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92-468: In 1940, writer Joe Simon conceived the idea for Captain America and made a sketch of the character in costume. "I wrote the name 'Super American' at the bottom of the page," Simon said in his autobiography, and then decided: No, it didn't work. There were too many "Supers" around. "Captain America" had a good sound to it. There weren't a lot of captains in comics. It was as easy as that. The boy companion

184-468: A "patriotically themed superhero" by MLJ 's The Shield , Captain America immediately became the most prominent and enduring of the wave of superheroes introduced in American comic books prior to and during World War II, as evinced by the unusual move at the time of premiering the character in his own title instead of an anthology title first. This popularity drew the attention and a complaint from MLJ that

276-658: A baby that Nomad looked after for a period (after which she was adopted and given the name Julia Winters ). In the DC Comics / Marvel Comics one-shot intercompany crossover Batman/Captain America (Dec. 1996), written and drawn by John Byrne and set during World War II , Bucky briefly takes Dick Grayson/ Robin's place as Batman's sidekick, while Robin becomes Captain America's sidekick. In this alternate reality (set in one of DC Comics' numerous " Elseworlds " continuities), Bucky dies (off-page) as he had done in numerous Avengers and Captain America recollections. In

368-468: A blow to American morale. He asks William Naslund , the hero known as Spirit of '76, to assume the Captain America identity. Fred Davis is contacted as well and asked to operate as the new Bucky. Only other superheroes and a few people who have worked personally with Bucky realize that Davis cannot be the same person and is a few years younger. As Bucky, Davis works alongside Naslund and both join

460-498: A comic book artist with a suit before. The reason I had a suit was that my father was a tailor. Jack's father was a tailor too, but he made pants! Anyway, I was doing freelance work and I had a little office in New York about ten blocks from DC [Comics] ' and Fox [Feature Syndicate] 's offices, and I was working on Blue Bolt for Funnies, Inc. So, of course, I loved Jack's work and the first time I saw it I couldn't believe what I

552-455: A hell of a time for him to go. We really need him now". For a concept called ShieldMaster (1998), created by Jim Simon, Joe Simon provided prototype art. Shieldmaster, under the direction of Joe's son, Jim, was also published in the comic books Futura and Étranges Aventures . A graphic novel format ShieldMaster was published in 2015 by Future Retro Entertainment. ShieldMaster comics have also been published by Jim's son, Jesse Simon. Simon

644-605: A new series in 1954, Kirby and Simon created Fighting American . Simon recalled, "We thought we'd show them how to do Captain America". While the comic book initially portrayed the protagonist as an anti-Communist dramatic hero, Simon and Kirby turned the series into a superhero satire with the second issue, in the aftermath of the Army-McCarthy hearings and the public backlash against the Red-baiting U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy . The partnership ended in 1955 with

736-586: A plot by the villain Baron Zemo in 1945, but the result of this was that Bucky was killed in an explosion and Steve was left frozen alive in the waters of the North Atlantic, kept alive and in suspended animation due to the super-soldier serum in his veins. Thanks to this, the superhero team known as the Avengers found Steve in 1964 and revived him from suspended animation. Later comics retconned that

828-604: A result of gaining the Infinity Formula , Bucky Barnes has enhanced vitality. His general strength, resiliency to injury, speed, stamina, and agility are also a few times greater than a normal human being of his size and physical build. None of his traits operate on superhuman levels (not counting the use of his cyborg arm) and he does not operate at the level of a super-soldier such as Steve Rogers. Bucky Barnes often carries several conventional weapons such as knives, guns, and grenades. As Captain America, Bucky Barnes used

920-401: A single issue (Oct. 1966). Simon, as owner, packager, and editor, also helped launch Harvey's original superhero line, with Unearthly Spectaculars #1–3 (Oct. 1965 – March 1967) and Double-Dare Adventures #1–2 (Dec. 1966 – March 1967), the latter of which introduced the influential writer-artist Jim Steranko to comics. In 1968, Simon created the two-issue DC Comics series Brother Power

1012-403: A special military operative during World War II and soon adopts Bucky Barnes as his young partner. Though he accepts wearing a colorful costume and mask when he and Steve are on missions, Bucky declines using a special codename and simply uses his own nickname. Since "Bucky" is not an uncommon nickname in America during the 1940s, the friends and family of Bucky Barnes do not automatically assume he

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1104-455: A year before the bombing of Pearl Harbor but already showing the hero punching Hitler in the jaw – sold nearly one million copies. They remained on the hit series as a team through issue #10, and were established as a notable creative force in the industry. After the first issue was published, Simon asked Kirby to join the Timely staff as the company's art director. Despite the success of

1196-480: Is Steve Rogers' childhood friend who accompanies on missions as an Army press photographer . Surviving the war and believing Captain America's death, Bucky eventually marries Gail Richards and has a large extended family. During which, Bucky is diagnosed as having lung cancer from chain smoking back in the War. Barnes and Gail both live to see Steve's revival in the 21st century and renews their friendship. After America

1288-502: Is a skilled marksman, a master of hand-to-hand combat and martial arts, and a gifted advance scout . He has particular skill with daggers and throwing knives. His time as the covert assassin Winter Soldier further honed his skills and increased his espionage prowess. He is also fluent in many languages. Winter Soldier's left arm is a cybernetic prosthetic with superhuman strength and a variety of weapons and high-tech devices. As

1380-467: Is also an expert marksman. Soon after awakening in the modern age, Steve Rogers met Rick Jones. Jones donned the Bucky costume in an attempt to make himself Captain America's partner. However, Rogers was still wracked with guilt over the original Bucky's death, and refused to make this a permanent arrangement. While Jones' time in this identity is short lived and the task of measuring up to the original Bucky

1472-656: Is among the interview subjects in Superheroes: A Never-Ending Battle , a three-hour documentary narrated by Liev Schreiber that premiered posthumously on PBS in October 2013. Simon's grandchildren attended the Los Angeles premiere of Captain America: The First Avenger and phoned Simon from the red carpet when his name was announced as the creator of the character. Though not present at

1564-774: Is an exceptional hand-to-hand combatant, and received rigorous training in unarmed combat from the Commission on Superhuman Activities . Rikki Barnes was from an alternate Earth created by Franklin Richards in the wake of the Onslaught incident. The granddaughter of Bucky Barnes, Rikki is a member of the Young Allies on Counter-Earth. In the wake of the Onslaught Reborn series, another version of this character (from an alternate Heroes Reborn universe where

1656-400: Is given a cybernetic limb and brainwashed into becoming an assassin called the Winter Soldier. Regularly put in cryogenic stasis in-between missions, he ages little more than ten years when he meets Steve Rogers again in the modern-day. Thanks to a Cosmic Cube, Steve is able to restore Bucky's mind. The Winter Soldier then becomes a hero seeking redemption for his past actions. When Steve Rogers

1748-613: Is later apparently assassinated, Bucky Barnes assumes the role of Captain America. He gives up this role soon after Steve Rogers returns to active duty. In the 2011 crossover Fear Itself , Bucky Barnes is killed but then revived with the Infinity Formula, a weaker version of the super-soldier formula. As a result, he gains enhanced vitality and physical abilities. Having trained under Steve Rogers (the original Captain America in World War II) and others, "Bucky" Barnes

1840-413: Is the masked hero seen fighting alongside Captain America in black and white newsreels and often blurry photos. Bucky's original comic book career came to a stop in 1948, when a story said he was wounded and retired. In 1964, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby reintroduced Captain America to comics after the character had been missing for many years. The new stories said that Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes stopped

1932-538: Is the name used by several different fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , usually as a sidekick to Captain America . The original version was created by Joe Simon and Jack Kirby and first appeared in Captain America Comics #1 ( cover-dated March 1941), which was published by Marvel's predecessor, Timely Comics . Following the apparent death of

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2024-647: Is the son of Elijah Bradley and Samantha Wilson (the daughter of the Falcon ). In a world where all the Marvel characters are small children depicted in A-Babies vs. X-Babies , Bucky is Steve's teddy bear, named Bucky Bear. He is stolen by Scott Summers, igniting an enormous battle between the baby Avengers and the baby X-Men. The teenaged Bucky appears as a member of the Battleworld Runaways during

2116-692: The All-Winners Squad , in its two published adventures, in All Winners Comics #19 and #21 (Fall–Winter 1946; there was no issue #20). After Bucky was shot and wounded in a 1948 Captain America story, he was succeeded by Captain America's girlfriend, Betsy Ross, who became the superheroine Golden Girl . Captain America Comics ran until issue #73 (July 1949), at which time the series was retitled Captain America's Weird Tales for two issues (October 1949 – February 1950), with

2208-567: The American Civil War , a male slave was often referred to as a "buck"). He then assumed the name "Battlestar". Hoskins had superhuman strength, endurance, durability and resilience as a result of the experimental mutagenic process conducted on him by Karl Malus on behalf of the Power Broker . His agility and reflexes are of the order of a superior Olympic athlete. Hoskins is also highly trained in gymnastics and acrobatics. He

2300-463: The Federal Bureau of Investigation managed to hunt them down and placed them in suspended animation. The 1950s Captain America and Bucky would be revived years later after the return of Steve Rogers, going on another rampage, and would be defeated by the man they had modeled themselves after. Monroe was eventually cured of his insanity and took up the superhero identity of Nomad , an identity

2392-555: The Fly . In the late 1940s, the duo created the field of romance comics , and were among the earliest pioneers of horror comics . Simon, who went on to work in advertising and commercial art, also founded the satirical magazine Sick in 1960, remaining with it for over a decade. He briefly published with DC Comics in the 1970s. Simon was inducted into the Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1999. Joe Simon

2484-857: The New York Yankees , a few years younger than the heroic Bucky Barnes. In 1942, the heroic team known as the Invaders is hypnotized by the villain Red Skull, Bucky escapes. The young hero encounters Jeff Mace, the masked adventurer called Patriot , and together they join with other heroes to create a new team called Liberty Legion . The Red Skull then sends his hypnotized Invaders against the Liberty Legion. During this adventure, Bucky hides his true movements and plans by asking Fred Davis to temporarily wear his costume and impersonate him. The Invaders are freed from hypnotic control and return to

2576-497: The Paramount Theatre on Broadway, retouching the movie studio 's publicity photos. He also found freelance work at Macfadden Publications , doing illustrations for True Story and other magazines. Sometime afterward, his boss, art director Harlan Crandall, recommended Simon to Lloyd Jacquet , head of Funnies, Inc. , one of that era's comic-book "packagers" that supplied comics content on demand to publishers testing

2668-597: The Western Bullseye: Western Scout ; the war comic Foxhole , since EC Comics and Atlas Comics were having success with war comics, but promoting theirs as being written and drawn by actual veterans; In Love , since their earlier romance comic Young Love was still being widely imitated; and the crime comic Police Trap , which claimed to be based on genuine accounts by law-enforcement officials. Bitter that Timely Comics ' 1950s iteration, Atlas Comics , had relaunched Captain America in

2760-606: The imprint Prize Group, through which they published Boys' Ranch and launched an early horror comic , the atmospheric and non-gory series Black Magic . The team also produced crime and humor comics, and are credited as well with publishing the first romance comics title, Young Romance , starting a successful trend. At the urging of a Crestwood salesman, Kirby and Simon launched their own comics company, Mainline Publications , in late 1953 or early 1954, subletting space from their friend Al Harvey 's Harvey Publications at 1860 Broadway . Mainline published four titles:

2852-566: The 1960s, Simon produced promotional comics for the advertising agency Burstein and Newman, becoming art director of Burstein, Phillips and Newman from 1964 to 1967. Concurrently, in 1960, he founded the satirical magazine Sick , a competitor of Mad magazine, and edited and produced material for it for over a decade. During this period, known to fans and historians as the Silver Age of Comic Books , Simon and Kirby again reteamed for Harvey Comics in 1966, updating Fighting American for

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2944-576: The Avengers and Fantastic Four never left) has been transported to the mainstream Earth. She sought to make contact with the new Captain America (Bucky Barnes) by contacting Patriot , befriending the Patriot in the process. In a new miniseries she assumed the Nomad identity. Rikki is a natural athlete who was trained by S.H.I.E.L.D. and Captain America. She is a gifted fighter, marksman and acrobat with

3036-631: The Captain America character has numerous elements of Jewish iconography as a variant of the idea of the Golem , an automaton who protects the Jewish community who was created by an elder of that community, Dr. Irkstine. Captain America Comics #1 – cover-dated March 1941 and on sale December 20, 1940, a year before the attack on Pearl Harbor , but a full year into World War II – showed the protagonist punching Nazi leader Adolf Hitler ; it sold nearly one million copies. While most readers responded favorably to

3128-427: The Captain America character, Simon felt Goodman was not paying the pair the promised percentage of profits, and so sought work for the two of them at National Comics, (later named DC Comics ). Simon and Kirby negotiated a deal that would pay them a combined $ 500 a week, as opposed to the $ 75 and $ 85 they respectively earned at Timely. Fearing that Goodman would not pay them if he found out they were moving to National,

3220-961: The Combat Art Corps in Washington, D.C., part of the Coast Guard Public Information Division. He was stationed there in 1944 when he met New York Post sports columnist Milt Gross , who was with the Coast Guard Public Relations Unit, and the two became roommates in civilian housing. Pursuant to his unit's mission to publicize the Coast Guard, Simon created a true-life Coast Guard comic book that DC agreed to publish, followed by versions syndicated nationally by Parents magazine in Sunday newspaper comics sections, under

3312-648: The DC anthology series 1st Issue Special #2 (May 1975), and the freakish Outsiders in 1st Issue Special #10 (Jan. 1976). In 1999, Joe Simon regained the rights to the Fly thanks to copyright termination. In the 2000s, Simon turned to painting and marketing reproductions of his early comic book covers. He appeared in various news media in 2007 in response to Marvel Comics' announced "death" of Captain America in Captain America vol. 5, #25 (March 2007), stating, "It's

3404-509: The European Theatre with Bucky, while the Liberty Legion remains as the "home front" team in the U.S. From that point on, both teams aid each other whenever necessary. Fred Davis then resumes his normal life, thrilled to have been able to help America's superheroes. Barely over two years later, Bucky Barnes and Steve Rogers are seemingly killed. President Harry Truman fears the death of Captain America and his young friend will be

3496-525: The Geek , about a mannequin given a semblance of life who wanders philosophically through 1960s hippie culture. Superman editor Mort Weisinger harbored an admitted dislike for the hippie subculture of the 1960s and felt that Simon portrayed them too sympathetically which helped to bring a quick end to the title. Simon and artist Jerry Grandenetti then created DC's four-issue Prez (Sept. 1973 – March 1974), about America's first teen-age president and

3588-462: The Jungle", starring Trojak The Tiger Man, in Timely's Daring Mystery Comics #2 (Feb. 1940). During this time, Simon met Fox Feature Syndicate comics artist Jack Kirby , with whom he would soon have a storied collaboration lasting a decade-and-a-half. Speaking at a 1998 San Diego Comic-Con panel, Simon recounted the meeting: I had a suit and Jack thought that was really nice. He'd never seen

3680-498: The alternate reality of the five-issue Bullet Points miniseries (Jan.-May 2005), James Barnes never teams up with Steve Rogers as the Super-Soldier program was never activated. However, Rogers volunteers for the 'Iron Man' program and as such, saves Barnes and several fellow soldiers from an advancing tank during the battle of Guadalcanal. Unfortunately he is not swift enough to save Barnes from severe damage to his legs. In

3772-473: The alternate timeline of the 2005 " House of M " storyline, James Buchanan Barnes is one of the United States government agents (alongside Mimic and Nuke ) sent to Genosha to kill Magneto and as many of his followers as possible. Nuke and Mimic served as a distraction while Agent Barnes sneaked into Magneto's headquarters; and though he fatally stabs Professor Xavier, Bucky was killed by Magneto. In

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3864-423: The celebrated title, with one generally inking over the other. The character was featured in All Winners Comics #1–19 (Summer 1941 – Fall 1946), Marvel Mystery Comics #80–84 and #86–92, USA Comics #6–17 (December 1942 – Fall 1945), and All Select Comics #1–10 (Fall 1943 – Summer 1946). In the post-war era, with the popularity of superheroes fading, Captain America led Timely's first superhero team,

3956-530: The character in issue #3 in the filler text story "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge", which introduced the character's use of his shield as a returning throwing weapon. Captain America soon became Timely's most popular character and even had a fan-club called the "Sentinels of Liberty". Circulation figures remained close to a million copies per month after the debut issue, which outstripped even

4048-563: The character's triangular shield too closely resembled the chest symbol of their Shield character. In response, Goodman had Simon and Kirby create a distinctive round shield for issue 2, which went on to become an iconic element of the character. With his sidekick Bucky , Captain America faced villains from Nazi Germany , Empire of Japan , and other threats to wartime America and the Allies . Stanley Lieber, now better known as Stan Lee , in his first professional fiction writing task, contributed to

4140-459: The circulation of news magazines such as Time during the period. The character was widely imitated by other comics publishers, with around 40 red-white-and-blue patriotic heroes debuting in 1941 alone. After the Simon and Kirby team moved to DC Comics in late 1941, having produced Captain America Comics through issue #10 (January 1942), Al Avison and Syd Shores became regular pencillers of

4232-494: The comic book industry beset by self-imposed censorship, negative publicity, and a slump in sales. Simon "wanted to do other things and I stuck with comics," Kirby recalled in 1971. "It was fine. There was no reason to continue the partnership and we parted friends." Simon turned primarily to advertising and commercial art , while dipping back into comics on occasion. The Simon and Kirby team reunited briefly in 1959 with Simon writing and collaborating on art for Archie Comics , where

4324-467: The comic, some took objection. Simon noted, "When the first issue came out we got a lot of  ... threatening letters and hate mail. Some people really opposed what Cap stood for." The threats, which included menacing groups of people loitering out on the street outside of the offices, proved so serious that police protection was posted, with New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia personally contacting Simon and Kirby to give his support. Though preceded as

4416-595: The company sought how best to utilize the pair. After a few failed editor-assigned ghosting assignments, National's Jack Liebowitz told them to "just do what you want". The pair then revamped the Sandman feature in Adventure Comics and created the superhero Manhunter . In July 1942 they began the Boy Commandos feature. The ongoing "kid gang" series Boy Commandos , launched later that same year,

4508-644: The company that would evolve into Marvel Comics . With his partner, artist Jack Kirby , he co-created Captain America , one of comics' most enduring superheroes , and the team worked extensively on such features at DC Comics as the 1940s Sandman and Sandy the Golden Boy , and co-created the Newsboy Legion , the Boy Commandos , and Manhunter . Simon and Kirby creations for other comics publishers include Boys' Ranch , Fighting American and

4600-476: The duo updated the superhero the Shield in the two-issue The Double Life of Private Strong (June–Aug. 1959), and Simon created the superhero the Fly ; they went on to collaborate on the first two issues of The Adventures of the Fly (Aug.–Sept. 1959), and Simon and other artists, including Al Williamson , Jack Davis , and Carl Burgos , did four issues before Simon moved on to work in commercial art. Through

4692-487: The extent of undergoing plastic surgery to make him look like Steve Rogers and assuming his name as well. In addition, "Rogers" had discovered, in some old Nazi files stored in a warehouse in Germany , the lost formula for the Super-Soldier serum that had given Captain America his abilities. The two used the serum and began to fight Communists as Captain America and Bucky. Unfortunately, "Rogers" and Monroe were unaware of

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4784-414: The familiarity with technological devices of a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent. As Bucky she wore a bulletproof costume modeled after the original Bucky. She also made use of a vibranium-photonic energy shield along with vibranium soled boots that allowed her to run up walls, move silently, leap greater distances and land from great heights. She also wielded a pistol. Other persons who have used the Bucky alias include

4876-628: The finale being a horror/suspense anthology issue with no superheroes. Atlas Comics attempted to revive its superhero titles when it reintroduced Captain America, along with the original Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner, in Young Men #24 (December 1953). Billed as "Captain America, Commie Smasher!" Captain America appeared during the next year in Young Men #24–28 and Men's Adventures #27–28, as well as in issues #76–78 of an eponymous title (May–September 1954). Atlas' attempted superhero revival

4968-408: The hero James "Bucky" Barnes , the Bucky nickname and costume (or one based on the uniform used by Barnes) have been used by various heroes including: Fred Davis , Jack Monroe , Rick Jones , Lemar Hoskins , and Rikki Barnes . For a time, a child looked after by Jack Monroe was named "Bucky," but she was later adopted and given the name Julia Winters. James Buchanan " Bucky " Barnes

5060-466: The indestructible, vibranium -iron alloy shield used by Steve Rogers, and wore a Kevlar / Nomex blend, shock-absorbing costume. Fred Davis Jr. , created by Roy Thomas and Don Heck , first appeared in Marvel Premiere #30 (1976, Marvel Comics) as a young character asked to temporarily impersonate Bucky in 1942. Starting with What If? #4 (1977) by Steven Englehart and Sal Buscema , it

5152-606: The new medium. That day, Simon received his first comics assignment, a seven-page Western . Four days later, Jacquet asked Simon, at the behest of Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman , to create a flaming superhero like Timely's successful character the Human Torch . From this came Simon's first comic-book hero, the Fiery Mask . Simon used the pseudonym Gregory Sykes on at least one story during this time, "King of

5244-472: The now-married Kirby and his wife and first child moved to houses diagonally across from each other on Brown Street in Mineola, New York , on Long Island , where Simon and Kirby each worked from a home studio. As superhero comics waned in popularity after the end of World War II , Simon and Kirby began producing a variety of stories in many genres. In partnership with Crestwood Publications , they developed

5336-595: The original Steve Rogers himself had once taken in the 1970s (when he discarded the Captain America mantle as a consequence of the Marvel-version of the Watergate Scandal , engineered by the Secret Empire ), and teamed up with the original Captain America on a number of occasions. At one point during his solo career, Monroe was injured severely enough to need to be placed in stasis once again. He

5428-495: The pair kept the deal a secret while they continued producing work for the company. At some point during this time, the duo also produced Fawcett Comics ' Captain Marvel Adventures #1 (1941), the first complete comic book starring Captain Marvel following the character's run as star of the superhero anthology Whiz Comics . Kirby and Simon spent their first weeks at National trying to devise new characters while

5520-761: The paper. Two years later, Simon took an art job at the Syracuse Herald in Syracuse, New York , for $ 45 a week, supplying sports and editorial cartoons there as well. Shortly thereafter, for $ 60 a week, he succeeded Liederman as art director of a paper whose name Simon recalled in his 1990 autobiography as the Syracuse Journal American , although the Syracuse Journal and the Syracuse Sunday American , were

5612-425: The post-WW II superhero team called the All-Winners Squad . When Naslund is killed in 1946, the Captain America identity passes to Jeff Mace , whom Davis met when he first impersonated Bucky. Davis continues to assists Mace as Bucky, fighting criminals and spies. In 1948, Davis is shot while on duty as Bucky and seriously wounded. Now having a permanent limp, Davis retires the Bucky identity. In 1951, Davis joins

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5704-519: The premiere, Joe Simon got to see Captain America: The First Avenger before he passed away in December 2011. Simon was married to Harriet Feldman. The Simons had two sons and three daughters. Simon died in New York City on December 14, 2011, at the age of 98, after a brief illness. Marvel Comics dedicated Avenging Spider-Man #5 to Simon. Bucky (Marvel Comics) Bucky

5796-602: The pseudonym Jon Henri on a handful of other 1942 Harvey comics, as does Who's Who in American Comic Books 1929–1999 . Simon enlisted in the U.S. Coast Guard during World War II . He said in his 1990 autobiography that he was first assigned to the Mounted Beach Patrol at Long Beach Island , off Barnegat, New Jersey , for a year before being sent to boot camp near Baltimore, Maryland, for basic training. Afterward, he reported for duty with

5888-457: The second issue of the crossover miniseries Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness , a zombified Winter Soldier appears and attempts to devour Dazzler . This version of the Winter Soldier is ultimately killed by Ash Williams , who shoots his head off with his " boomstick ", even having shot off his bionic arm. The alternate reality Ultimate Marvel version of Bucky Barnes is an adult sidekick of Captain America (Steve Rogers). This version

5980-399: The secret V-Battalion , a private organization that hunts war criminals . He eventually became one of its leaders. Decades later, he is killed by a Russian sleeper agent who wants to send a message to the original Bucky Barnes, now known to still be alive. As Bucky, Davis was trained in hand-to-hand combat and acrobatics. He also had skill as a baseball player. Though this character

6072-567: The separate weekday and Sunday papers, respectively. The paper soon closed, and Simon, at 23, ventured to New York City. There, Simon took a room at the boarding house Haddon Hall, in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan , near Columbia University . At the suggestion of the art director of the New York Journal American , he sought and found freelance work at Paramount Pictures , working above

6164-399: The stabilizing "Vita-Ray" process used on the original Captain America. As a result, despite their bodies being enhanced to peak human efficiency, they slowly grew paranoid and dangerously insane. By the middle of 1954 they were irrationally attacking anyone they perceived to be a Communist, at points resulting in them committing racist violence against Hispanics and African-Americans. In 1955

6256-420: The stories of Captain America and Bucky published after 1945 and before 1964 actually depicted different characters who had taken up the mantles of Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes following their apparent deaths. Decades after his death had been established, Bucky Barnes was brought back into comics. It is said that he miraculously survived the explosion in 1945, though he lost a limb and suffered brain damage. He

6348-415: The story in the 2003 updated edition of his autobiography, The Comic Book Makers . After leaving Fox and landing at pulp magazine publisher Martin Goodman 's Timely Comics (the future Marvel Comics ), where Simon became the company's first editor, the Simon and Kirby team created the seminal patriotic hero Captain America . Captain America Comics #1 (March 1941), going on sale in December 1940 –

6440-494: The three styles together, I believed the final product would emerge as quite uniform. The two Als were eager to join in on the new Captain America book, but Jack Kirby was visibly upset. "You're still number one, Jack," I assured him. "It's just a matter of a quick deadline for the first issue." "I'll make the deadline," Jack promised. "I'll pencil it [all] myself and make the deadline." I hadn't expected this kind of reaction ... but I acceded to Kirby's wishes and, it turned out,

6532-435: The three-issue Champion Sports (Nov. 1973 – March 1974). That same year, Simon returned to the romance genre as editor of Young Romance and Young Love and oversaw a Black Magic reprint series. Simon and Kirby teamed one last time later that year, with Simon writing the first issue (Winter 1974) of a six-issue new incarnation of the Sandman . Simon and Grandenetti then created the Green Team: Boy Millionaires in

6624-412: The title True Comics . This led to his being assigned to create a comic book aimed at driving Coast Guard recruitment. With Gross as his writer collaborator, Simon produced Adventure Is My Career , distributed by Street and Smith Publications for sale at newsstands. Returning to New York City after his discharge, Simon married Harriet Feldman, the secretary to Harvey Comics' Al Harvey. The Simons and

6716-424: The workload alone: I didn't have a lot of objections to putting a crew on the first issue ... There were two young artists from Connecticut that had made a strong impression on me. Al Avison and Al Gabriele often worked together and were quite successful in adapting their individual styles to each other. Actually, their work was not too far from [that of] Kirby's. If they worked on it, and if one inker tied

6808-403: Was African-American Lemar Hoskins who was allowed to continue to serve as Walker's partner when Walker became Captain America, while the other Buckies, disgruntled after being left out by the Commission on Superhuman Activities , became Left-Winger and Right-Winger . Hoskins used the name and costume of Bucky until he realized the racist connotations of the alias when applied to him (prior to

6900-434: Was a commercial failure, and the character's title was canceled with Captain America #78 (September 1954). Joe Simon Joseph Henry Simon (born Hymie Simon ; October 11, 1913 – December 14, 2011) was an American comic book writer, artist, editor, and publisher. Simon created or co-created many important characters in the 1930s–1940s Golden Age of Comic Books and served as the first editor of Timely Comics ,

6992-517: Was a mark of quality and a proven track record." Harry Mendryk, art restorer on Titan Books ' Simon and Kirby series of hardcover collections, believes Simon used the pseudonym Glaven on at least two covers during this time: those of Harvey Comics ' Speed Comics #22 and Champ Comics #22 (both Sept. 1942), though the Grand Comics Database does not independently confirm this. Mendryk also believes that both Kirby and Simon used

7084-577: Was accompanied here by two assistants, Hawkeye and Falcon , neither wearing a costume and both addressed by their real names. In the 2005 What If? event, the Captain America story, set during the American Civil War, featured Steve Rogers' commanding officer, Colonel Buck Barnes, whom the men called "Bucky". His mercenary tendencies led to Rogers' desertion, and when he later intervened in Rogers' transformation into Captain America, his face

7176-508: Was art director for the school newspaper and the yearbook – earning his first professional fee as an artist when two universities each paid $ 10 publication rights for his art deco , tempera splash pages for the yearbook sections. Upon graduation in 1932, Simon was hired by Rochester Journal-American art director Adolph Edler as an assistant, replacing Simon's future comics colleague Al Liederman, who had quit. Between production duties, he did occasional sports and editorial cartoons for

7268-709: Was born in 1913 as Hymie Simon and raised in Rochester , New York, the son of Harry Simon, who had emigrated from Leeds , England, in 1905, and Rose (Kurland), whom Harry met in the United States. Harry Simon moved to Rochester, then a clothing-manufacturing center where his younger brother Isaac lived, and the couple had a daughter, Beatrice, in 1912. A poor Jewish family, the Simons lived in "a first-floor flat which doubled as my father's tailor shop". Simon attended Benjamin Franklin High School, where he

7360-638: Was daunting, he profited from it with invaluable training from Rogers. During his position as Bucky, Jones received training in combat gymnastics along with hand-to-hand combat by Captain America. As the Super-Patriot , John Walker teamed up with a group known as the Bold Urban Commandos (BUCkies) as a backup team who were sometimes used in staged attacks on the Super-Patriot during his public demonstrations. Walker's main partner

7452-414: Was depicted as Bucky Barnes in the 1953-1955 Captain America run, these stories were rendered non-canonical in 1964 by The Avengers issue #4. A 1972 retcon designed to reintegrate these stories into Earth-616 canon established him as a separate character. In 1953, an orphan named Jack Monroe , who idolized Captain America and Bucky, discovered that his history teacher also had a similar passion, to

7544-661: Was destroyed, turning him into an undead being known as the White Skull. In Ruins , which is set in a dystopian alternate future, Bucky is taken into custody alongside Victor Creed and others for several heinous crimes, including cannibalism. An alternate-universe Bucky appears in the 2011 miniseries Captain America Corps . A new Bucky named Steve Wilson-Bradley appears in an alternate timeline seen in Avengers: The Children's Crusade . This Bucky

7636-483: Was lettered by Simon and Kirby's regular letterer, Howard Ferguson. Simon said Captain America was a consciously political creation; he and Kirby were morally repulsed by the actions of Nazi Germany in the years leading up to the United States' involvement in World War II and felt war was inevitable: "The opponents to the war were all quite well organized. We wanted to have our say too." It has been observed that

7728-493: Was lucky that I did. There might have been two Als, but there was only one Jack Kirby ... I wrote the first Captain America book with penciled lettering right on the drawing boards, with very rough sketches for figures and backgrounds. Kirby did his thing, building the muscular anatomy, adding ideas and popping up the action as only he could. Then he tightened up the penciled drawings, adding detailed backgrounds, faces and figures." Al Liederman would ink that first issue, which

7820-714: Was revived and brainwashed by Henry Peter Gyrich (who was in turn being manipulated by Baron Strucker ). Monroe was then forced to become the new Scourge of the Underworld and sent to kill the reformed supervillain team known as the Thunderbolts . Monroe eventually broke free of the conditioning, helped the Thunderbolts to defeat Gyrich, and then disappeared. Monroe was last seen reassuming his original Nomad costume. At this time, he had checked in on his former ward he called Bucky, who had since been adopted. Monroe

7912-405: Was said that Fred Davis assumed the Bucky identity following the apparent death of Bucky Barnes. Since Stan Lee and Jack Kirby established in 1964 that Barnes seemingly died in 1945, Fred Davis was used to retroactively explain the young hero's appearances in comics published between 1945 and 1948, as well as the series All-Winners Comics . In Fred's introduction story, he is a teenage batboy for

8004-406: Was seeing. He asked if we could do some freelance work together. I was delighted and I took him over to my little office. We worked from the second issue of Blue Bolt ... and remained a team across the next two decades. In the early 2000s, original art for an unpublished, five-page Simon and Kirby collaboration titled "Daring Disc", which may predate the duo's Blue Bolt , surfaced. Simon published

8096-457: Was simply named Bucky, after my friend Bucky Pierson, a star on our high school basketball team. Simon recalled in his autobiography that Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman gave him the go-ahead and directed that a Captain America solo comic book series be published as soon as possible. Needing to fill a full comic with primarily one character's stories, Simon did not believe that his regular creative partner, artist Jack Kirby , could handle

8188-478: Was starting to have delusions again, and started hallucinating; his sanity was again destabilizing, as it had when he first became Bucky. In the same story, Jack Monroe was shot by the Winter Soldier (James Buchanan Barnes, the original Bucky) and dumped in the trunk of a car. Monroe had augmented strength and reflexes superior to that of any Olympic athlete. Monroe has extensive experience in hand-to-hand combat, having received personal tutoring by Captain America. He

8280-678: Was taken by the Liberators, Bucky is captured at a cemetery with Steve and remains unseen. However, both he and Gail are seen being taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. protective custody after it is discovered that the Red Skull is Steve's and Gail's illegitimate son. In the alternate reality Marvel MAX series U.S. War Machine , Bucky was serving in the present as Captain America , as the Captain had died in his stead in World War II. Bucky

8372-449: Was the first individual to operate as a costumed hero called Bucky. Despite being only 24-years-old in 1941, his life on army bases and special training sessions make him a formidable combatant and marksman. In 1941, Steve Rogers is experimented on by Operation: Rebirth, making him a super-soldier thanks to a special serum and "vita-ray" treatment developed by Abraham Erskine. Assigned the costumed identity of Captain America, Steve operates as

8464-488: Was the team's first National feature to graduate into its own title. It sold over a million copies a month, becoming National's third best-selling title. They also scored a hit with the homefront kid-gang team, the Newsboy Legion in Star-Spangled Comics . In 2010, DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz observed that "Like Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster , the creative team of Joe Simon and Jack Kirby

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