Captain general (and its literal equivalent in several languages) is a high military rank of general officer grade, and a gubernatorial title.
122-538: The term "Captain General" started to appear in the 14th century, with the meaning of Commander in Chief of an army (or fleet) in the field, probably the first usage of the term General in military settings. A popular term in the 16th and 17th centuries, but with various meanings depending on the country, it became less and less used in the 18th century, usually replaced with, simply, General or Field Marshal ; and after
244-796: A Rifle or Yager Company introduced around 1803. The regiment has the rare distinction of having fought on the side of both Parliament and the Royalists during the English Civil War 1642 to 1649. From its formation, the Company trained at a site it had occupied at the Old Artillery Ground in Spitalfields and at the Merchant Taylors' Company Hall. In 1622, the Company built its first Armoury House at
366-492: A higher rank than a capitão-mor ( captain-major ) and directly subordinated to the Crown. A captaincy general had a higher category than the simple captaincies (also referred as subaltern captaincies). Sometimes, a captaincy general included one or more subaltern captaincies. The governors of the captaincies general were usually styled "governor and captain-general", with the term "governor" referring to his administrative role and
488-518: A mine. While recuperating at Headley Court rehabilitation centre, he and a friend came up with the idea of a rugby match at Twickenham to help raise money for the charity Help for Heroes . The Honourable Artillery Company Museum is located at Armoury House. In 1830, King William IV ordered that the uniform of the HAC should be based on that of the Grenadier Guards , except that where
610-517: A normal commission in the States Army. The office was not hereditary, but after 1747 only members of the House of Orange-Nassau could be appointed to it. By the late 15th century, the title Captain General, besides being the usual meaning of commander-in-chief in the field, was also linked to the highest commander of specialized military branches (artillery, royal guards, etc.), usually signaling
732-457: A number of four to six man patrols provided surveillance and target acquisition capabilities to the HQs of 1st Artillery Brigade (HQ Sqn HAC), 1 Armoured Division (I Sqn HAC), 4 Armoured Division (II Sqn HAC), and 1 BR Corps (III Sqn HAC) with one 'sabre' squadron each. The new structure was: In 1992, the signals troops that had been integrated into the patrol squadrons were brought together to form
854-598: A position he did in fact hold along with Gonfalonier of the Church . In the Ring of Fire universe (created by Eric Flint ), Gustav II Adolf, King of Sweden, is granted the newly created hereditary title of "Captain General of the State of Thuringia" (later known as the State of Thuringia-Franconia) at the end of the first book, entitled '1632'. This was a recognition of his authority over Thuringian territory as an integral part of
976-470: A ruler commanding the armed forces derives from Imperator of the Roman Kingdom , Roman Republic and Roman Empire , who possessed imperium (command and other regal) powers. In English use, the term was first used during the English Civil War . A nation's head of state (monarchical or republican) usually holds the position of commander-in-chief, even if effective executive power is held by
1098-447: A separate head of government . In a parliamentary system , the executive branch is ultimately dependent upon the will of the legislature ; although the legislature does not issue orders directly to the armed forces and therefore does not control the military in any operational sense. Governors-general and colonial governors are also often appointed commander-in-chief of the military forces within their territory. A commander in chief
1220-510: A state of emergency ( Finnish : valmiustila , literally, "state of preparedness") and state of war ( Finnish : puolustustila , lit. "state of defence") are declared by a presidential decree, given after a motion by the government, which is then submitted to the Parliament for ratification. The president has, in a state of emergency, the right to transfer the position of the commander-in-chief to another Finnish citizen. In France ,
1342-615: Is a political title from Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders. It was the title of the second-highest military commander (after the monarch) in 15th- to 18th and 20th-century. The rank Captain General ( Thai : นายกองใหญ่ ) was used as the highest rank in Wild Tiger Corps , this rank was exclusively for King Vajiravudh but in 1915 he created rank General of the Wild Tiger Corps ( Thai : นายพลเสือป่า ) for members who are leaders of corps. The rank
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#17327981641631464-564: Is also a charity whose purpose is to attend to the "better defence of the realm", primarily through supporting the HAC regiment. The word "artillery" in "Honourable Artillery Company" does not have the current meaning that is generally associated with it, but dates from a time when in the English language that word meant any projectile, for example arrows shot from a bow. The equivalent form of words in modern English would be either "Honourable Infantry Company" or "Honourable Military Company". In
1586-488: Is more appropriate, as most galleon fleets rarely consisted of more than a dozen vessels, not counting escorted merchantmen), with full jurisdictional powers. The fleet second-in-command was the 'almirante' (admiral), an officer appointed by the capitan-general and responsible for the seaworthiness of the squadron. One captain-general that sailed under the Spanish flag that is now well known was Ferdinand Magellan , leader of
1708-604: Is similar to that of the Royal Artillery but with "HAC" and "Arma Pacis Fulcra" replacing "Ubique" and "Quo Fas et Gloria Ducunt". In Full Dress (normally only worn by the Band and Corps of Drums), the Bearskin is worn without a plume. In No 2 dress, Soldiers wear the larger Foot Guards badges of rank and qualification. Lance Corporals wear two chevrons and Lance Sergeants three. In Full Dress and Number 1 dress, WO2's wear
1830-476: Is sometimes referred to as supreme commander , which is sometimes used as a specific term. The term is also used for military officers who hold such power and authority, not always through dictatorship, and as a subordinate (usually) to a head of state (see Generalissimo ). The term is also used for officers who hold authority over an individual military branch , special branch or within a theatre of operations . This includes heads of states who: According to
1952-743: The Convention , as well as later to the Directoire , before being regained in the hands of Consul Napoléon Bonaparte , later Emperor Napoléon I , alone. The Restoration restored the authority of the King, first in an absolute monarchy, then the constitutional July Monarchy of Louis Philippe , before it was overthrown in turn by the Second Republic and later the Second Empire of Napoleon III . The following Third Republic
2074-825: The Ordenanças (the territorial army of the crown). During the Portuguese Restoration War , after 1640, the "Captain-General of the Arms of the Kingdom", became the commander-in-chief of the Portuguese Army , under the direct authority of the War Council and the King. In 1762 the post of the captain-general was replaced by the title marechal-general – fieldmarshall-general . Like in the Army,
2196-645: The Americas . Each was in charge of a captaincy . Capitán General was the military title given to the Spanish military governor of a province of the Spanish Empire , in the colonies usually also the president of the civilian audiencia (court of law). In the Portuguese Empire, a capitão-general (plural capitães-generais ) was a governor of a capitania geral ( captaincy general ), with
2318-839: The Armed Forces , the National Police and all other state's security agencies. In Egypt , the president of the Republic holds the ceremonial title of Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. A member of the government, usually defence minister, is commander-in-chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces . The president is the only individual capable of declaring war. With the exception of Mohamed Morsi , who briefly served as president from 2012 to 2013, all Egyptian presidents have been former military officers. During
2440-531: The Army Special Operations Brigade and 16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team . The sub units of the HAC are: Future Soldier programme: under this programme the HAC was moved to 77th Brigade . A Battery will provide two guns to each battery of 7 (Para) RHA and 1 Squadron will provide Special Patrols to the Army Special Operations Brigade . The Regiment has had individuals or sub-units on active service at all times since 1996; with
2562-751: The Australian Defence Force 's command structure, and the democratically accountable Australian Cabinet (chaired by the Prime Minister ) de facto controls the ADF. The Minister for Defence and several subordinate ministers exercise this control through the Australian Defence Organisation . Section 8 of the Defence Act 1903 states: The Minister shall have the general control and administration of
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#17327981641632684-705: The Capitão-General da Armada Real (Captain-General of the Royal Navy) was the commander-in-chief of the Portuguese Navy in the 17th and 18th centuries. The title has been only sporadically used in France. During the 17th century, and for a short while, a rank between Lieutenant General and Marshal of France of this denomination was created. The king of France was the Captain General of
2806-643: The Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee with the advice of the Minister of Defence . Honourable Artillery Company The Honourable Artillery Company ( HAC ) is a reserve regiment in the British Army . Incorporated by royal charter in 1537 by King Henry VIII , it is the oldest regiment in the British Army and is considered the second-oldest military unit in the world. Today, it
2928-608: The Constitution of Albania , the president of the Republic of Albania is the commander-in-chief of Albanian Armed Forces . Under part II, chapter III, article 99, subsections 12, 13, 14 and 15, the Constitution of Argentina states that the president of the Argentine Nation is the "Commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Nation ". It also states that the president is entitled to provide military posts in
3050-694: The Dutch States Army ) and "Admiral General" of the Dutch Republic in 1587. This was a "confederal" office, under the States General of the Netherlands . He was also stadtholder of five of the seven provinces, which was a provincial appointive office, under the sovereign States of the several provinces. Maurice's nephew William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg was concurrently also a stadtholder (in two provinces) but he held
3172-581: The Militia and Yeomanry in consideration of its antiquity. Members of the Company first served as a formed unit overseas in the South African War (1899–1902). Almost two hundred members served; the majority in the City of London Imperial Volunteers (CIV) as infantry, mounted infantry and in a Field Battery that was officered, and for the most part manned, by members of the company. In 1907,
3294-467: The Minister of Defence and is responsible for advising the Minister, for the implementation of defence policy and for the administration of the department. According to the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina , the collective Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina . In peace, the commander-in-chief exercises his command through
3416-622: The Netherlands and across the Rhine into Germany as part of 11th Armoured Division . The regiment formed part of 26th (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade defending the London Inner Artillery Zone. Anti-Aircraft Command mobilised on 24 August 1939, and so 86th (HAC) HAA Rgt was already manning static gunsites at places like Primrose Hill and Finsbury Park when war was declared on 3 September. The regiment served in
3538-772: The Overseers of the Fraternity or Guild of St George authorising them to establish a perpetual corporation for the defence of the realm to be known as the Fraternity or Guild of Artillery of Longbows , Crossbows and Handgonnes . This body was known by a variety of names until 1658, when it was first referred to as the Artillery Company . It was initially referred to as the Honourable Artillery Company in 1685 and officially received
3660-628: The Parliament must give consent to the dispatch of Czech military forces outside the territory of the Czech Republic. The Ministry of Defence is the central authority of the state administration for the control of the Armed Forces. The actual day-to-day management is vested in the chief of the general staff, the Czech chief of defence equivalent. The position of the Danish monarch as
3782-825: The Reconnaissance Corps . In 1942, 101 RAC OCTU amalgamated with 162 Reconnaissance Corps OCTU to form 100 RAC OCTU based at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst . The 11th (HAC) Regiment RHA served in North Africa at the Battle of Knightsbridge with 25-pounder guns and, after re-equipping with the M7 Priest self-propelled gun , in the Second Battle of El Alamein where it was commanded by Bill Leggatt . The regiment's guns were
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3904-647: The Royal Brunei Armed Forces . The powers of command-in-chief over the Canadian Armed Forces are vested in the Canadian monarch , and are delegated to the governor general of Canada , who also uses the title Commander-in-Chief . In this capacity, the governor general is entitled to the uniform of a general/flag officer, with the crest of the office and special cuff braid serving as rank insignia. By constitutional convention,
4026-598: The Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia) . Members of the regiment are drawn, for the most part, from young men and women working in and around the City and Greater London . Those leaving the active units may become Veteran Members and remain within the fraternity of the company. The HAC can trace its history back as far as 1087, but it received a royal charter from Henry VIII on 25 August 1537, when Letters Patent were received by
4148-906: The Second Anglo-Dutch War . James (later King James VII & II ), the Duke of York and Albany, Lord High Admiral and brother of King Charles II, was Captain-General of the Honourable Artillery Company, the unit that trained the Trained Bands. The Company served in Broadgate during the Gordon Riots of 1780 and in gratitude for its role in restoring order to the city, the Corporation of London presented "two brass field-pieces", which led to
4270-457: The Umbutfo Eswatini Defence Force . The president of Ethiopia is the Supreme Commander of the Ethiopian Armed Forces which is the ceremonial role that is limited to granting high military titles and awards. The prime minister of Ethiopia is the commander-in-chief of the Ethiopian National Defense Force . According to the Finnish constitution , the president of Finland is the commander-in-chief of all Finnish military forces . In practice,
4392-406: The Yom Kippur War , the president played a major role at all levels of the planning of the war, and was, in a literal sense, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, giving direct orders to the commanders from the headquarters during the war as field marshal of the army , marshal of the air force and air defence forces and admiral of the navy . The king of Eswatini is the commander in chief of
4514-459: The countersignature of the prime minister for decisions concerning the above-mentioned provisions as per Articles 63(3–4), or otherwise, they are not valid. The prime minister may delegate to other ministers the right to countersign these decisions of the president. The political responsibility for the Armed Forces is borne by the Government , which in Article 67 is defined as the "supreme body of executive power". According to Articles 39 & 43,
4636-417: The head of state , the president of the Republic , in accordance to Article 53 of the Constitution of India . The president exercises supreme command with accordance to the law. As commander in chief, the president has the power to declare war however they must subject to the approval of the Parliament of India . The commander in chief also appoints the chiefs of each branch of the armed forces as well as
4758-407: The minister of defence . In war and in cases where the minister of defence is not fulfilling orders, the commander-in-chief exercises his command directly through the Chief of Joint Staff . Article 142 of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 states that the Brazilian Armed Forces is under the supreme command of the president of the Republic . The sultan of Brunei is the commander-in-chief of
4880-418: The president of Barbados is the commander-in-chief of Barbados Defense Force . Between 1966 and 2021, prior to the transition to a republican system, the monarch of Barbados , Queen Elizabeth II , was head of the Defense Force, with the Governor-General of Barbados as her viceroy. The president adopted these powers. First President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was the Supreme Commander of all the Armed Forces of
5002-409: The president of Ghana is the commander-in-chief of the Ghana Armed Forces . He holds the rank of Field Marshal . According to the Guyanese constitution, the president is commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. There is a rank insignia for the position. The supreme commander of the Indian Armed Forces is the principal commanding authority of the Indian Armed Forces , a position that is vested in
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5124-582: The president of the Republic is designated as " Chef des Armées " (literally "Chief of the Armies") under article 15 of the Constitution ; the officeholder is as such the supreme executive authority in military affairs. Article 16 provides the president with extensive emergency powers . However, owing to the nature of the semi-presidential system , the prime minister also has key constitutional powers under article 21: "He shall be responsible for national defence" and has "power to make regulations and shall make appointments to civil and military posts". Since
5246-420: The "Confederated Principalities of Europe", a Protestant substitute for the Holy Roman Empire which he created, while allowing the Thuringian government to continue to claim that it was a republic and not a monarchy. In the Warhammer 40,000 universe, the title Captain-General of the Adeptus Custodes is given to the head of the Adeptus Custodes, the elite 10,000 genetically engineered supersoldiers who acted as
5368-412: The 16th and 17th century the two main naval captain general posts were Capitán-General de la Armada del Mar Océano and Capitán-General de Galeras , roughly Commander-in-Chief for the Atlantic and the Mediterranean respectively. A peculiar usage of the rank arose in the Spanish Navy of the 16th century. A capitán-general was appointed by the king as the leader of a fleet (although the term 'squadron'
5490-412: The 17th century, its members played a significant part in the formation of both the Royal Marines and the Grenadier Guards . More recently, regiments, battalions and batteries of the Company fought with distinction in both World Wars and its current regiment, which forms part of the Army Reserve , is the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior in the Army Reserve after
5612-404: The 1st Battalion followed the British Expeditionary Force to France and fought in the 1st Battle of Ypres . After the fighting at the Battle of the Ancre in 1916 and the Battle of Arras in 1917, it became an officer training battalion and provided demonstration platoons. Elements of the battalion were used to help quell the Étaples Mutiny . The 2nd Battalion HAC was raised in August 1914; it
5734-416: The 1st Bn Grenadier Guards and the HAC) at St Paul's Cathedral. In December of that year, the Captain-General visited and dined with the company to commemorate her Golden Jubilee as Captain-General. In 2005, the guns were withdrawn from Gun Troop, which was renamed Liaison Troop. In 2006, the HAC was the first major unit of the Territorial Army to convert to the Bowman communications system. When Bowman
5856-425: The 1st and 2nd Line batteries. A seventh battery, the 309th (HAC) Siege Battery RGA , went to France in April 1917 and saw action at the Battle of Messines and the Battle of Amiens . In 1919, Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt , arranged for a detachment of the 2nd Battalion to form a Guard of Honour at Imst Station to give a final Royal Salute on the departure of the Imperial State Train for Charles I ,
5978-399: The Army , but was represented in the field by lieutenant generals who commanded in his absence. In the former Kingdom of Bavaria , the generalkapitän was the leader of the royal Hartschier guard. The position was associated with the highest class ranking in the Hofrangordnung (court order of precedence). During the time of the Papal States the title of Captain General of the Church
6100-440: The Brigade Reconnaissance Force (BRF). On Tuesday 4 December 2007, Trooper Jack Sadler, who was serving with the BRF, was killed when his vehicle was hit by a blast north of Sangin , in Helmand Province . Two other soldiers were injured in the attack. In 2008, the Runner-up for the Cobra Trophy for Volunteer Reservist of the year was Trooper Adam Cocks of 2 Squadron, who was severely injured in Afghanistan when his vehicle struck
6222-561: The British Royal Marines . One other appointment of Captain General is in the Royal Company of Archers (The King's Body Guard for Scotland), a position currently held by the Duke of Buccleuch. If the Commander-in-Chief of the Army and the Head of State are reunited in the same person, they are promoted to the permanent military rank of Captain General ( Spanish : capitán general ). It has only happened three times in Chile's history ( Bernardo O'Higgins , Ramón Freire and Augusto Pinochet ). Current electoral provisions (as of 2008) forbid
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#17327981641636344-408: The Canadian Armed Forces. According to the Croatian constitution , the president of Croatia is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia . There was originally a rank insignia and name for the position, known as "Vrhovnik". This was held by former President Franjo Tudjman and was abolished after his death. In peace, the commander-in-chief exercises his command through
6466-434: The Commander-in-Chief becoming president. In Spain, the title Captain General ( capitán general ) is the highest military rank, and has since 1999 been exclusively borne by the Spanish monarch (currently Felipe VI ). The term "captain general" can also be used to translate Spanish capitán general or Portuguese capitão-general , administrative titles used in the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire , especially in
6588-409: The Company became part of the newly formed Territorial Force with the passing of the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act . The HAC Infantry was due to become part of the newly formed London Regiment as the "26th (County of London) Battalion", but instead managed to retain its own identity as the Honourable Artillery Company Infantry Battalion. The HAC also had its property and privileges protected by
6710-401: The Company lost their lives during the Second World War. In 1947, the Company was reorganised into: In 1973, the Regiment was again reorganised; it was given the role of providing 'stay behind' observation posts (OPs) for the British Army of the Rhine as one of the three Territorial Army units making up the Corps Patrol Unit (with 21 and 23 SAS). The three sabre squadrons, each with
6832-443: The Crown's prerogative powers over the armed forces and constitutional powers as commander-in-chief are exercised on the advice of the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet , the governing ministry that commands the confidence of the House of Commons . According to the National Defence Act , the Minister of National Defence is responsible and accountable to the Parliament of Canada for all matters related to national defence and
6954-412: The Defence Force, and the powers vested in the Chief of the Defence Force , the Chief of Navy , the Chief of Army and the Chief of Air Force by virtue of section 9, and the powers vested jointly in the Secretary and the Chief of the Defence Force by virtue of section 9A, shall be exercised subject to and in accordance with any directions of the Minister. According to the Constitution of Barbados ,
7076-414: The God-Emperor of Mankind's elite bodyguard, joining him in battle during the Great Crusade and Horus Heresy. During the Horus Heresy, the Captain-General was Constantin Valdor, called the "Emperor's Spear". In the aftermath, the Captain-General was granted a position as a High Lord of Terra and ultimate authority over who could approach the Golden Throne, where the Emperor was interred after his battle with
7198-460: The Governor is also the Captain General of the Connecticut State Militia . In Rhode Island, the Governor holds two different military titles. According to Article IX, section 3 of the Rhode Island Constitution, the Governor holds the titles of "captain-general" and "Commander-in-Chief". The 1786 Constitution of Vermont, which became effective when Vermont was an independent country and continued in effect for two years after Vermont's admission to
7320-462: The Grenadiers wear gold, the HAC were to wear silver. This tradition is continued today by the wearing of the silver coloured grenade in the forage cap similar to the brass one of the Grenadiers, and the buttons and lace on HAC dress uniforms being silver coloured instead of gold. The HAC wear a khaki beret with the HAC's beret badge ("short arms") in white metal on a black backing. Officers and warrant officers wear an embroidered cloth version of
7442-438: The HAC infantry grenade (white metal) is worn by junior ranks of all subunits of the regiment. Sergeants and Warrant Officers wear a different version of the grenade, which has the letters HAC in brass on the ball of the grenade. Officers wear an embroidered silver grenade on their forage caps in No 1 Dress (Infantry) and on the Service Dress forage cap but when in No 1 Dress (Gunner) they wear the HAC Artillery cap badge. The latter
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#17327981641637564-638: The HAC is required to train as a regiment. Those who wish to serve in 1 Squadron are required to undertake the Surveillance and Reconnaissance Patrols Course (SRPC), an arduous course with only a 10% pass rate. Service as a Special Observer qualifies for additional pay and specialist courses and is open to all arms and services. The HAC is not part of the Royal Regiment of Artillery , being an older and separate regiment with its own uniform, insignia and colours. The regiment forms part of 77 Brigade (having previously been part of 1st Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade ) with sub units supporting
7686-418: The Honourable Artillery Company Act 1908. The HAC expanded to three infantry battalions and seven artillery batteries during the First World War . Second Lieutenants Reginald Leonard Haine and Alfred Oliver Pollard , of the 1st Battalion HAC, were awarded Victoria Crosses for their actions at Gavrelle in 1917. In total 1,650 men from the HAC were killed during the war. In September 1914,
7808-411: The Honourable Artillery Company who had taken the then heir to the throne, Prince Charles (later Charles II ), to Europe for his safety during the English Civil War. On 28 October 1664, in the New Artillery Gardens, the body of men that would become the Royal Marines was first formed with an initial strength of 1,200 infantrymen recruited from the London Trained Bands as part of the mobilisation for
7930-456: The King's Forces as Queen Regent of England , winning the Battle of Flodden against a Scottish invasion while Henry VIII was in France fighting the Battle of the Spurs . In the mid-17th century, with the first establishment in England of something akin to a standing army , the title Captain General was used (either alongside or in place of that of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces ) to signify its commanding officer. In 1645 Thomas Fairfax
8052-409: The Regiment to be mobilised for active service since the Second World War was called up for Operation Resolute with the NATO IFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina . The regiment participated in the celebration of the Queen's Golden Jubilee on 4 June 2002 by firing a 62 gun salute at the Tower of London , and by providing a Guard of Honour (including the Regimental Band and the Massed Corps of Drums of
8174-399: The Republic. In absence of him, then Vice President Syed Nazrul Islam was acting President and acting Supreme Commander of all the Armed Forces of the Republic. The commander-in-chief of Bangladesh Armed Forces is the president , although executive power and responsibility for national defense resides with the prime minister . This is discharged through the Ministry of Defence , headed by
8296-413: The Rings , Boromir is described as "Captain-General" of the armies of Gondor . In the Wheel of Time series by Robert Jordan , "captain-general" is the highest rank of the Ever Victorious Army of Seanchan , excepting only the rank of marshal-general , which may be temporarily assigned to a captain-general given the command of a theatre of war . In addition, captain-general is also the title of both
8418-590: The Royal Artillery ceased to be stationed at the Tower), has provided the saluting battery at the Tower of London for state occasions. The HAC is one of only a small number of Army Reserve units with responsibility for the carrying out portions of Phase One (recruits) and Two training of its own soldiers 'in house'. The Phase One course comprises six HAC-only weekends, followed by a two-week training period with other reserve soldiers at Army Training Centre Pirbright . Unlike most Army Reserve units, who are only required to train at up to sub-unit (company or squadron) level,
8540-407: The Signal Squadron; they were subsequently re-integrated with the patrol squadrons in 2010. In 1992, in the Salisbury Plain Training Area , the HAC was the last British Army unit to fire the 25-pounder in the field, as the Gun Troop retrained onto the 105mm Light Gun . The 25 pounder continued to be fired ceremonially until it was replaced by the Light Gun. In 1996, the first formed unit of
8662-406: The Union in 1791, says "The Governor shall be captain-general and commander-in-chief of the forces of the State, but shall not command in person, except advised thereto by the Council, and then only as long as they shall approve thereof." The language remained in the 1793 Constitution of Vermont. Maurice of Nassau was appointed to the office of "Captain General of the Union" (commander-in-chief of
8784-520: The Warmaster Horus. Commander in Chief A commander-in-chief or supreme commander ( supreme commander-in-chief ) is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed force or a military branch . As a technical term, it refers to military competencies that reside in a country's executive leadership, a head of state , head of government , or other designated government official . The formal role and title of
8906-683: The appointment of Commanders-in-Chief was itself done by patent). Since the 17th century the title Captain General has been in use in England for the titular head of the Honourable Artillery Company and in Scotland for the senior officer of the Royal Company of Archers . In 1947 the position of Colonel-in-Chief, Royal Marines was changed by its incumbent, King George VI , to that of Captain General Royal Marines ; likewise,
9028-583: The armed forces ( Army , Navy and Air Force ). Under chapter II of section 68 titled Command of the naval and military forces , the Constitution of Australia states that: The command in chief of the naval and military forces of the Commonwealth is vested in the Governor-General as the Queen's representative. In practice, however, the Governor-General does not play an active part in
9150-702: The ceremonial head of a corps or unit. Charles III serves as the Captain General of several artillery units in these realms, including the British Royal Artillery and the Honourable Artillery Company , the Royal Australian Artillery , the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery , and the Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery . In addition to artillery units, Charles III also serves as the Captain General for
9272-710: The commander of the castle guard and life guards . In the Thirteen United Colonies and, later, the United States of America, during the American Revolutionary War , George Washington was the "Captain-General and Commander in Chief of the Forces." George Washington is the only general in the United States to be referred to as "Captain-General" of the armed forces. In Connecticut, the state Constitution of 1965 states that
9394-664: The consent of the Folketing . Any measure which the King may take in pursuance of this provision shall forthwith be submitted to the Folketing". However, when reading the Danish Constitution, it is important to bear in mind that the k ing in this context is understood by Danish jurists to be read as the government (consisting of the prime minister and other ministers). This is a logical consequence of articles 12, 13 and 14, all of which in essence stipulates that
9516-654: The creation of an HAC Artillery Division. (These guns are on display in the entrance hall of Armoury House.) In 1860, control of the company moved from the Home Office to the War Office and in 1889, a Royal Warrant gave the Secretary of State for War control of the company's military affairs. In 1883, Queen Victoria decreed that the HAC took precedence next after the Regular Forces and therefore before
9638-600: The defence of the capital throughout The Blitz . It became a mobile unit in 1942 and was one of the first units to land on D-Day , with Regimental Headquarters commanding a composite AA Assault Group on Juno Beach . During the Normandy Campaign and subsequent advance into Belgium the regiment's 3.7-inch HAA guns were sometimes used to engage ground targets. During the winter of 1944–45 its guns and radar defended Brussels and Antwerp against V-1 flying bombs (known as 'Divers'). Over seven hundred members of
9760-561: The end of the Napoleonic Wars it had all but disappeared in most European countries, except Spain and former colonies. See also Feldhauptmann ("field captain"). Other ranks of general officer, as distinct from field officer , had the suffix "general"; e.g. major general , lieutenant general , brigadier general , colonel general . In the Republic of Venice , it meant the commander in chief in war time. The captain general of
9882-567: The everyday command and control is in the hands of the chief of defence and the commander of the Finnish Border Guard . The economic administration of the Finnish Defence Force is the responsibility of Ministry of Defence . The duty of the president is to decide upon Since the constitutional reform of 2000, the minister of defence has the right to be present when the president uses his command powers, unless
10004-575: The first fleet to sail around the world. Under the Nationalist regime of 1939–1975, the only holder of the rank of capitán general de la armada was the Caudillo , Generalísimo Francisco Franco . The rank of Captain General of the Air Force , originally created by Franco for himself, currently is reserved for the reigning monarch. The title was given, in 1508, to the commander-in-chief of
10126-948: The first guns ashore in the invasion of Sicily ; then they took part in the Allied invasion of Italy and the Italian Campaign . The 12th (HAC) Regiment RHA took part in the Operation Torch landings and were in action at Thala in February 1943, where they halted a German advance following the Battle of the Kasserine Pass . After re-equipping with Priests , they too moved on to Italy in March 1944 and fought at Monte Cassino . The 13th (HAC) Regiment RHA equipped with Sexton self-propelled guns fought in Normandy ,
10248-493: The following year the office of Captain General was vested in Prince William, Duke of Cumberland . Cumberland resigned in 1757; his successors in command were for the most part appointed Commander-in-Chief but not Captain General, with one exception: the last appointment of a Captain General of the Forces was that of Prince Frederick, the Duke of York in 1799. Any distinction that there may have been at this time between
10370-532: The garrison of the strategic island of Papadopoli (in the main channel of the River Piave ) to surrender. For this remarkable feat of arms, the HAC was awarded two Distinguished Service Orders , five Military Crosses , three Distinguished Conduct Medals and 29 Military Medals . Both A Battery and B Battery went to Suez in April 1915. In July, B Battery fought in the recapture of Sheikh Othman (key to
10492-488: The granting of the jobs or grades of senior officers of the armed forces, and by itself on the battlefield; runs with its organization and distribution according to needs of the Nation and declares war and orders reprisals with the consent and approval of the Argentine National Congress . The Ministry of Defense is the government department that assists and serves the president in the management of
10614-470: The head of the military is deeply rooted in tradition. While the 1953 constitution does not explicitly designate the monarch as commander-in-chief; it is implicit, given the general provision in article 12 and the more specific wording of article 19 (2): "Except for purposes of defence against an armed attack upon the Realm or Danish forces, the King shall not use military force against any foreign state without
10736-634: The highest civilian authority of the area. During the period of Spanish rule in much of Latin America there were several Captaincies of the Spanish Empire . The military post of captain general as highest territorial commander lasted in Spain until the early 1980s. In the late 17th or very early 18th century, a personal rank of captain general was created in the Spanish Army (and Navy) as
10858-593: The highest rank in the hierarchy, not unlike the Marechal de France . When wearing uniform, the kings used captain general insignia. Valeriano Weyler , Governor General of Cuba in 1896–97 during the period preceding the Spanish–American War , held the rank. Briefly abolished by the Second Spanish Republic , it was restored during the regime of Francisco Franco in 1938; Franco himself was
10980-407: The independence of that particular corps. No later than the fall of Granada (1492) the title was conferred also on officers with full jurisdiction of every person subject to fuero militar (military obligations) in a region. Those officers usually also acted as commanders for the troops and military establishments in their area and, as time passed, those duties (and the title) were mostly united in
11102-513: The land forces was usually a foreign mercenary or condottiere , but the Venetian navy was always entrusted to a member of the city's patriciate, who became Captain General of the Sea . It is at least documented since 1370 and was used up to the fall of the Republic of Venice in 1797. From 30 June to 22 October 1513, Catherine of Aragon held the titles Governor of the Realm and Captain General of
11224-707: The last Austro-Hungarian Emperor-King, to safety in Switzerland , after having served as the family's protector at Eckartsau on the personal initiative of King George V . When the Territorial Force was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1920, the HAC infantry battalion was reformed, while A and B Batteries formed a composite RHA unit with the City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders) (one battery) as 11th (HAC and City of London Yeomanry) Brigade, RHA . The TA began to expand rapidly at
11346-789: The leader of the Queen's Guard of Andor and the head of the Green Ajah of the Aes Sedai . In the BattleTech universe, Captain-General is the title of the military and political leader of the Free Worlds League, one of the major factions in the setting. Since the 25th century, Captains-General have been members of the Marik family in a quasi-hereditary succession. Previously, the post had been an appointed post roughly analogous to
11468-545: The loss of all its guns. Both A and B Batteries took part in the Battle of Megiddo in September. The 2nd Line batteries – 2/A Battery and 2/B Battery – were formed in 1914 and served on the Western Front in 1917 and 1918 as part of an Army Field Artillery Brigade; the 3rd Line batteries – A (Reserve) Battery and B (Reserve) Battery – were formed in 1915 to provide trained replacements for
11590-468: The matter is of immediate concern. In questions of strategic importance, the prime minister has the same right. The president commissions and promotes officers and decides on activating reservists for extraordinary service and on the mobilisation of the Defence Forces. If Parliament is not in session when a decision to mobilise is taken, it must be immediately convened. Declarations of
11712-600: The military. The role of commander in chief is laid out in Article 28 of the Constitution of Belarus , which states that he/she has the authority to "appoint and dismiss the high command of the Armed Forces". Article 167 of the Constitution of Belgium designates the king as the commander-in-chief. In practice, the Chief of Defence is the head and commander of the Belgian Armed Forces . He reports directly to
11834-634: The minister is the chief of defence , the senior-ranking professional military officer heading the Defence Command , who commands the Army , the Navy , the Air Force and other units not reporting directly to the Ministry of Defence . According to the Constitution , Article 128, Section II, Title IV, the president is the head of foreign policy, the civil administration and the commander-in-chief of
11956-417: The minister of defence, which provides the policy framework and resources to the Armed Forces to discharge their responsibilities in the context of the defence of the country. The first commander-in-chief, General M. A. G. Osmani , during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, who was commander of Muktibahini/ Bangladesh Forces , reinstated to active duty by official BD government order, which after independence
12078-430: The minister of defence. In war and in cases where the minister of defence is not fulfilling orders, the commander-in-chief exercises his command directly through the chief of General Staff . According to the 1992 constitution , the president of the Czech Republic is the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces according to Article 63(1)(c), and appoints and promotes generals under Article 63(1)(f). The president needs
12200-532: The name from Queen Victoria in 1860. However, the Archers' Company of the Honourable Artillery Company was retained into the late 19th century, though as a private club. Founded in 1781 by Sir Ashton Lever , it met at Archers' Hall, Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London. The Archers' Company remained a part of the regiment operated from 1784 to the late 1790s, along with Matross , Grenadier (established on 11 August 1686) and Light Infantry companies/divisions, with
12322-488: The office of "Captain General" and "Commander-in-Chief" is unclear. One difference is that the Commander-in-Chief was appointed by commission and the Captain General by patent , leading some to surmise that the appointment of Captain General was 'one of dignity, not of power'; however the matter is somewhat academic as most Captains General held the appointment of Commander-in-Chief simultaneously (and from 1757
12444-465: The only officer of this rank. Later King Juan Carlos I (1975), Agustín Muñoz Grandes (1956) and Camilo Alonso Vega (1972) were promoted while on active duty; a few posthumous promotions and promotions of retired officers to this rank were also made. In 1999, the rank was reserved to the reigning monarch . The evolution of the title in the Spanish Navy is parallel to that of the army. During
12566-913: The personnel serving in a wide variety of roles in Northern Ireland, Bosnia, Kosovo, Iraq, Afghanistan and various countries in Africa. Commitments included the deployment of individuals to human intelligence roles in the Balkans (including as part of Joint Commission Observer teams) and then formed patrols to Bosnia, Kosovo and Iraq; independent sub-units to Operation Telic 4 and 5 in Iraq and L Troop to Operation Telic 9; as well as individual and group reinforcements to other infantry and artillery units. In Afghanistan deployed personnel were divided between operating and maintaining counter indirect fire systems and other high technology equipment and forming part of
12688-642: The position of Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Regiment of Artillery was changed by its incumbent, George VI, to Captain General. The formal head of the Combined Cadet Force is also titled Captain General. From 1787 (the year before the arrival in Australia of the First Fleet ) to 1837, the Governor of New South Wales was referred to as Captain-General. In Prussia a Generalkapitän was
12810-533: The powers vested in the monarch can only be exercised through ministers, who are responsible for all acts. Thus, the Government, in effect, holds the supreme command authority implied in articles 12 and 19(2). The Danish Defence Law ( Danish : Forsvarsloven ) designates in article 9 the minister of defence as the supreme authority in Defence ( Danish : højeste ansvarlige myndighed for forsvaret ). Under
12932-532: The real world position of Roman Dictator , who held power only for also long as a crisis demanding a Captain-General persisted. During the First Succession War, Resolution 288 was passed making the post permanent "for the duration of the crisis", with no end point delineated. In Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood , Cesare Borgia is depicted in the office of Captain General of the Papal Army ,
13054-491: The regiment is surveillance and target acquisition, in which it operates three patrol squadrons. In 2018, the regiment took on an additional role when a new battery was formed to serve as part of 16 Air Assault Brigade in support of 7 (Parachute) Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery . The HAC has a ceremonial role in providing guards of honour at the Guildhall in the City of London during state visits and, since 1924 (when
13176-427: The reign of Louis XIV , France has been strongly centralised. After crushing local nobles engaged in warlord-ism, the kings of France retained all authority with the help of able yet discreet Prime ministers ( Mazarin , Richelieu ). The French Revolution transferred the supreme authority to the King (in the context of the short-lived constitutional monarchy), then to the multi-member Comité de Salut Public during
13298-454: The same badge. The Corps of Drums and Regimental Band wear the HAC infantry grenade on a blue red blue backing, which is superficially identical to that of the Grenadier Guards . From July 2008, members of 4/73 (Sphinx) Special OP Battery, part of 5th Regiment Royal Artillery, the HACs paired regular regiment, adopted the khaki beret to mark their close working relationship. On the forage cap ,
13420-552: The site of the Old Artillery Gardens. In 1638, Sir Maurice Abbot granted the Company use of lands at its current site south of Bunhill Fields Burial Ground on City Road , which in 1649 consisted of twelve acres enclosed by a brick wall and pale. In 1657, it sold its old Armoury House in Spitalfield to Master Gunner Richard Woolaston for £300. In 1656, the Grenadier Guards were formed from gentlemen of
13542-540: The supreme authority in Vichy France , while Général Charles de Gaulle , acting on behalf of the previous regime, founded the Free French Forces , upon which he held supreme authority all through the war. The following and short-lived Fourth Republic was a parliamentary system, which was replaced by the present Fifth Republic , a semi-presidential system . According to the Constitution of Ghana ,
13664-518: The term "captain-general" referring to his military role as commander-in-chief of the troops in his captaincy. The title capitão-general was also associated to the roles of Governor-General or Viceroy of Portuguese India and of Brazil . Thus, in Brazil, besides the captains-generals that were governors of the several captaincies general , existed a central captain-general that was the governor-general or Viceroy. In J. R. R. Tolkien 's The Lord of
13786-669: The time of the Munich Crisis in 1938, and the Yeomanry left to form a separate light anti-aircraft regiment leaving 11th Regiment RHA (HAC) . Subsequently, the HAC formed the 12th (1939) and 13th Regiments RHA (HAC) (1940) and the 86th (HAC) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment (1939). In 1939, the Infantry Battalion became 162 (HAC) Officer Cadet Training Unit, this was the Officer Training Unit of
13908-796: The water supply to Aden ) from the Turks as part of the Aden campaign . In February 1917, both batteries took part in the Palestine Campaign , were in action at the First and Second Battle of Gaza and entered Jerusalem in December 1917. In the German counter-attack during the Second action of Es Salt on 1 May 1918, A Battery was forced to make a rapid withdrawal under heavy fire, which resulted in
14030-488: Was a parliamentary system, where the military authority was held by the president of the Council of Ministers , head of government, although the president, head of state, retained ceremonial powers. During World War I , the many visits to the trenches by the elder statesman Georges Clemenceau impressed the soldiers and earned him the nickname Father of Victory ( French : Le Père de la Victoire ). During World War II , Maréchal Philippe Pétain assumed power and held
14152-532: Was appointed "Captain General and Commander-in-Chief all the armies and forces raised and to be raised within the Commonwealth of England." After the Restoration , King Charles II likewise designated General Monck "Captaine Generall of all our Armies and land forces and men … in and out of our Realmes of England, Scotland and Ireland and Dominion of Wales"; (he was also referred to on occasion as "Lord Generall" and "Commander in Chief of all His Majesty's Forces"). The office then remained in abeyance until 1678 when it
14274-425: Was equivalent to brigadier. In Bolivia , the President of Bolivia for the duration of his or her tenure in the office has the rank and dignity of Captain General as head of the Armed forces, despite being a civilian. He or she is responsible for the overall command of the forces. In the armies of various Commonwealth realms , the term Captain General (Captain-General in Canada) is generally used when describing
14396-445: Was gazetted in 1972. He retired on 7 April 1972 and relinquished all authority and duties to the president of Bangladesh. The president of Belarus is the Commander-in-Chief of the Belarusian Armed Forces ( Belarusian : Галоўнакамандуючы Узброенымі Сіламі Рэспублікі Беларусь ). The Belarusian commander in chief has an official uniform befitting of the rank, which the president wears on official occasion and ceremonies in relation to
14518-422: Was given to the de facto commander-in-chief of the Papal Army. It existed parallel to the office of Gonfalonier of the Church , which was a more ceremonial position than a tactical military command position. Both offices were abolished by Pope Innocent XII and replaced with the office of Flag-bearer of the Holy Roman Church . The term "Captain General" as Hetman (the word from the German Hauptmann "Capitan")
14640-457: Was granted to the Duke of Monmouth , but he was deprived of this and other titles the following year. There were no subsequent appointments until the reign of Queen Anne . In the 18th century, the office of Captain General was held by the Duke of Marlborough (1702 to 1711), the Duke of Ormonde (1711 to 1714) and the Duke of Marlborough again (1714 to 1722). Thereafter there was no permanent Commander-in-Chief or equivalent appointed until 1744;
14762-407: Was in France by October 1916 and in action on 25 February 1917 at Bucquoy . They fought at the Battle of Arras in May and the 3rd Battle of Ypres in October. In November 1917, the battalion moved to the Italian Front under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Richard O'Connor . In the Battle of Vittorio Veneto , in October 1918, they led a force of Italians, Americans and British that compelled
14884-418: Was temporarily withdrawn from the Territorial Army in 2008/09, it was one of the few units to retain the equipment. In 2016, Queen Elizabeth II became the longest-serving Captain-General of the HAC, with 64 years of service. In 2017 A Battery (1st City of London) Honourable Artillery Company, was re-formed to provide gunners in support of 7th Parachute Regiment Royal Horse Artillery . The main role of
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