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47-427: Candy Land is a simple racing board game created by Eleanor Abbott and published by Milton Bradley in 1948. The game requires no reading and minimal counting skills, making it suitable for young children. No strategy is involved as players are never required to make choices; only following directions is required. About one million copies per year are sold. The game was designed in 1948 by Eleanor Abbott, while she

94-520: A built-in ATSC tuner, the HM-DT100U, but it remains extremely rare, and therefore expensive. In July 2016, Funai Electric, the last remaining manufacturer of VHS VCR/DVD combo recorders, announced it would cease production of VHS recorders by the end of the month. As a result of winning the format war over HD DVD , the new high definition optical disc format Blu-ray Disc was expected to replace

141-404: A cause of random dew sensor warnings. Usually, a "DEW" indicator or error code lights up on the display of most VCRs/camcorders, and on some, a buzzer may sound. Magnetic tapes could be mechanically damaged when ejected from the machine due to moisture or other problems. Rubber drive belts and rollers hardened with age, causing malfunctions. Around the late '90s and early 2000s, DVDs became

188-578: A colored pathway that mimicked the board for the game, several Candy Land characters, and candy-themed shelving and ceiling decorations. Candy Land was one of several Hasbro properties featured in the 2011 one-shot comic book Unit: E , which attempted to revamp and tie together several of Hasbro's dormant properties. Princess Lolly is seen in one page, with Synergy (from Jem ), the son of Acroyear and his servant Biotron (both from Micronauts ) discussing her and other fairies that have crossed over from their land onto Earth more than once. Synergy believes

235-482: A continuous audio signal. While the video signal can easily hide the head-switching point in the invisible vertical retrace section of the signal, so that the exact switching point is not very important, the same is obviously not possible with a continuous audio signal that has no inaudible sections. Hi-Fi audio is thus dependent on a much more exact alignment of the head switching point than is required for non-HiFi VHS machines. Misalignments may lead to imperfect joining of

282-567: A film based on the Candy Land board game. Etan Cohen , a writer for comedies like Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa and Tropic Thunder , was hired to write the screenplay. Kevin Lima , who directed Enchanted , was set to direct. However, in 2011, a new screenwriting team was designated, composed of Jonathan Aibel and Glenn Berger . They said, "We don't see it as a movie based on a board game, although it has characters from that world and takes

329-693: A home recorder, whereas rental cassettes could not be rewound, and had to be returned to the retailer in order to be rewound. Sony demonstrated a videocassette prototype in October 1969, then set it aside to work out an industry standard by March 1970 with seven fellow manufacturers. The result, the Sony U-matic system, introduced in Tokyo in September 1971, was the world's first commercial videocassette format. Its cartridges, resembling larger versions of

376-481: A lawsuit by Landmark Entertainment Group took place over ownership and royalties owned for the characters and storyline introduced in the 1984 edition. A cooking competition show, which was based on the game and hosted by Kristin Chenoweth , premiered on Food Network on November 15, 2020. Teams of dessert chefs competed over six weeks for a $ 25,000 grand prize. The Toy Industry Association named Candy Land as

423-410: A major income source. The video cassette recorder is sensitive to changes in temperature and humidity. If the machine (or tape) was moved from a hot to a colder environment there could be condensation of moisture on the internal parts, such as the rotating video head drum. Some later models were equipped with a dew warning which would prevent operation in this case, but it could not detect moisture on

470-468: A player in advantageous positions. Complex race games include those from the cross and circle game family. Many of these games, such as Ludo , Parcheesi , Trouble , and Sorry! , ultimately derive from the ancient Indian games Pachisi and Chaupar . Multiplex race games prioritize the role of strategy while retaining the element of chance. Each player has more than one piece to move as in complex race games, but every choice of move greatly impacts

517-518: A specified position. In addition to the race games specified above, the category would then include games such as Hex , Agon , Chinese Checkers , and Tic-tac-toe . However, board game surveys generally follow Murray in assigning games played on two-dimensional fields to a separate category, such as Murray's "Games of Alignment and Configuration", keeping only linear games (as defined above) in their "race games" category. Bibliography VCR A videocassette recorder ( VCR ) or video recorder

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564-400: A storyline and characters such as Mr. Mint and Gramma Nutt. It has the modern track layout and ends with a purple square. Some of the characters and place names were changed in 2002. Queen Frostine became "Princess" Frostine, the classic Molasses Swamp was changed to Chocolate Swamp, Princess Lolly was changed to Lolly, and the character Plumpy was removed entirely. A VCR board game version

611-434: A travel version, a personal computer game , and a handheld electronic version . Candy Land was involved in one of the first disputes over Internet domain names in 1996. An adult web content provider registered candyland.com, and Hasbro objected. Hasbro obtained an injunction against the use. In 2012, Hasbro announced a film, which triggered a lawsuit by Landmark Entertainment Group over ownership and royalties owed for

658-418: Is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other AV sources and can play back the recording after rewinding. The use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as time shifting . VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes, which were widely available for purchase and rental starting in

705-494: The 8-track cartridge in 1965, and the Super 8 home movie cartridge in 1966. In 1972, videocassettes of movies became available for home use through Cartrivision . The format never became widely popular because recorders were expensive (retailing for $ 1,350 (equivalent to $ 9,266 in 2023)) and players were not available as standalone units. Cassettes intended for home use were encased in black plastic, and could be rewound by

752-422: The Candy Land board game were made. The first dates from 1949. This version, and other early versions, had only locations (Molasses Swamp, Gumdrop Mountains, etc.) and no characters. A board copyrighted in 1962 shows a track layout different from the more recent versions. In the first edition, the pawns were wooden, but they were changed in the 1967 version to plastic gingerbread men. The 1984 edition introduced

799-449: The DVD format. However, with many homes still having a large supply of VHS tapes and with all Blu-ray players designed to play regular DVDs and CDs by default , some manufacturers began to make VCR/Blu-ray combo players. Due to the path followed by the video and Hi-Fi audio heads being striped and discontinuous—unlike that of the linear audio track—head-switching is required to provide

846-578: The Nottingham Industrial Museum . The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000 , first marketed in 1965, was its first VTR intended for home use. It was the first fully transistorized VCR. The development of the videocassette followed the replacement by cassette of other open reel systems in consumer items: the Stereo-Pak four-track audio cartridge in 1962, the compact audio cassette and Instamatic film cartridge in 1963,

893-487: The 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR. The two major standards were Sony 's Betamax (also known as Betacord or just Beta), and JVC 's VHS (Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the format war . Betamax

940-462: The 2006 version, dot spaces were replaced with licorice spaces that cause the player landing on it simply to lose the next turn. The game is won by landing on or passing the final square and thus reaching the goal of the Candy Castle. In the original version, that final square is purple, but the official rules specify that any card that would cause the player to advance past the last square wins

987-515: The 80s and 90s, most popularly in the VHS videocassette format. Blank tapes were sold to make recordings. VCRs declined in popularity during the 2000s and in 2016, Funai Electric, the last remaining manufacturer, ceased production. The history of the videocassette recorder follows the history of videotape recording in general. Ampex introduced the quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became

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1034-612: The US include ATSC and QAM support, encouraged major electronics manufacturers to end production of standalone units, with VCR/DVD combo decks being made since then; most of them then can only record from external baseband sources (usually composite video ), including CECBs which (by NTIA mandate) all have composite outputs, as well as those ATSC tuners (including TVs) and cable boxes that come with composite outputs; some combo units that allow recording to DVD do include an ATSC tuner built into them. JVC did ship one model of D-VHS deck with

1081-410: The board. Similarly in games as diverse as Monopoly and Trivial Pursuit , players roll-and-move to spaces which may help or hinder their progress, but there is no physical "finish line": a win is not attained positionally, but rather by the collection of assets. It is possible to broaden the definition of the term "race games" to comprise all board games in which the winner is the first to attain

1128-412: The cassette before the head drum stops spinning. The tape will be extensively damaged, the video heads will often become clogged, and the mechanism may be unable to eject the cassette. The dew sensor itself is mounted very close to the video head drum. Contrary to how one might expect this to behave, the sensor increases its resistance when moisture is present. Poor contacts on the sensor can therefore be

1175-531: The characters and storyline introduced in the 1984 edition. There was another film in 2005, called Candy Land: The Great Lollipop Adventure. The race is woven around a storyline about finding King Kandy, the lost king of Candy Land. The board consists of a winding, linear track made of 134 spaces, most red, green, blue, yellow, orange, or purple. The remaining pink spaces are named locations, such as Candy Cane Forest and Gumdrop Mountain, or characters, such as Queen Frostine and Gramma Nutt. Players take turns removing

1222-476: The classic game. Backward moves can be ignored for younger players in the 2004 version of the game. Prior to the 2006 edition, the board had three colored spaces marked with a dot. Two of these spaces were designated as "cherry pitfalls" and the other was situated in Molasses Swamp. A player who lands on such a space is stuck (all cards are ignored until a card is drawn of the same color as the square). In

1269-433: The company in the same league as its main competitor, Parker Brothers . The original art has been purported to be by Abbott, although this is uncertain. In 1984, Hasbro purchased Milton Bradley. Landmark Entertainment Group revamped the game with new art that same year, adding characters and a storyline. Hasbro produces several versions of the game and treats it as a brand. For example, it markets Candy Land puzzles ,

1316-445: The creatures of Primordia (an attempted reworking of Inhumanoids ) may have been the result of someone angering the fairies in the past, though she admits she's uncertain if this is in fact the case. An animated feature, Candy Land: The Great Lollipop Adventure , was released in 2005. It was dedicated to Eleanor Abbott, creator of the game, who died before the film came out. In February 2009, Universal Pictures announced plans for

1363-407: The element of chance. Examples include Bantu and Hare and Tortoise . Many board games share some characteristics with these games, but are not categorized as race games. For example, the characteristic roll-and-move mechanism of race games is also found in running-fight games (such as Coppit ), but here the object of the game is not to finish first, it is to capture and remove enemy pieces from

1410-817: The film industry and the American public to the Boston strangler : I say to you that the VCR is to the American film producer and the American public as the Boston strangler is to the woman home alone. In the case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the device was allowable for private use. Subsequently the film companies found that making and selling video recordings of their productions had become

1457-497: The first universally successful optical medium for playback of pre-recorded video, as it gradually overtook VHS to become the most popular consumer format. DVD recorders and other digital video recorders dropped rapidly in price, making the VCR obsolete. DVD rentals in the United States first exceeded those of VHS in June 2003. The declining market, combined with a US FCC mandate effective March 1, 2007, that all new TV tuners in

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1504-421: The game. Many people, however, play with a rule that one must land exactly on the last square to win. The 2004 version changed the last space to rainbow color, meaning it applies to any color drawn by a player, which renders the rule moot. As of 2013, Candy Land is being sold by Hasbro with a spinner instead of cards. The spinner includes all outcomes that were previously on the cards. At least four versions of

1551-429: The high cost – US$ 1,395 equivalent to $ 10,495 in 2023 for a combination TV/VCR – kept it out of most homes. In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format " Video Cassette Recording " (although it is also referred to as "N1500", after the first recorder's model number). The industry boomed in

1598-417: The idea of people finding themselves in a world that happens to be made entirely of candy where there are huge battles going on. We are going for real comedy, real action, and real emotions at stake." By January 2012 Columbia Pictures , Happy Madison , and Adam Sandler were in final negotiations to develop the film, with Sandler both starring and co-writing the screenplay with Robert Smigel . In July 2014,

1645-768: The later VHS cassettes, used 3/4-inch (1.9 cm)-wide tape and had a maximum playing time of 60 minutes, later extended to 80 minutes. Sony also introduced two machines (the VP-1100 videocassette player and the VO-1700, also called the VO-1600 video-cassette recorder) to use the new tapes. U-matic, with its ease of use, quickly made other consumer videotape systems obsolete in Japan and North America, where U-matic VCRs were widely used by television newsrooms (Sony BVU-150 and Trinitron DXC 1810 video camera), schools, and businesses. But

1692-829: The most popular toy in the US in the 1940s. In 2005, the game was inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame at The Strong Museum in Rochester, New York . About one million copies per year are sold. Race game Race games may be categorized by their ratio of luck to skill. Other classifications include geographical distribution or derivation; and shape of track (including spiral, cross and circle , and square—either boustrophedon as in Snakes and Ladders or "labyrinthine" as in Thaayam ). Simple race games involve pure luck. Each player has only one piece to move, and

1739-613: The outcome of the game thus depends solely on chance. The Game of the Goose is the progenitor of most simple Western race games, whereas Snakes and Ladders is descended from simple race games originating in the Indian subcontinent. The ancient Egyptian game Mehen was likely a simple race game. Complex race games combine chance and strategy, but still emphasize more on the former. Each player often has more than one piece to move (typically four), and so choices of move can be made that will put

1786-419: The outcome of the game. Multiplex race games include the many varieties of the tables game family, of which Backgammon is the most well-known representative. Others include Trictrac , Nard , and Acey-deucey . The ancient Egyptian game Senet and the ancient Mesopotamian Royal Game of Ur were almost certainly race games, and may belong in this category. Strategic race games eliminate (or render trivial)

1833-399: The surface of a tape. The presence of moisture between the tape and the rotating head drum increases friction which prevents correct operation and can cause damage to both the recording device and the tape. In extreme cases, if the dew sensor fails to function and stop the video recorder, moisture can cause the tape to stick to the spinning video head. This can pull a large amount of tape from

1880-424: The top card from a stack, most of which show one of six colors, and then moving their marker ahead to the next space of that color. Some cards have two marks of a color, in which case the player moves the marker ahead to the second-next space of that color. The deck has one card for each named location, and drawing such a card moves a player directly to that board location. This move can be either forward or backward in

1927-654: The venues and characters of the Village, such as Mayor Clayton and Ms. Merry. There are licensed versions of Candy Land with characters such as Winnie the Pooh , Dora the Explorer , and SpongeBob . Characters depend on the version of the game. The Candy section of Toys "R" Us in New York City 's Times Square maintained a Candy Land theme until losing its license for the characters in 2006. The theme included

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1974-513: The world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of US$ 50,000 (equivalent to $ 560,000 in 2023), the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1959, Toshiba introduced a new method of recording known as helical scan , releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It

2021-542: Was first implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders (VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes. In 1963, Philips introduced its EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and Sony marketed the 2" PV-100, its first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use. The Telcan (Television in a Can), produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963,

2068-479: Was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality. In the early 1980s US film companies fought to suppress the VCR in the consumer market, citing concerns about copyright violations. In Congressional hearings, Motion Picture Association of America head Jack Valenti decried the "savagery and the ravages of this machine" and likened its effect on

2115-534: Was recovering from polio in San Diego , California . The game was made for and tested by the children in the same wards on the hospital. The children suggested that Abbott submit the game to Milton Bradley Company . The game was bought by Milton Bradley and first published in 1949 as a temporary fill-in for their then main product line, school supplies. Candy Land became Milton Bradley's best-selling game, surpassing its previous top seller, Uncle Wiggily , and put

2162-744: Was released in 1986. Hasbro released an electronic version of the game for Windows in 1998. An animated feature, Candy Land: The Great Lollipop Adventure , was produced in 2005 and later spawned a DVD game version of Candy Land . The "Give Kids the World: Village edition" of Candy Land was produced by Hasbro especially for the Give Kids The World Village , a non-profit resort in Kissimmee, Florida for children with life-threatening illnesses and their families. Traditional Candy Land characters and locations were replaced with

2209-585: Was the first home video recorder. It was developed by Michael Turner and Norman Rutherford. It could be purchased as a unit or in kit form for £1,337 (equivalent to £35,400 in 2023). There were several drawbacks as it was expensive, not easy to assemble, and could record only 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time as color broadcasts were not available until BBC Two began broadcasting in color in 1967. An original Telcan Domestic Video Recorder can be seen at

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