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93-417: The F-1 was Canon's first successful professional-grade SLR system, supporting a huge variety of accessories and interchangeable parts so it could be adapted for different uses and preferences. Their earlier professional Canonflex of 1959 had failed due to a premature introduction—before professional accessories were ready. In 1972 Canon launched a Highspeed model with a fixed pellicle mirror that allowed

186-497: A 2-letter code (sometimes on the side of the battery) where the first letter identifies the manufacturer and the second is the year of manufacture. For example: There is no universal standard. The manufacturing date can be abbreviated to the last digit of the year, followed by a digit or letter indicating the month, where O, Y, and Z are used for October, November and December, respectively (e.g., 01 = January 2010 or 2000, 9Y = November 2019 or 2009). A code used by some manufacturers

279-647: A 35mm camera system with the release of the FD 55mm f /1.2 AL in (launched alongside the F-1 in March 1971). Canon's super telephoto FD lenses were also the first to use white-colored housings, which were designed to keep the thermally sensitive fluorite lens elements from expanding or cracking. Canon continues to use white housings for its L-series lenses today, though the modern versions are made with ultra-low dispersion (UD) glass rather than fluorite. The Canon F-1 has one of

372-400: A built-in intervalometer for delays up to 1 frame per minute. The maximum speed was 3 frames per second. In 1972 Canon made a special modification of the F-1 called the "High Speed Motor Drive Camera". The moving mirror was replaced by a fixed pellicle (semi transparent) mirror and the motor drive was permanently attached; the camera's wind lever was removed, making it impossible to use without

465-409: A circuit which can release an alkali that is strong enough to burn through human tissue. Swallowed batteries can cause damage to the lining of the esophagus , and can create a hole in the esophagus lining in two hours. In severe cases, damage can cause a passage between the esophagus and the trachea . Swallowed button cells can damage the vocal cords. They can even burn through the blood vessels in

558-478: A drive unit which attached to the bottom of the body, and a battery grip. The Motor Drive MF had its batteries (10 AAs) in a vertical grip that normally mounted to the front of the camera, where it could be gripped by the photographer's right hand, but could be detached and connected via the coiled "Connecting Cord for Grip MF" for remote operation. It had a maximum rate of 3.5 frame/sec and was much better suited to action / sports photography, especially when paired with

651-432: A file. Diana Muir believes that North's milling machine was online around 1816. Muir, Merritt Roe Smith, and Robert B. Gordon all agree that before 1832 both Simeon North and John Hall were able to mass-produce complex machines with moving parts (guns) using a system that entailed the use of rough-forged parts, with a milling machine that milled the parts to near-correct size, and that were then "filed to gage by hand with

744-516: A firearms contract with interchangeable parts using the American System , but historians Merritt Roe Smith and Robert B. Gordon have since determined that Whitney never actually achieved interchangeable parts manufacturing. His family's arms company, however, did so after his death. Mass production using interchangeable parts was first achieved in 1803 by Marc Isambard Brunel in cooperation with Henry Maudslay and Simon Goodrich, under

837-534: A higher rate than those of the later British New Land Pattern musket and the American M1816 musket. Louis de Tousard , who fled the French Revolution, joined the U.S. Corp of Artillerists in 1795 and wrote an influential artillerist's manual that stressed the importance of standardization. Numerous inventors began to try to implement the principle Blanc had described. The development of

930-482: A holder or with solder tags for permanent connection. In equipment with a battery holder, disposable or rechargeable batteries may be used, if the voltage is compatible. A typical use for a small rechargeable battery (in coin or other format) is to back up the settings of equipment which is normally permanently mains-powered, in the case of power failure. For example, many central heating controllers store operation times and similar information in volatile memory , lost in

1023-484: A long time if not used. Relatively high-power devices such as hearing aids may use a zinc–air battery , which has a much higher capacity for a given size, but dries out after a few weeks even if not used. Button cells are usually disposable primary cells , but some are rechargeable secondary cells. Common anode materials are zinc or lithium . Common cathode materials are manganese dioxide , silver oxide , carbon monofluoride , cupric oxide or oxygen from

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1116-431: A manufacturer's range may show a high-capacity alkaline cell with a capacity as high as one of the lower-capacity silver types; or a particular silver cell with twice the capacity of a particular alkaline cell. If the powered equipment requires a relatively high voltage (e.g., 1.3 V) to operate correctly, a silver cell with a flat discharge characteristic will give much longer service than an alkaline cell—even if it has

1209-555: A metering range from EV –3.5 to +10 with a film speed range of ASA 25–12800. When outside the metering range of the Booster T, the in-body meter is used instead. Just like the metering range was shifted towards the dark side, this finder also shifts the shutter speeds the camera provided towards the long end. Instead of the normal range of shutter speeds (1 – 1 ⁄ 2000  s), the Booster T Finder provided stepped shutter speeds of 60 – 1 ⁄ 60  s. It completely covers

1302-459: A military model called "ODF-1" (olive drab) with an all-over olive green finishing was presented. (Note, this was not for military use but rather a special addition made for the civilian market. It is unknown how many were made, figures are estimated to be around 3,000.) Canon, being the official sponsor of the World Cup, made 1978 55 mm lens caps and 1982 52 mm lens caps commemorating

1395-469: A milling machine, Terry was able to mass-produce clock wheels and plates a few dozen at the same time. Jigs and templates were used to make uniform pinions, so that all parts could be assembled using an assembly line . The crucial step toward interchangeability in metal parts was taken by Simeon North , working only a few miles from Eli Terry . North created one of the world's first true milling machines to do metal shaping that had been done by hand with

1488-426: A pop-up hood to shield the focusing screen from stray light, as well as a magnifier to help with critical focusing. The waist-level finder did not allow the metering information to be seen. The Speed Finder had a rotation feature. This had an arrangement of prisms such that it could be swivelled between eye-level and waist-level positions. It also allowed the entire finder image to be viewed from 60 millimeters away and

1581-411: A rectangular area in the center of the frame. With a removable viewfinder, the F-1's flash coupler originally attached atop the rewind crank. Initially, there were two flash couplers, D and L. The D model was a simple x-synch coupler that allowed any non-dedicated manual or auto flash to be used. The Flash Coupler L contained two batteries (now hard to find, one being originally a 1.35v mercuric oxide and

1674-413: A scarce and difficult achievement into an everyday capability throughout the manufacturing industries. In the 1950s and 1960s, historians of technology broadened the world's understanding of the history of the development. Few people outside that academic discipline knew much about the topic until as recently as the 1980s and 1990s, when the academic knowledge began finding wider audiences. As recently as

1767-751: A wireless control unit, the Wireless Controller LC-1. These all allowed either remote and / or unattended use of the camera. Later, Canon introduced the Power Winder F, a 2 frame/ sec power winder with a grip for ease of use. It used 4 AA batteries in the same battery magazine that the Canon A-series Power Winder A used. The Power winder F could use most of the remote switches that also fit the Motor Drive MF. The only two accessories that it could not use were

1860-417: Is AG (alkaline) or SG (silver) followed by a number, as follows To those familiar with the chemical symbol for silver, Ag , this may suggest incorrectly that AG cells are silver. In addition to disposable (single use) button cells, rechargeable batteries in many of the same sizes are available, with lower capacity than disposable cells. Disposable and rechargeable batteries are manufactured to fit into

1953-437: Is 9.5 mm in diameter, no other value between 9.0 and 9.9 is used. The last two digits are the overall height in tenths of a millimeter. Examples: Some coin cells, particularly lithium, are made with solder tabs for permanent installation, such as to power memory for configuration information of a device. The complete nomenclature will have prefixes and suffixes to indicate special terminal arrangements. For example, there

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2046-515: Is a plug-in and a solder-in CR2032, a plug-in and three solder-in BR2330s in addition to CR2330s, and many rechargeables in 2032, 2330, and other sizes. After the package code, the following additional letters may optionally appear in the type designation to indicate the electrolyte used: Apart from the type code described in the preceding section, watch batteries should also be marked with Often

2139-676: Is a self-contained unit with three analog dials to select numbers, certain letters, or Roman numerals. The Film Chamber 250 could be used alone or with the Motor Drive Unit or Motor Drive MF; the MF's grip had to be removed and coupled via a dedicated cord. The F-1s eyepiece was threaded and could take a metal (later soft rubber covered) ring, an eyecup or several different diopter adjustment lenses. The Magnifier R and Angle Finders A2 and B could also be attached to allow critical focusing and / or waist-level use (if one did not want to fit either

2232-458: Is from EV +2.5 to +18. A servo mechanism in the finder drove the aperture lever on the lens via the "EE Coupler" arm, stopping the lens down to the correct value. This finder used the same coupling pin on the shutter speed dial as the Booster T Finder did, to sync the finder's shutter speed setting with the camera. It required a cord connected battery magazine (8 AAs) or the Motor Drive MF and a special power cord. The originally available Motor Drive

2325-409: Is increasing. Coin cells of diameter 20 mm or greater cause the most serious injuries, even if expended and intact. In Auckland, New Zealand as of 2018 there are about 20 cases per year requiring hospitalization. In 2020, Duracell announced that they were coating some of their lithium button cells with a bitterant compound to discourage children from ingesting them. An alternative solution

2418-467: Is to design (or litigate ) the offending cells, mostly 20mm lithium cells, out of the supply chain. Children most at risk of button battery ingestion are those aged 5 years and under. Three child deaths in Australia reveal that in each case: i) the ingestion was not witnessed, ii) the source of the battery remains unknown, iii) initial misdiagnosis delayed appropriate intervention, iv) diagnosis

2511-488: The Système Gribeauval at the musket level. By around 1778, Honoré Blanc began producing some of the first firearms with interchangeable flintlock mechanisms , although they were carefully made by craftsmen. Blanc demonstrated in front of a committee of scientists that his muskets could be fitted with flintlock mechanisms picked at random from a pile of parts. In 1785 muskets with interchangeable locks caught

2604-602: The First Punic War . Carthaginian ships had standardized, interchangeable parts that even came with assembly instructions akin to "tab A into slot B" marked on them. In the late-18th century, French General Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval promoted standardized weapons in what became known as the Système Gribeauval after it was issued as a royal order in 1765. (At the time the system focused on artillery more than on muskets or handguns .) One of

2697-561: The Olympic emblem on the front upper left of the body. Canon also manufactured and sold commemorative 55 mm and (much harder to find) 58 mm lens caps with the 1976 Montreal Olympics for their normal lenses in production at the time. For the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , a Special version of the F-1 with the engraved Lake Placid Olympic logo was offered. Special Lake Placid 52 mm lens caps were also made. In 1978

2790-401: The depolarizer and have much higher capacity than other types, as they take that air from the atmosphere. Cells have an air-tight seal which must be removed before use; they will then dry out in a few weeks, regardless of use. For comparison, the properties of some cells from one manufacturer with diameter 11.6 mm and height 5.4 mm were listed in 2009 as: Examining datasheets for

2883-533: The 1960s, when Alfred P. Sloan published his famous memoir and management treatise, My Years with General Motors , even the long-time president and chair of the largest manufacturing enterprise that had ever existed knew very little about the history of the development, other than to say that: [ Henry M. Leland was], I believe, one of those mainly responsible for bringing the technique of interchangeable parts into automobile manufacturing. […] It has been called to my attention that Eli Whitney, long before, had started

Canon F-1 - Misplaced Pages Continue

2976-845: The 1978 and 1982 World Cup events. The Museum of Contemporary Art in Gothenburg in Sweden showed a giant working replica of the Canon F1 made by the artist Sonja Nilsson in 2001.   Canon F series   |   F series with pellicle mirror   |   Canon T series   |   Canon A series   See also: Early Canon film SLR cameras | Canon EOS film cameras | Canon EOS digital cameras Interchangeable parts Interchangeable parts are parts ( components ) that are identical for practical purposes. They are made to specifications that ensure that they are so nearly identical that they will fit into any assembly of

3069-456: The 20th century, and has become an important element of some modern manufacturing but is missing from other important industries. Interchangeability of parts was achieved by combining a number of innovations and improvements in machining operations and the invention of several machine tools , such as the slide rest lathe , screw-cutting lathe , turret lathe , milling machine and metal planer . Additional innovations included jigs for guiding

3162-627: The F-1, though they must be used in stop-down metering mode . One exception is the FLP 38 mm F2.8, which was designed for the Canon Pellix . This lens' rear element extends further into the camera body than other FL-mount lenses, and would obstruct the moving mirror of the Canon F-1. Canon introduced a number of innovations in the FD lens line, including the first use of an aspherical lens element in

3255-496: The Film Chamber 250, a bulk film back that could hold 250 exposures, could be attached. The Data Back set includes a Data Controller, which allows up to twelve digits (0–9) to be imprinted on the film, six digits each on the left and right sides, using a seven-segment display for each digit. The Data Controller resembles a desktop calculator with a vacuum fluorescent display and is powered by four AA batteries. The Data Back F

3348-623: The Finder Illuminator F which slid over the same flash contacts at the flash couplers. It contained a small battery powered light to light up the metering window. Later, Canon introduced the Flash Coupler F, which fastened over the Eye Level Finder, making the camera look like more like one with a fixed viewfinder and hot shoe. This flash coupler, obviously could not be used with any other viewfinder, and did not have

3441-475: The IEC prefixes are: Package size of button batteries using standard names is indicated by a 2-digit code representing a standard case size, or a 3- or 4-digit code representing the cell diameter and height. The first one or two digits encode the outer diameter of the battery in whole millimeters, rounded down; exact diameters are specified by the standard, and there is no ambiguity; e.g., any cell with an initial 9

3534-492: The IEC system, larger cells may have no prefix for the chemical system, indicating they are zinc-carbon batteries ; such types are not available in button cell format. The second letter, R , indicates a round (cylindrical) form. The standard only describes primary batteries. Rechargeable types made in the same case size will carry a different prefix not given in the IEC standard, for example some ML and LiR button cells use rechargeable lithium technology. For rechargeables,

3627-542: The Interval Timer L and the Remote Switch 60-MF. While not as fast, the Power Winder F was smaller and lighter than the Motor Drive MF. Unlike many other professional-level cameras of the early 1970s, the F-1 required no modification or special custom fitting to attach the motor drives, one simply removed the bottom plate and screwed the motor drive in place. The F-1's back was removable. Two data backs or

3720-591: The NiCd 500 FZ and plugged into the bottom of the cylindrical extension, making it unwieldy for field or sports action use. The same Battery Case could be used with the Battery Magazine 12V (8 AAs) for the Servo EE or Booster T Finders. An alternative battery pack ("Battery Case D") was released by 1973 which directly connected to a bracket around the tripod socket of the unit. The Motor Drive Unit also contained

3813-560: The Speed Finder or Servo EE finder. A special cord ("Connecting Cord MF") allowed the Servo EE finder to draw its power from the Motor Drive MF – thus making a much more compact setup than the original Motor Drive unit. The Motor Drive MF did not have a built in intervalometer , but the Interval Timer L (and later the Interval Timer TM-1 (Quartz) could be plugged into the remote control socket as could remote switches and

Canon F-1 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3906-471: The Speed Finder or Waist Level Finder). Canon offered nine different focusing screens for the F-1, with the default being the Type A. Initially, four were available (Types A – D). The focusing screen condenser incorporates a beam-splitting mirror which directs some of the incident light to the in-body CdS photoresistor light meter. This caused a perceptible darkening of the metering area, which shows up as

3999-627: The US, Eli Whitney saw the potential benefit of developing "interchangeable parts" for the firearms of the United States military. In July 1801 he built ten guns, all containing the same exact parts and mechanisms, then disassembled them before the United States Congress . He placed the parts in a mixed pile and, with help, reassembled all of the firearms in front of Congress, much as Blanc had done some years before. The Congress

4092-405: The United States . Button cell A button cell , watch battery , or coin battery is a small battery made of a single electrochemical cell and shaped as a squat cylinder typically 5 to 25 mm (0.197 to 0.984 in) in diameter and 1 to 6 mm (0.039 to 0.236 in) high – resembling a button . Stainless steel usually forms the bottom body and positive terminal of

4185-470: The United States were first developed in the nineteenth century. The term American system of manufacturing was sometimes applied to them at the time, in distinction from earlier methods. Within a few decades such methods were in use in various countries, so American system is now a term of historical reference rather than current industrial nomenclature. Evidence of the use of interchangeable parts can be traced back over two thousand years to Carthage in

4278-435: The accomplishments of the system was that solid-cast cannons were bored to precise tolerances, which allowed the walls to be thinner than cannons poured with hollow cores. However, because cores were often off-center, the wall thickness determined the size of the bore. Standardized boring made for shorter cannons without sacrificing accuracy and range because of the tighter fit of the shells ; it also allowed standardization of

4371-446: The aid of filing jigs." Historians differ over the question of whether Hall or North made the crucial improvement. Merrit Roe Smith believes that it was done by Hall. Muir demonstrates the close personal ties and professional alliances between Simeon North and neighbouring mechanics mass-producing wooden clocks to argue that the process for manufacturing guns with interchangeable parts was most probably devised by North in emulation of

4464-433: The air. Mercuric oxide button cells were formerly common, but are no longer available due to the toxicity and environmental effects of mercury . Button cells are dangerous for small children, as when swallowed they can cause severe internal burns and significant injury or death. Duracell has attempted to mitigate this by adding a bitter coating to their batteries. Cells of different chemical composition made in

4557-570: The attention of the United States' Ambassador to France, Thomas Jefferson , through the efforts of Honoré Blanc. Jefferson tried unsuccessfully to persuade Blanc to move to America, then wrote to the American Secretary of War with the idea, and when he returned to the USA he worked to fund its development. President George Washington approved of the concept, and in 1798 Eli Whitney signed a contract to mass-produce 12,000 muskets built under

4650-429: The blocks to ensure alignment throughout the process. One of the many advantages of this new method was the increase in labour productivity due to the less labour-intensive requirements of managing the machinery. Richard Beamish, assistant to Brunel's son and engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel , wrote: So that ten men, by the aid of this machinery, can accomplish with uniformity, celerity and ease, what formerly required

4743-476: The camera's dial stopped at the B(ulb) setting, and the finder kept the shutter release on the body pressed for the duration of the exposure. The mechanics of this connection also resulted in the oddity that there was no 2 s setting, but 4, 3 and 1 seconds. The Servo EE Finder added shutter priority automatic exposure to the F-1. Like the Booster T, the Servo EE contains two CdS metering cells; its metering range

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4836-437: The case of power failure. It is usual for such systems to include a backup battery, either a disposable in a holder (current drain is extremely low and life is long) or a soldered-in rechargeable. Rechargeable NiCd button cells were often components of the backup battery of older computers; non-rechargeable lithium button cells with a lifetime of several years are used in later equipment. Rechargeable batteries typically have

4929-415: The cell called LR1154 by the IEC standard is named AG13, LR44, 357, A76, and other names by different manufacturers. The IEC standard and some others encode the case size so that the numeric part of the code is uniquely determined by the case size; other codes do not encode size directly. Examples of batteries conforming to the IEC standard are CR2032, SR516, and LR1154, where the letters and numbers indicate

5022-469: The cell; insulated from it, the metallic top cap forms the negative terminal. Button cells are used to power small portable electronics devices such as wrist watches and pocket calculators . Wider variants are usually called coin cells . Devices using button cells are usually designed around a cell giving a long service life, typically well over a year in continuous use in a wristwatch. Most button cells have low self-discharge, holding their charge for

5115-493: The charge level of the flash to allow match needle flash photography. Canon announced and produced manuals for a high power handle mounted ("potato masher") flash designated SpeedLight 500A. This was also to use the CATS equipment It appears in some Canon publications, and there are user instructions for it, however most people have never actually seen a SpeedLight 500A. For low ambient light photography without flash, Canon provided

5208-498: The chest area, including the aorta . In the United States, 44 child deaths were reported from button battery ingestion in 2002–2021. In Greater Manchester , England, with a population of 2,700,000, two children between 12 months and six years old died, and five suffered life-changing injuries, in the 18 months leading up to October 2014. In the United States, on average, over 3,000 pediatric ingestions of button batteries are reported annually. The proportion of major and fatal outcomes

5301-504: The development of interchangeable parts in connection with the manufacture of guns, a fact which suggests a line of descent from Whitney to Leland to the automobile industry. One of the better-known books on the subject, which was first published in 1984 and has enjoyed a readership beyond academia, has been David A. Hounshell 's From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in

5394-400: The docks by introducing power-driven machinery and reorganising the dockyard system. Marc Brunel, a pioneering engineer, and Maudslay, a founding father of machine tool technology who had developed the first industrially practical screw-cutting lathe in 1800 which standardized screw thread sizes for the first time, collaborated on plans to manufacture block-making machinery; the proposal

5487-473: The electronics that the L model had, but it was more compact and the newer A-series flashes which had auto flash capabilities had now superseded the old SpeedLite 133D. The CATS flash equipment was for the later electronic Canon F1 New (1981) and it allowed aperture settings from the camera to be communicated to the flash unit. It was also possible for the flash unit to select an appropriate camera aperture based on its own photo cell exposure reading, provided that

5580-557: The end-point is the voltage beyond which further discharge will cause damage to the battery and possibly the device it is powering, typically 1.0 or 0.9 V. Common names are conventional rather than uniquely descriptive; for example, a silver (oxide) cell has an alkaline electrolyte. L , S , and C type cells are today the most commonly used types in quartz watches , calculators , small PDA devices, computer clocks, and blinky lights . Miniature zinc-air batteries – P type – are used in hearing aids and medical instruments. In

5673-442: The following characteristics. The first letter in the IEC standard system identifies the chemical composition of the battery, which also implies a nominal voltage: For types with stable voltage falling precipitously at end-of-life (cliff-top voltage-versus-time graph), the end-voltage is the value at the "cliff-edge", after which the voltage drops extremely rapidly. For types which lose voltage gradually (slope graph, no cliff-edge),

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5766-457: The interchangeable system were Singer Corporation sewing machine (1860s-70s), reaper manufacturer McCormick Harvesting Machine Company (1870s–1880s) and several large steam engine manufacturers such as Corliss (mid-1880s) as well as locomotive makers. Typewriters followed some years later. Then large scale production of bicycles in the 1880s began to use the interchangeable system. During these decades, true interchangeability grew from

5859-469: The largest set of accessories of any 35mm SLR ever produced. The viewfinder is removable (interchangeable with four other viewfinders); The focusing screen can be changed out with 4 (later 9) types; the mirror can be locked up to allow deep seated lenses or for high magnification work, the back is interchangeable with a data and bulk film back (250 exposures), The bottom plate is removable and there are 4 Motor Drives and / or Power Winders that can be used (one

5952-494: The machine tools and manufacturing practices required would be a great expense to the U.S. Ordnance Department , and for some years while trying to achieve interchangeability, the firearms produced cost more to manufacture. By 1853, there was evidence that interchangeable parts, then perfected by the Federal Armories, led to savings. The Ordnance Department freely shared the techniques used with outside suppliers. In

6045-591: The machine tools, fixtures for holding the workpiece in the proper position, and blocks and gauges to check the accuracy of the finished parts. Electrification allowed individual machine tools to be powered by electric motors, eliminating line shaft drives from steam engines or water power and allowing higher speeds, making modern large-scale manufacturing possible. Modern machine tools often have numerical control (NC) which evolved into CNC (computerized numeric control) when microprocessors became available. Methods for industrial production of interchangeable parts in

6138-608: The management of (and with contributions by) Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham , the Inspector General of Naval Works at Portsmouth Block Mills , Portsmouth Dockyard , Hampshire , England. At the time, the Napoleonic War was at its height, and the Royal Navy was in a state of expansion that required 100,000 pulley blocks to be manufactured a year. Bentham had already achieved remarkable efficiency at

6231-602: The motor drive was also present. The motor drive is necessary for the camera to function in shutter priority. TTL Flash was introduced on the Nikon F3 (1981) which was a direct competitor of the F1 New. For many this was considered as a considerable advantage although the ergonomics of the Nikon F3 with its liquid crystal display lacked the clarity of the Canon F1. A comprehensive set of close-up, macro and microphoto accessories

6324-469: The motor drive. It used a corded battery case which took 20 AA batteries The slowest shutter speed was limited to 1 ⁄ 60  sec. Maximum speed was 9 frames per second, the fastest available at the time. Its use at the 1972 Olympics in Japan produced fantastic sequential shots that were previously impossible to achieve. In 1973, Canon introduced the Motor Drive MF, which was divided into two parts:

6417-527: The new system. Between 4th July 1793 and 25th November 1795, the London gunsmith Henry Nock delivered 12,010 'screwless' or ' Duke's ' locks to the British Board of Ordnance . These locks were intended to be interchangeable, being manufactured in large volumes in a steam-powered factory using gauges and lathes. Subsequent experiments have suggested that the lock's components were interchangeable at

6510-456: The other being the uncommon PX-1 size), one which powered a light to light up the metering window visible in the viewfinder, and the other to work with the original Canon Auto tuning system (CATS). The CATS used a special auto flash, the SpeedLite 133D and Flash auto Rings A, B, A2 and B2 and Canon 50 mm and 35 mm Lenses which signalled through the cords the distance of the subject and

6603-439: The other when supplying a relatively high current . Alkaline batteries are made in the same button sizes as the other types, but typically provide less capacity and less stable voltage than more costly silver oxide or lithium cells. Silver cells may have an output voltage that is stable until it suddenly drops at end of life. This varies for individual types; one manufacturer ( Energizer ) offers three silver oxide cells of

6696-537: The rear sides of the finder, and slid the finder toward the back of the camera (or depress one button on the bottom of the Speed Finder). The camera shipped with a standard pentaprism finder, called an "eye-level finder" by Canon. Other finders available included a waist-level finder, Speed Finder, Booster T finder, and Servo EE finder. The waist-level finder was patterned after the design of waist-level finders common to medium format SLR and TLR cameras. It had

6789-660: The same dimension-based numeric code with different letters; thus CR2032 is a disposable battery while ML2032, VL2032 and LIR2032 are rechargeables that fit in the same holder if not fitted with solder tags. It is mechanically possible, though hazardous, to fit a disposable battery in a holder intended for a rechargeable; holders are fitted in parts of equipment only accessible by service personnel in such cases. Button cells are attractive to small children; they may put them in their mouth and swallow them. The ingested battery can cause significant damage to internal organs. The battery reacts with bodily fluids, such as mucus or saliva, creating

6882-477: The same size are mechanically interchangeable. However, the composition can affect service life and voltage stability . Using the wrong cell may lead to short life or improper operation (for example, light metering on a camera requires a stable voltage, thus silver cells are usually specified). Sometimes different cells of the same type, size and capacity are optimized for different loads by using different electrolytes , so that one may have longer service life than

6975-604: The same size may be mechanically interchangeable in any given device, use of a cell of the right voltage but unsuitable characteristics can lead to short battery life or failure to operate equipment. Common lithium primary cells, with a terminal voltage around 3 volts, are not made in sizes interchangeable with 1.5 volt cells. Use of a battery of significantly higher voltage than equipment is designed for can cause permanent damage. International standard IEC 60086-3 defines an alphanumeric coding system for "Watch batteries". Manufacturers often have their own naming system; for example,

7068-440: The same size, 357–303, 357-303H and EPX76, with capacities ranging from 150 to 200  mAh , voltage characteristics ranging from gradually reducing to fairly constant, and some stated to be for continuous low drain with high pulse on demand, others for photo use. Mercury batteries also supply a stable voltage, but are banned in many countries due to their toxicity and environmental impact. Zinc-air batteries use air as

7161-449: The same specified capacity in mAh to an end-point of 0.9 V. If a device seems to "eat up" batteries after the original supplied by the manufacturer is replaced, it may be useful to check the device's requirements and the replacement battery's characteristics. For digital calipers , in particular, some are specified to require at least 1.25 V to operate and others 1.38 V. While alkaline, silver oxide, and mercury batteries of

7254-407: The same type. One such part can freely replace another, without any custom fitting, such as filing . This interchangeability allows easy assembly of new devices, and easier repair of existing devices, while minimizing both the time and skill required of the person doing the assembly or repair. The concept of interchangeability was crucial to the introduction of the assembly line at the beginning of

7347-590: The shells. Before the 18th century, devices such as guns were made one at a time by gunsmiths in a unique manner. If one single component of a firearm needed a replacement, the entire firearm either had to be sent to an expert gunsmith for custom repairs, or discarded and replaced by another firearm. During the 18th and early-19th centuries, the idea of replacing these methods with a system of interchangeable manufacture gradually developed. The development took decades and involved many people. Gribeauval provided patronage to Honoré Blanc , who attempted to implement

7440-418: The shutter speed selector and shutter release on the body. The finder also had a shutter release button, which went through the finder down to the normal release. The shutter speed dial on the finder locked on to the camera's normal shutter dial and drove it through a coupling pin for the standard range of 1 – 1 ⁄ 60  s. When the Booster's shutter speed dial was turned further, towards longer times,

7533-488: The successful methods used in mass-producing clocks. It may not be possible to resolve the question with absolute certainty unless documents now unknown should surface in the future. Skilled engineers and machinists, many with armoury experience, spread interchangeable manufacturing techniques to other American industries, including clockmakers and sewing machine manufacturers Wilcox and Gibbs and Wheeler and Wilson, who used interchangeable parts before 1860. Late to adopt

7626-459: The time (the 300 mm F2.8L) and the world's fastest 400 mm lens (the New FD 400 mm F2.8L) both of which incorporate special fluorite and ultra low dispersion glass elements for superb optical quality at the widest lens opening. Like most professional 35 mm cameras of the 1970s, the F-1 had interchangeable viewfinders. To remove the viewfinder, one depressed the two small buttons at

7719-722: The uncertain labour of one hundred and ten. By 1808, annual production had reached 130,000 blocks and some of the equipment was still in operation as late as the mid-twentieth century. Eli Terry was using interchangeable parts using a milling machine as early as 1800. Ward Francillon, a horologist, concluded in a study that Terry had already accomplished interchangeable parts as early as 1800. The study examined several of Terry's clocks produced between 1800–1807. The parts were labelled and interchanged as needed. The study concluded that all clock pieces were interchangeable. The very first mass production using interchangeable parts in America

7812-520: The user to see the subject at all times. Equipped with a motor drive, the camera was able to shoot up to nine frames per second—the highest speed of any motor driven camera at the time. The Canon F-1 uses the Canon FD lens mount , which was introduced alongside the camera. Between 1970 and 1979, a total of 68 different FD mount lens models were produced, ranging from 7.5mm to 800mm in focal length . Most earlier FL and R series lenses are compatible with

7905-401: Was Eli Terry 's 1806 Porter Contract, which called for the production of 4000 clocks in three years. During this contract, Terry crafted four-thousand wooden gear tall case movements, at a time when the annual average was about a dozen. Unlike Eli Whitney , Terry manufactured his products without government funding. Terry saw the potential of clocks becoming a household object. With the use of

7998-403: Was a special order 9 frames per second high speed motor drive); three different flash couplers allowed a wide variety of flashes; the eyepiece can take threaded diopter adjustment lenses, magnifiers or angle finders; and the lens collection numbers over 50 FD (and a few special purpose) lenses from 7.5 mm fisheye to 1200 mm super telephoto , and includes the world's fastest 300 mm at

8091-457: Was also expanded from four to nine. In 1980 Canon introduced "Laser Matte" focusing screens identified by an "L" in a circle on the screen's label. These Laser Matte screens were noticeably brighter than the earlier screens, and they were continued with the New F-1. A special commemorative model of the F-1 was offered for the 1976 Montreal Olympics . It was identical to the regular F-1 but for

8184-500: Was available for the F-1, including three bellows units, reversing rings and couplers, macro and micro photo hoods and couplers, copy stands, manual and automatic extension tubes and 3 different focal length macro lenses. In 1976, the camera was revised slightly. This revised version is sometimes called the F-1n (not to be confused with the 1981 New F-1). All told 13 improvements were made. These changes were: The number of focusing screens

8277-468: Was captivated and ordered a standard for all United States equipment. The use of interchangeable parts removed the problems of earlier eras concerning the difficulty or impossibility of producing new parts for old equipment. If one firearm part failed, another could be ordered, and the firearm would not need to be discarded. The catch was that Whitney's guns were costly and handmade by skilled workmen. Charles Fitch credited Whitney with successfully executing

8370-413: Was confirmed by X-ray, v) in each case the battery lodged in the child's oesophagus, vi) the offending batteries were 20mm lithium cells, vii) death occurred 19 days to 3 weeks after ingestion. The presenting symptoms of button cell ingestion may be misdiagnosed and attributed to common non life-threatening childhood maladies. Some button cells contain mercury or cadmium , which are toxic. In early 2013

8463-522: Was named the "Motor Drive Unit", which attached to the bottom of the camera with a long, cylindrical extension which housed the winding motor and gearbox. It was commonly referred to as the Motor Drive MD – because all of the accessories had MD in their suffix, but that was not the official designation. The Motor Drive Unit originally required a corded Battery Case which either used the Battery Magazine 15V battery pack (which took 10 AA batteries ) or

8556-571: Was submitted to the Admiralty who agreed to commission his services. By 1805, the dockyard had been fully updated with the revolutionary, purpose-built machinery at a time when products were still built individually with different components. A total of 45 machines were required to perform 22 processes on the blocks, which could be made in three different sizes. The machines were almost entirely made of metal, thus improving their accuracy and durability. The machines would make markings and indentations on

8649-426: Was suggested for use when wearing goggles or anything else that could prevent the user from placing the eyepiece right up to their eye. It allowed full metering. The Booster T Finder and Servo EE Finder were both essentially variations on the standard eye-level finder. The Booster T Finder contained two sensitive CdS metering cells, powered by a single 6 V #544 (4SR44) silver-oxide button cell battery. It has

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