are likely derived from one or two wild subspecies ( P. c. subsp. pyraster and P. c. subsp. caucasica ), widely distributed throughout Europe, and sometimes forming part of
1541-664: Is widespread as an ornamental tree in North America, where it has become invasive in regions. It is also used as a blight-resistant rootstock for Pyrus communis fruit orchards. The Willow-leaved pear ( Pyrus salicifolia ) is grown for its silvery leaves, flowers, and its "weeping" form. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : The purely decorative cultivar P. salicifolia 'Pendula', with pendulous branches and silvery leaves, has also won
1608-832: The Celtic languages , while in Slavic and other dialects, differing appellations still referring to the same thing are found—a diversity and multiplicity of nomenclature , which led Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle to infer a very ancient cultivation of the tree from the shores of the Caspian to those of the Atlantic. The pear was also cultivated by the Romans, who ate the fruits raw or cooked, just like apples. Pliny's Natural History recommended stewing them with honey and noted three dozen varieties. The Roman cookbook De re coquinaria has
1675-747: The French Army began issuing canned French cuisine such as coq au vin , beef bourguignon , french onion soup , and Vichyssoise , while the Italian Army experimented with canned ravioli , spaghetti bolognese , minestrone , and pasta e fagioli . After the war, companies that had supplied military canned food began to improve the quality of their goods for civilian sale. The original fragile and heavy glass containers presented challenges for transportation, and glass jars were largely replaced in commercial canneries with cylindrical tin can or wrought-iron canisters (later shortened to "cans") following
1742-551: The Northwest Passage . However, studies in 2013 and 2016 suggested that lead poisoning was likely not a factor, and that the crew's ill health may, in fact, have been due to malnutrition—specifically zinc deficiency—possibly due to a lack of meat in their diet. Increasing mechanization of the canning process, coupled with a huge increase in urban populations across Europe, resulted in a rising demand for canned food. A number of inventions and improvements followed, and by
1809-642: The nashi pear . Pear cultivation in temperate climates extends to the remotest antiquity, and evidence exists of its use as a food since prehistoric times. Many traces have been found in prehistoric pile dwellings around Lake Zurich . Pears were cultivated in China as early as 2000 BC. An article on Pear tree cultivation in Spain is brought down in Ibn al-'Awwam 's 12th-century agricultural work, Book on Agriculture . The word pear , or its equivalent, occurs in all
1876-486: The pomaceous fruit of the same name. Several species of pears are valued for their edible fruit and juices, while others are cultivated as trees. The tree is medium-sized and native to coastal and mildly temperate regions of Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Pear wood is one of the preferred materials in the manufacture of high-quality woodwind instruments and furniture . About 3,000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide, which vary in both shape and taste. The fruit
1943-524: The springback effect, a seam can appear loose, when in reality it was closed too tight and has opened up like a spring. For this reason, experienced operators and good seamer setup are critical to ensure that double seams are properly closed. Quality control usually involves taking full cans from the line – one per seamer head, at least once or twice per shift, and performing a teardown operation ( wrinkle / tightness ), mechanical tests (external thickness, seamer length/height and countersink) as well as cutting
2010-535: The 1860s smaller machine-made steel cans were possible, and the time to cook food in sealed cans had been reduced from around six hours to thirty minutes. Canned food also began to spread beyond Europe—Robert Ayars established the first American canning factory in New York City in 1812, using improved tin-plated wrought-iron cans for preserving oysters , meats , fruits , and vegetables . Demand for canned food greatly increased during wars. Large-scale wars in
2077-534: The Arctic in HMS Fury , during his search for a northwestern passage to India. In 1829, Admiral Sir James Ross also took canned food to the Arctic, as did Sir John Franklin in 1845. Some of his stores were found by the search expedition led by Captain (later Admiral Sir) Leopold McClintock in 1857. One of these cans was opened in 1939 and was edible and nutritious, though it was not analysed for contamination by
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2144-551: The Can Manufacturers Institute, a trade association in the United States, surveyed the industry and reported that at least 90% of food cans no longer contained BPA. Salt (sodium chloride), dissolved in water, is used in the canning process, which helps prevent spoilage and can improve sensory characteristics. As a result, canned food can be a major source of dietary salt. Too much salt increases
2211-479: The acidity is enough to stop them from growing. Invented in 1888 by Max Ams, modern double seams provide an airtight seal to a can. This airtight nature is crucial to keeping micro-organisms out of the can and keeping the can's contents sealed inside. Thus, double seamed cans are also known as Sanitary Cans. Developed in 1900 in Europe, this sort of can was made of the traditional cylindrical body made with tin plate . The two ends ( lids ) were attached using what
2278-410: The award. Summer and autumn cultivars of Pyrus communis , being climacteric fruits , are gathered before they are fully ripe, while they are still green, but snap off when lifted. Certain other pears, including Pyrus pyrifolia and P. × bretschneideri , have both climacteric and non-climacteric varieties. In 2022, world production of pears was 26 million tonnes , led by China with 73% of
2345-554: The best-known of the Vainakh peoples today being the Chechens of Chechnya . Pear and walnut trees were held to be the sacred abodes of beneficent spirits in pre-Islamic Chechen religion and, for this reason, it was forbidden to fell them. Canning Canning is a method of food preservation in which food is processed and sealed in an airtight container ( jars like Mason jars , and steel and tin cans ). Canning provides
2412-463: The boiling point requires the use of a pressure canner . Foods that must be pressure canned include most vegetables , meat , seafood , poultry , and dairy products. The only foods that may be safely canned in an ordinary boiling water bath are highly acidic ones with a pH below 4.6, such as fruits , pickled vegetables, or other foods to which acidic additives have been added. Although an ordinary boiling temperature does not kill botulism spores,
2479-476: The can could leak or spoil. One important part is the seamer setup. This process is usually performed by an experienced technician. among the parts that need setup are seamer rolls and chucks which have to be set in their exact position (using a feeler gauge or a clearance gauge ). The lifter pressure and position, roll and chuck designs, tooling wear, and bearing wear all contribute to a good double seam . Incorrect setups can be non-intuitive. For example, due to
2546-463: The cultivated forms. According to Pear Bureau Northwest, about 3,000 known varieties of pears are grown worldwide. The pear is normally propagated by grafting a selected variety onto a rootstock , which may be of a pear or quince variety. Quince rootstocks produce smaller trees, which is often desirable in commercial orchards or domestic gardens. For new varieties the flowers can be cross-bred to preserve or combine desirable traits. The fruit of
2613-444: The department of Risaralda Portugal Pereira (Barcelos) , a parish in the district of Barcelos Pereira (Mirandela) , a parish in the district of Mirandela Pereira (Montemor-o-Velho) , a parish in the district of Montemor-o-Velho Other [ edit ] Deportivo Pereira , a Colombian association football club X-28 Sea Skimmer or Pereira X-28 Sea Skimmer, a single-seat flying boat Pereira approach ,
2680-406: The flange. Once brought together in the seamer, the seaming head presses a first operation roller against the end curl. The end curl is pressed against the flange curling it in toward the body and under the flange. The flange is also bent downward, and the end and body are now loosely joined. The first operation roller is then retracted. At this point five thicknesses of steel exist in the seam. From
2747-539: The food from being spoiled before and during containment, a number of methods are used: pasteurisation, boiling (and other applications of high temperature over a period of time), refrigeration, freezing, drying, vacuum treatment, antimicrobial agents that are natural to the recipe of the foods being preserved, a sufficient dose of ionizing radiation, submersion in a strong saline solution, acid, base, osmotically extreme (for example very sugary) or other microbially-challenging environments. Other than sterilization , no method
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2814-514: The fruit perishes not nor fails in winter or in summer, but lasts throughout the year." "A Partridge in a Pear Tree" is the first gift in the cumulative song "The Twelve Days of Christmas" . The pear tree was an object of particular veneration (as was the walnut ) in the tree worship of the Nakh peoples of the North Caucasus – see Vainakh mythology and see also Ingushetia –
2881-544: The grocery store shelves. According to The Fruits of Empire: Art, Food and the Politics of Race in the Age of American Expansion by Shana Klein, "Workers also suffered injuries, specifically bruised knuckles and open sores, from trimming and packaging pineapples. Gloves were one preventative measure to protect a canner's hands from the acidity of the pineapple, but gloves did not always help." In canning toxicology, migration
2948-480: The lead solder used in its manufacture. During the mid-19th century, canned food became a status symbol among middle-class households in Europe , being something of a frivolous novelty . Early methods of manufacture employed poisonous lead solder for sealing the cans. Studies in the 1980s attributed the lead from the cans as a factor in the disastrous outcome of the 1845 Franklin expedition to chart and navigate
3015-426: The list of food items that are stocked during emergencies. In the beginning of the 19th century the process of canning foods was mainly done by small canneries. These canneries were full of overlooked sanitation problems, such as poor hygiene and unsanitary work environments. Since the refrigerator did not exist and industrial canning standards were not set in place it was very common for contaminated cans to slip onto
3082-450: The metal-to-metal contact will not maintain a hermetic seal. In most cases, a rubberized compound is placed inside the end curl radius, forming the critical seal between the end and the body. Probably the most important innovation since the introduction of double seams is the welded side seam. Prior to the welded side seam, the can body was folded and/or soldered together, leaving a relatively thick side seam. The thick side seam required that
3149-514: The muscles of the face and then spreads towards the limbs. The botulinum toxin is extremely dangerous because it cannot be detected by sight or smell, and ingestion of even a small amount of the toxin can be deadly. In severe forms, it leads to paralysis of the breathing muscles and causes respiratory failure . In view of this life-threatening complication, all suspected cases of botulism are treated as medical emergencies , and public health officials are usually involved to prevent further cases from
3216-759: The natural vegetation of the forests. Court accounts of Henry III of England record pears shipped from La Rochelle-Normande and presented to the king by the sheriffs of the City of London. The French names of pears grown in English medieval gardens suggest that their reputation, at the least, was French; a favoured variety in the accounts was named for Saint Rieul of Senlis , Bishop of Senlis in northern France. Asian species with medium to large edible fruit include P. pyrifolia , P. ussuriensis , P. × bretschneideri , and P. × sinkiangensis . Small-fruited species, such as Pyrus calleryana , may be used as rootstocks for
3283-842: The nineteenth century, such as the Crimean War , American Civil War , and Franco-Prussian War , introduced increasing numbers of working-class men to canned food, and allowed canning companies to expand their businesses to meet military demands for non-perishable food, enabling companies to manufacture in bulk and sell to wider civilian markets after wars ended. Urban populations in Victorian Britain demanded ever-increasing quantities of cheap, varied, quality food that they could keep at home without having to go shopping daily. In response, companies such as Underwood , Nestlé , Heinz , and others provided quality canned food for sale to working class city-dwellers. The late 19th century saw
3350-402: The outside in they are: The seaming head then engages the second operation roller against the partly formed seam. The second operation presses all five steel components together tightly to form the final seal. The five layers in the final seam are then called; a) End, b) Body Hook, c) Cover Hook, d) Body, e) Countersink. All sanitary cans require a filling medium within the seam because otherwise
3417-837: The pear is produced on spurs, which appear on shoots more than one year old. There are four species which are primarily grown for edible fruit production: the European pear Pyrus communis subsp. communis cultivated mainly in Europe and North America, the Chinese white pear ( bai li ) Pyrus × bretschneideri , the Chinese pear Pyrus ussuriensis , and the Nashi pear Pyrus pyrifolia (also known as Asian pear or apple pear), which are grown mainly in eastern Asia. There are thousands of cultivars of these three species. A species grown in western China, P. sinkiangensis , and P. pashia , grown in southern China and south Asia, are also produced to
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#17327720774593484-493: The performance of each head or seaming station of the can seamer allows for better prediction of can seamer issues, and may be used to plan maintenance when convenient, rather than to simply react after bad or unsafe cans have been produced. Canning is a way of processing food to extend its shelf life . The idea is to make food available and edible long after the processing time. A 1997 study found that canned fruits and vegetables are as rich with dietary fiber and vitamins as
3551-594: The process of packaging food in sealed airtight cans, made of tinned wrought iron. Initially, the canning process was slow and labour-intensive, as each large can had to be hand-made, and took up to six hours to cook, making canned food too expensive for ordinary people. The main market for the food at this stage was the British Army and Royal Navy . By 1817, Donkin recorded that he had sold £3000 worth of canned meat in six months. In 1824, Sir William Edward Parry took canned beef and pea soup with him on his voyage to
3618-460: The range of canned food available to urban populations greatly increase, as canners competed with each other using novel foodstuffs, highly decorated printed labels, and lower prices. Demand for canned food skyrocketed during World War I , as military commanders sought vast quantities of cheap, high- calorie food to feed their millions of soldiers, which could be transported safely, survive trench conditions, and not spoil in transport. Throughout
3685-412: The related apple , the pear fruit is a pome , in most wild species 1–4 cm ( 1 ⁄ 2 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) diameter, but in some cultivated forms up to 18 cm (7 in) long and 9 cm ( 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) broad. The shape varies in most species from oblate or globose, to the classic pyriform " pear shape " of the European pear with an elongated basal portion and
3752-636: The risk of health problems, including high blood pressure . Therefore, health authorities have recommended limitations of dietary sodium. Many canned products are available in low-salt and no-salt alternatives. Rinsing thoroughly after opening may reduce the amount of salt in canned vegetables, since much of the salt content is thought to be in the liquid, rather than the food itself. Foodborne botulism results from contaminated foodstuffs in which C. botulinum spores have been allowed to germinate and produce botulism toxin, and this typically occurs in canned non-acidic food substances that have not received
3819-432: The same corresponding fresh or frozen foods, and in some cases the canned products are richer than their fresh or frozen counterparts. The heating process during canning appears to make dietary fiber more soluble, and therefore more readily fermented in the colon into gases and physiologically active byproducts. Canned tomatoes have a higher available lycopene content. Consequently, canned meat and vegetables are often among
3886-536: The same source. Canned goods and canning supplies sell particularly well in times of recession due to the tendency of financially stressed individuals to engage in cocooning , a term used by retail analysts to describe the phenomenon in which people choose to stay at home instead of adding expenditures to their budget by dining out and socializing outside the home. . Also, some people may become preppers and proceed to stockpile canned food. A doomer would also be interested in stockpiling canned food upon learning about
3953-464: The seam open with a twin blade saw and measuring with a double seam inspection system. The combination of these measurements will determine the seam's quality. Use of a statistical process control (SPC) software in conjunction with a manual double-seam monitor, computerized double seam scanner, or even a fully automatic double seam inspection system makes the laborious process of double seam inspection faster and much more accurate. Statistically tracking
4020-468: The side seam end juncture at the end curl to have more metal to curl around before closing in behind the Body Hook or flange, with a greater opportunity for error. Many different parts during the seaming process are critical in ensuring that a can is airtight and vacuum sealed. The dangers of a can that is not hermetically sealed are contamination by foreign objects (bacteria or fungicide sprays), or that
4087-614: The total (table). About 48% of the Southern Hemisphere 's pears are produced in the Patagonian valley of Río Negro in Argentina. Pears may be stored at room temperature until ripe. Pears are ripe when the flesh around the stem gives to gentle pressure. Ripe pears are optimally stored refrigerated, uncovered in a single layer, where they have a shelf life of 2 to 3 days. Pears ripen at room temperature. Ripening
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#17327720774594154-462: The war, British soldiers generally subsisted on low-quality canned food, such as the British bully beef , pork and beans , canned sausages, and Maconochie's stew , but by 1916, widespread dissatisfaction and increasing complaints about the poor quality canned food among soldiers resulted in militaries seeking better-quality food to improve morale, and complete meals-in-a-can began to appear. In 1917,
4221-733: The wars ended before the process was perfected. Following the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the canning process was gradually employed in other European countries and the United States. Based on Appert's methods of food preservation, the tin can process was allegedly developed by Frenchman Philippe de Girard , who came to London and used British merchant Peter Durand as an agent to patent his own idea in 1810. Durand did not pursue food canning himself, selling his patent in 1811 to Bryan Donkin and John Hall , who were in business as Donkin Hall and Gamble, of Bermondsey . Bryan Donkin developed
4288-492: The work of Peter Durand (1810). Cans are cheaper and quicker to make, and much less fragile than glass jars. Can openers were not invented for another thirty years. At first, soldiers would cut the cans open with bayonets or smash them open with rocks. Today, tin-coated steel is the material most commonly used. Aseptically processed retort pouches are also used for canning. Glass jars have remained popular for some high-value products and in home canning . To prevent
4355-403: Was among the factors limiting military campaigns to the summer and autumn months. In 1809, Nicolas Appert , a French confectioner and brewer, observed that food cooked inside a jar did not spoil unless the seals leaked, and developed a method of sealing food in glass jars. Appert was awarded the prize in 1810 by Count Montelivert, a French minister of the interior. The reason for lack of spoilage
4422-663: Was no trace of microbial growth and the 109-year-old food was determined to be still safe to eat. Shortly before the Napoleonic Wars , the French government offered a hefty cash award of 12,000 francs to any inventor who could devise a cheap and effective method of preserving large amounts of food to create well-preserved military rations for the Grande Armée . The larger armies of the period required increased and regular supplies of quality food. Limited food availability
4489-473: Was unknown at the time, since it would be another 50 years before Louis Pasteur demonstrated the role of microbes in food spoilage and developed pasteurization . The Grande Armée began experimenting with issuing canned foods to its soldiers, but the slow process of canning and the even slower development and transport stages prevented the army from shipping large amounts across the French Empire , and
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