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98-405: The giant was the creation of a New York tobacconist named George Hull. He was deeply attracted to science and especially to the theory of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin. Hull got into an argument with Reverend Turk and his supporters at a Methodist revival meeting about Genesis 6:4 , which states that there were giants who once lived on Earth. Hull, a skeptic, being the minority party, lost

196-517: A classical language , along with Greek and Latin , and essential for study of the Old Testament in the original. Reverend Stiles, president from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in Hebrew as a vehicle for studying ancient Biblical texts in their original language, requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where only upperclassmen were required to study it) and

294-522: A syndicate of five men headed by David Hannum. They moved it to Syracuse, New York , for exhibition. The giant drew such crowds that showman P. T. Barnum offered $ 50,000 for the giant. When the syndicate refused, he hired a man to model the giant's shape covertly in wax and create a plaster copy. He displayed his giant in New York, claiming that his was the real giant, and the Cardiff Giant

392-587: A tobacco shop , a tobacconist's shop or a smoke shop , is a retail business that sells tobacco products in various forms and the related accoutrements, such as pipes , lighters , matches , pipe cleaners , and pipe tampers . More specialized retailers might sell ashtrays , humidification devices , hygrometers , humidors , cigar cutters , and more. Books and magazines, especially ones related to tobacco are commonly offered. Items irrelevant to tobacco such as puzzles, games, figurines, hip flasks , walking sticks , and confectionery are sometimes sold. In

490-524: A changing culture. Levesque concludes, noting he may have misunderstood some of the challenges, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence of the modern university. Milton Winternitz led the Yale School of Medicine as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and

588-425: A classical background. The report meant the classics would not be abandoned. During this period, institutions experimented with changes in the curriculum, often resulting in a dual-track curriculum. In the decentralized environment of US higher education, balancing change with tradition was a common challenge. A group of professors at Yale and New Haven Congregationalist ministers articulated a conservative response to

686-403: A clear winner, because scoring is subjective. With late 19th-century concerns about the impact of modern life on the body, athletics offered hope that neither the individual nor society was coming apart. In 1909–10, football faced a crisis resulting from the failure of the reforms of 1905–06, which sought to solve the problem of serious injuries. There was a mood of alarm and mistrust, and, while

784-410: A favorable injunction . On December 10, 1869, Hull confessed everything to the press, and on February 2, 1870, both giants were revealed as fakes in court; the judge also ruled that Barnum could not be sued for terming a fake giant a fake. Hull proclaimed that he did not confess because of the pressing criticism, but confessed proudly that he intended for the hoax to be exposed to reveal the tendency of

882-417: A holistic study of humankind, lasted only a few years before resentful antisemitic colleagues drove him to resign. Before World War II , most elite university faculties counted among their numbers few, if any, Jews, blacks, women, or other minorities; Yale was no exception. By 1980, this condition had been altered dramatically, as numerous members of those groups held faculty positions. Almost all members of

980-523: A hostile sexual climate. In response, the university formed a Title IX steering committee to address complaints of sexual misconduct. Afterwards, universities and colleges throughout the US also established sexual harassment grievance procedures. Yale instituted policies in the early 20th century designed to maintain the proportion of white Protestants from notable families in the student body (see numerus clausus ) and eliminated such preferences, beginning with

1078-517: A man named H.B. Martin, hired men to quarry out a 10-foot-4.5-inch-long (3.2 m) block of gypsum in Fort Dodge, Iowa , telling them it was intended for a monument to Abraham Lincoln in New York. He shipped the block to Edward Burkhardt in Chicago , a German stonecutter . Burkhardt hired two sculptors named Henry Salle and Fred Mohrmann to create the giant. While it is not clear if Burkhardt

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1176-730: A medical campus adjacent to the Yale–New Haven Hospital . In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km ) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course . In 2008, Yale purchased the 17-building, 136-acre (0.55 km ) former Bayer HealthCare complex in West Haven , Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which

1274-554: A moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Historian George Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. Levesque says he did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to

1372-603: A much larger emphasis on cigars and pipe tobacco. Many of these establishments will have a walk-in humidor, as well as a smoking lounge or even a bar. These stores, often categorizing themselves specifically as a cigar store generally have limited amounts of the other commonplace forms of tobacco. There are now smaller online tobacconists calling themselves Boutique Online Stores these stores are 24 hour operated stores, these stores are more specialized with emphasis on service and knowledge. In countries where tobacco control laws are strong, tobacconists may have their trade limited. In

1470-613: A new partnership with the National University of Singapore led to the opening of Yale-NUS College in Singapore, a joint effort to create a new liberal arts college in Asia featuring a curriculum including Western and Asian traditions. In 2017, having been suggested for decades, Yale University renamed Calhoun College, named for slave owner , anti-abolitionist , and white supremacist Vice President John C. Calhoun . It

1568-558: A reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Moreover, Yale has been accused by the AFL–CIO of failing to treat workers with respect, as well as not renewing contracts with professors over involvement in campus labor issues. Yale has responded to strikes with claims over mediocre union participation and the benefits of their contracts. Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km ) and comprises its main, historic campus and

1666-571: A substantial sum of money. Cotton Mather suggested the school change its name to "Yale College". The name Yale is the Anglicized spelling of the Welsh name Iâl , which had been used for the family estate at Plas yn Iâl, near Llandegla , Wales. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced 180 prominent intellectuals to donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented

1764-444: A web of friendships and affiliations built up in school." CNN suggests that George W. Bush benefited from preferential admissions policies for the "son and grandson of alumni", and for a "member of a politically influential family". Elisabeth Bumiller and James Fallows credit the culture of community that exists between students, faculty, and administration, which downplays self-interest and reinforces commitment to others. During

1862-667: Is a portrait of them in Sterling Memorial Library , painted by Brenda Zlamany . In 1966, Yale began discussions with its sister school Vassar College about merging to foster coeducation at the undergraduate level. Vassar, then all-female and part of the Seven Sisters —elite higher education schools that served as sister institutions to the Ivy League when nearly all Ivy League institutions still only admitted men—tentatively accepted, but then declined

1960-511: Is in the Georgian style . Georgian-style buildings erected from 1929 to 1933 include Timothy Dwight College , Pierson College , and Davenport College , except the latter's east, York Street façade, which was constructed in the Gothic style to coordinate with adjacent structures. The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library , designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill ,

2058-500: Is now Hopper College, after Grace Hopper . In 2020, in the wake of the George Floyd protests , the #CancelYale tag was used on social media to demand that Elihu Yale's name be removed from Yale University. Much of the support originated from right-wing pundits such as Mike Cernovich and Ann Coulter , who intended to satirize what they perceived as the excesses of cancel culture . Yale spent most of his professional career in

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2156-415: Is one of the largest buildings in the world reserved exclusively for the preservation of rare books and manuscripts. The library includes a six-story above-ground tower of book stacks, filled with 180,000 volumes, that is surrounded by large translucent Vermont marble panels and a steel and granite truss. The panels act as windows and subdue direct sunlight while also diffusing the light in warm hues throughout

2254-556: Is referred to as "CONTOB" ("confectionery and tobacco"). A tabac or tabaccheria is a shop licensed to sell tobacco products in France , Spain and Italy . Tabacs also sell newspapers , telephone cards , postage stamps and multi-journey bus tickets. Specialist tobacconists are in theory educated and practiced in all things related to tobacco including its different forms, colors, scents, textures and tastes. They employ this knowledge to provide information regarding customers about

2352-457: Is responsible for the Hebrew phrase אורים ותמים ( Urim and Thummim ) on the Yale seal. A 1746 graduate of Yale, Stiles came to the college with experience in education, having played an integral role in founding Brown University . Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in 1779 when British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the college. However, Yale graduate Edmund Fanning , secretary to

2450-644: Is still displayed. The owner of Marvin's Marvelous Mechanical Museum , a coin-operated game arcade and museum of oddities in Farmington Hills, Michigan , has said that the copy displayed there is Barnum's. A copy of the Giant is displayed at The Fort Museum and Frontier Village in Fort Dodge, Iowa. The Cardiff Giant has inspired a number of similar hoaxes. Notes Bibliography Further reading Tobacconist A tobacconist , also called

2548-582: Is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km ) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner —and nature preserves including Horse Island . Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn 's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen 's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building . Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue , which

2646-507: The Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership. Soon after, a group of ten Congregational ministers, Samuel Andrew , Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather (nephew of Increase Mather ), Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes ), James Pierpont , Abraham Pierson , Noadiah Russell , Joseph Webb, and Timothy Woodbridge , all Harvard alumni , met in

2744-571: The Democratic or Republican ticket in every U.S. presidential election between 1972 and 2004. Yale-educated presidents since the end of the Vietnam War include Gerald Ford , George H. W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush , and major-party nominees include Hillary Clinton (2016), John Kerry (2004), Joseph Lieberman (vice president, 2000), and Sargent Shriver (vice president, 1972). Other alumni who have made serious bids for

2842-690: The Intercollegiate Athletic Association . While the big three had attempted to operate independently of the majority, the changes pushed did reduce injuries. Starting with the addition of the Yale School of Medicine in 1810, the college expanded gradually, establishing the Yale Divinity School in 1822, Yale Law School in 1822, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1847, the now-defunct Sheffield Scientific School in 1847, and

2940-498: The Israel–Hamas war . The student protestors demanded that Yale University divest from companies with ties to Israel 's war on Gaza.  Protests continued during the summer and in the new academic year starting September 2024. The Boston Globe wrote in 2002 that "if there's one school that can lay claim to educating the nation's top national leaders over the past three decades, it's Yale". Yale alumni were represented on

3038-643: The Tony Blair Faith Foundation 's United States Faith and Globalization Initiative. As of 2009, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo is the director of the Yale Center for the Study of Globalization and teaches an undergraduate seminar, "Debating Globalization". As of 2009, former presidential candidate and DNC chair Howard Dean teaches a residential college seminar, "Understanding Politics and Politicians". Also in 2009, an alliance

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3136-622: The Vanderbilt family , including Vanderbilt Hall, Phelps Hall, St. Anthony Hall (a commission for member Frederick William Vanderbilt ), the Mason, Sloane and Osborn laboratories, dormitories for the Sheffield Scientific School (the engineering and sciences school at Yale until 1956) and elements of Silliman College , the largest residential college. The oldest building on campus, Connecticut Hall (built in 1750),

3234-483: The Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Yale Law School . While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation , each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven , the university owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, a campus in West Haven , and forests and nature preserves throughout New England . As of 2023 ,

3332-468: The Yale School of Architecture in 1916, the Yale School of Nursing 1923, the Yale School of Drama in 1955, the Yale School of Management in 1976, and the Jackson School of Global Affairs in 2022. The Sheffield Scientific School would also reorganize its relationship with the university to teach only undergraduate courses. Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter ,

3430-434: The Yale School of Fine Arts in 1869. In 1887, under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V , Yale College was renamed to Yale University, and the former name was applied only to the undergraduate college . The university would continue to expand into the 20th and 21st centuries, adding the Yale School of Music in 1894, the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies in 1900, the Yale School of Public Health in 1915,

3528-616: The 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique". When challenged on the distinction between Dukakis's Harvard connection and his Yale background, he said that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it" and said Yale did not share Harvard's reputation for "liberalism and elitism". In 2004 Howard Dean stated, "In some ways, I consider myself separate from

3626-1184: The British general in command of the occupation, intervened and the college was saved. In 1803, Fanning was granted an honorary degree LL.D. . As the only college in Connecticut from 1701 to 1823, Yale educated the sons of the elite. Punishable offenses included cardplaying , tavern-going, destruction of college property, and acts of disobedience. Harvard was distinctive for the stability and maturity of its tutor corps, while Yale had youth and zeal. The emphasis on classics gave rise to private student societies, open only by invitation, which arose as forums for discussions of scholarship, literature and politics. The first were debating societies: Crotonia in 1738, Linonia in 1753 and Brothers in Unity in 1768. Linonia and Brothers in Unity continue to exist; commemorations to them can be found with names given to campus structures, like Brothers in Unity Courtyard in Branford College. The Yale Report of 1828

3724-457: The Cardiff Giant. The hotels and restaurants in Cardiff saw more customers in those four days than they had ever seen before. Some believed this giant was a petrified man, while some believed it was a statue. Those who believed it was a petrified man thought it was one of the giants mentioned in the aforementioned Genesis verse. On the other hand, John F. Boynton , the first geologist to examine

3822-625: The Christian community to believe in things too easily and to counter the fundamentalist belief that giants once roamed the earth. The Cardiff Giant was displayed at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition , but did not attract much attention. Iowa publisher Gardner Cowles, Jr. , bought it later to adorn his basement rumpus room as a coffee table and conversation piece. In 1947 he sold it to the Farmers' Museum in Cooperstown, New York , where it

3920-688: The Faculty of Arts and Sciences—and some members of other faculties—teach undergraduate courses, more than 2,000 of which are offered annually. In 1793, Lucinda Foote passed the entrance exams for Yale College, but was rejected by the president on the basis of her gender. Women studied at Yale from 1892, in graduate-level programs at the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences . The first seven women to earn PhDs received their degrees in 1894: Elizabeth Deering Hanscom , Cornelia H. B. Rogers, Sara Bulkley Rogers, Margaretta Palmer , Mary Augusta Scott , Laura Johnson Wylie, and Charlotte Fitch Roberts . There

4018-719: The International Union of Security, Police and Fire Professionals of America in late 2010, even though the Yale administration contested the election. In October 2014, after deliberation, Yale security decided to form a new union, the Yale University Security Officers Association, which has since represented the campus security officers. Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has

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4116-634: The US Justice Department sued Yale for alleged discrimination against Asian and white candidates, through affirmative action admission policies. In 2021, under the new Biden administration, the Justice Department withdrew the lawsuit. The group, Students for Fair Admissions , later won a similar lawsuit against Harvard . In April 2024, Yale students joined other campuses across the United States in protests against

4214-533: The US are concerned about the 2016 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for electronic cigarettes . The 2010 FDA regulations caused some inconveniences for local tobacco shops in Cullman, Alabama, US. The US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act , has restricted marketing, particularly to minors; prohibited flavored cigarettes (excluding menthol); removed descriptions including "light," "mild," and "low-tar" from cigarette packs; and made larger

4312-564: The United States, a tobacconist shop was traditionally represented by a wooden Indian positioned nearby. Most retailers of tobacco sell other types of product; today supermarkets , in many countries with a special counter, are usually the main sellers of the common brands of cigarette . In the United Kingdom, a common combination in small corner shops has been a newsagent selling newspapers and magazines, as well as confectionery and tobacco. In UK marketing and retailing this sector

4410-672: The United States, it is common for retail pharmacies to sell cigarettes and similar products on the same premises as over-the-counter drugs and prescription medication . Campaigners in the USA advocate the removal of tobacco from pharmacies due to the health risks associated with smoking and the apparent contradiction of selling cigarettes alongside smoking cessation products and asthma medication . Pharmaceutical retailers counter this argument by reasoning that by selling tobacco, they are more readily able to offer to customers advice and products for quitting smoking. Some tobacco shop owners in

4508-459: The Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied this same heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Dink Stover in the novel Stover at Yale (1912) questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became

4606-573: The Yale Corporation, or board of trustees, is the governing body of the university and consists of thirteen standing committees with separate responsibilities outlined in the by-laws. The corporation has 19 members: three ex officio members, ten successor trustees, and six elected alumni fellows. The university has three major academic components: Yale College (the undergraduate program), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and

4704-478: The argument. Angered by his defeat and the credulity of people, Hull wanted to prove how easily he could fool people with a fake giant. The idea of a petrified man did not originate with Hull, however. During 1858, the newspaper Alta California had published a fake letter claiming that a prospector had been petrified when he had drunk a liquid within a geode . Other newspapers had also published stories of supposedly petrified people. In 1868, Hull, accompanied by

4802-639: The behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall , Cotton Mather contacted the Boston-born businessman Elihu Yale to ask for money to construct a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer , Yale, who had made a fortune in Madras while working for the East India Company as the first president of Fort St. George , donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560,

4900-504: The best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke 's works and developed his " new divinity ". In 1722 the rector and six friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced they had given up Calvinism , become Arminians , and joined the Church of England . They were ordained in England and returned to

4998-518: The changes brought by Victorian culture . They concentrated on developing a person possessed of religious values strong enough to sufficiently resist temptations from within, yet flexible enough to adjust to the ' isms ' ( professionalism , materialism , individualism , and consumerism ) tempting them from without. William Graham Sumner , professor from 1872 to 1909, taught in the emerging disciplines of economics and sociology to overflowing classrooms. Sumner bested President Noah Porter , who disliked

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5096-760: The characteristics of any such early work; that, rude as it was, it betrayed the qualities of a modern performance of a low order.” However, he was taken aback by the channels on the bottom part of the giant, stating that for such grooving to be created on local Onondaga grey limestone would require years. Yale paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh examined the statue, pointing out that it was made of soluble gypsum, which, had it been buried in its blanket of wet earth for centuries, would not still have fresh tool marks on it (which it did), and termed it "a most decided humbug ". Some theologians and preachers, however, defended its authenticity. Eventually, Hull sold his part-interest for $ 23,000 (equivalent to $ 554,000 in 2023) to

5194-552: The class of 1970. In 2006, Yale and Peking University (PKU) established a Joint Undergraduate Program in Beijing, an exchange program allowing Yale students to spend a semester living and studying with PKU honor students. In July 2012, the Yale University-PKU Program ended due to weak participation. In 2007 outgoing Yale President Rick Levin characterized Yale's institutional priorities: "First, among

5292-406: The college expanded into graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first PhD in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887. Yale's faculty and student populations grew rapidly after 1890 due to the expansion of the physical campus and its scientific research programs. Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools, including the original undergraduate college ,

5390-462: The colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and while he attempted to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy, did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library. Yale College undergraduates follow a liberal arts curriculum with departmental majors and is organized into a social system of residential colleges . Yale

5488-642: The community in our admissions, and there is a very strong tradition of volunteerism at Yale." Yale historian Gaddis Smith notes "an ethos of organized activity" at Yale during the 20th century that led Kerry to lead the Yale Political Union 's Liberal Party, George Pataki the Conservative Party, and Lieberman to manage the Yale Daily News . Camille Paglia points to a history of networking and elitism: "It has to do with

5586-428: The crisis was developing, the presidents of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton developed a project to reform the sport and forestall possible radical changes forced by government. Presidents Arthur Hadley of Yale, A. Lawrence Lowell of Harvard, and Woodrow Wilson of Princeton worked to develop moderate reforms to reduce injuries. Their attempts, however, were reduced by rebellion against the rules committee and formation of

5684-669: The dean of the Divinity School, Rebecca Chopp , was appointed president of Colgate University and later went on to serve as the president of Swarthmore College in 2009, and then the first female chancellor of the University of Denver in 2014. In 2004, Provost Dr. Susan Hockfield became the president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . In 2004, Dean of the Nursing school, Catherine Gilliss,

5782-479: The dimensions of warning labels on smokeless tobacco. Anyone under the age of 21 is not allowed entry to any US self-service tobacco shop, even if going with an adult. Yale University Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut , United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States , and one of

5880-565: The employ of the East India Company (EIC), serving as the governor of the Presidency of Fort St. George in modern-day Chennai . The EIC, including Yale himself, was involved in the Indian Ocean slave trade , though the extent of Yale's involvement in slavery remains debated. His singularly large donation led critics to argue Yale University relied on money derived from slavery for its first scholarships and endowments. In 2020,

5978-493: The farm of his cousin, William Newell. By then, he had spent US$ 2,600 (equivalent to $ 60,000 in 2023) for the hoax. On a night in late November 1868, the giant was buried in a hole in Newell's farm. Nearly a year later, Newell hired Gideon Emmons and Henry Nichols, ostensibly to dig a well, and on October 16, 1869, they found the giant. One of the men reportedly exclaimed, "I declare, some old Indian has been buried here!" On

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6076-399: The field hockey team, Richard Kentwell. While unsuccessful in the courts, the legal reasoning changed the landscape of sex discrimination law and resulted in the establishment of Yale's Grievance Board and Women's Center. In 2011 a Title IX complaint was filed against Yale by students and graduates, including editors of Yale's feminist magazine Broad Recognition , alleging the university had

6174-402: The first day, visitors were able to view the giant with no fee charged. The next day, a tent was set up on the discovery site and Newell charged each visitor fifty cents for a fifteen-minute session of viewing the giant. The number of visitors went to about three to five hundred per day as the demand for wagons and carriages dramatically increased. The townspeople also gained huge profit because of

6272-583: The first treasurer of Yale, Nathaniel Lynde, donated land and a building. In 1716, it moved to New Haven. Meanwhile, there was a rift forming at Harvard between its sixth president, Increase Mather, and the rest of the Harvard clergy, whom Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity . The feud caused the Mathers to champion the Collegiate School in

6370-399: The giant appear to be old and weathered. In order for the giant to look ancient, Hull first wiped the giant using a sponge soaked with sand and water. The giant's surface was beaten with steel knitting needles embedded in a board to simulate pores. The giant was also rubbed with sulphuric acid to create a deeper, vintage-like color. During November 1868, Hull transported the giant by railroad to

6468-482: The giant had been found. “Being asked my opinion, my answer was that the whole matter was undoubtedly a hoax; that there was no reason why the farmer should dig a well in the spot where the figure was found; that it was convenient neither to the house nor to the barn; that there was already a good spring and a stream of water running conveniently to both; that, as to the figure itself, it certainly could not have been carved by any prehistoric race, since no part of it showed

6566-405: The giant, declared that it could not be a fossilized man, but hypothesized that it was a statue that was carved by a French Jesuit in the 16th or 17th century in order to impress the local Native Americans . Andrew D. White , the first president of Cornell University , made a close inspection of the Cardiff Giant. He noticed that there was no good reason to try to dig a well in the exact spot

6664-443: The goal of the student body, the alumni, and the team itself. Along with Harvard and Princeton , Yale students rejected British concepts about ' amateurism ' and constructed athletic programs that were uniquely American. The Harvard–Yale football rivalry began in 1875. Between 1892, when Harvard and Yale met in one of the first intercollegiate debates , and in 1909 (year of the first Triangular Debate of Harvard/Yale/Princeton)

6762-609: The hope it would maintain the Puritan religious orthodoxy in a way Harvard had not. Rev. Jason Haven , minister at the First Church and Parish in Dedham , Massachusetts, had been considered for the presidency on account of his orthodox theology and "Neatness dignity and purity of Style [which] surpass those of all that have been mentioned", but was passed over due to his "very Valetudinary and infirm State of Health". In 1718, at

6860-1049: The impetus for the trailblazing lawsuit Alexander v. Yale . In the 1970s, a group of students and a faculty member sued Yale for its failure to curtail sexual harassment, especially by male faculty. The case was partly built from a 1977 report authored by plaintiff Ann Olivarius , "A report to the Yale Corporation from the Yale Undergraduate Women's Caucus." This case was the first to use Title IX to argue and establish that sexual harassment of female students can be considered illegal sex discrimination. The plaintiffs were Olivarius, Ronni Alexander, Margery Reifler, Pamela Price, and Lisa E. Stone. They were joined by Yale classics professor John "Jack" J. Winkler. The lawsuit, brought partly by Catharine MacKinnon , alleged rape, fondling, and offers of higher grades for sex by faculty, including Keith Brion , professor of flute and director of bands, political science professor Raymond Duvall, English professor Michael Cooke , and coach of

6958-469: The intellectual influence of Reverend William Sloane Coffin on future candidates. Yale President Levin attributes the run to Yale's focus on creating "a laboratory for future leaders", an institutional priority that began during the tenure of Yale Presidents Alfred Whitney Griswold and Kingman Brewster . Richard H. Brodhead , former dean of Yale College and now president of Duke University , stated: "We do give very significant attention to orientation to

7056-522: The invitation. Both schools introduced coeducation independently in 1969. Amy Solomon was the first woman to register as a Yale undergraduate; she was the first woman at Yale to join an undergraduate society, St. Anthony Hall . The undergraduate class of 1973 was the first to have women starting from freshman year; all undergraduate women were housed in Vanderbilt Hall. A decade into co-education, student assault and harassment by faculty became

7154-474: The nation's finest research universities, Yale is distinctively committed to excellence in undergraduate education. Second, in our graduate and professional schools, as well as in Yale College, we are committed to the education of leaders." In 2009, former British Prime Minister Tony Blair picked Yale as one location – the others being Britain's Durham University and Universiti Teknologi Mara – for

7252-613: The nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution . Yale was established as the Collegiate School in 1701 by Congregationalist clergy of the Connecticut Colony . Originally restricted to instructing ministers in theology and sacred languages , the school's curriculum expanded, incorporating humanities and sciences by the time of the American Revolution . In the 19th century,

7350-399: The other three (Yale) candidates of 2004. Yale changed so much between the class of '68 and the class of '71. My class was the first class to have women in it; it was the first class to have a significant effort to recruit African Americans. It was an extraordinary time, and in that span of time is the change of an entire generation". The President and Fellows of Yale College , also known as

7448-473: The presidency include Amy Klobuchar (2020), Tom Steyer (2020), Ben Carson (2016), Howard Dean (2004), Gary Hart (1984 and 1988), Paul Tsongas (1992), Pat Robertson (1988) and Jerry Brown (1976, 1980, 1992). Several explanations have been offered for Yale's representation since the end of the Vietnam War. Sources note the spirit of campus activism that has existed at Yale since the 1960s, and

7546-415: The rhetoric, symbolism, and metaphors used in athletics were used to frame these debates. Debates were covered on front pages of college newspapers and emphasized in yearbooks , and team members received the equivalent of athletic letters for their jackets. There were rallies to send off teams to matches, but they never attained the broad appeal athletics enjoyed. One reason may be that debates do not have

7644-544: The social sciences and wanted Yale to lock into its traditions of classical education. Porter objected to Sumner's use of a textbook by Herbert Spencer that espoused agnostic materialism because it might harm students. Until 1887, the legal name of the university was "The President and Fellows of Yale College, in New Haven." In 1887, under an act passed by the Connecticut General Assembly , Yale

7742-532: The study of Reverend Samuel Russell , in Branford , to donate books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont , is now known as "The Founders". Known from its origin as the "Collegiate School", the institution opened in the home of its first rector , Abraham Pierson, who is considered Yale's first president. Pierson lived in Killingworth . The school moved to Saybrook in 1703, when

7840-435: The study of humans in their environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the psychiatry department and built new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in

7938-668: The tobacco products. Due to the decline in the tobacco industry in recent decades and widespread use of mass-produced tobacco products, tobacconists have become scarce, though many smokers still prefer to buy their products from a tobacco shop with a tobacconist behind the counter. Standard tobacco shops in the United States generally specialize in cigarettes, roll-your-own supplies , smokeless tobacco such as nasal snuff , dipping tobacco and chewing tobacco , as well as cigars , and pipe tobacco . More recently, these smoke shops may also carry vaping supplies , and some may also double as head shops . More upscale tobacco shops tend to have

8036-468: The twelve professional schools. Yale's former president Richard C. Levin was, at the time, one of the highest paid university presidents in the United States with a 2008 salary of $ 1.5 million. Yale's succeeding president Peter Salovey ranks 40th with a 2020 salary of $ 1.16 million. The Yale Provost's Office and similar executive positions have launched several women into prominent university executive positions. In 1977, Provost Hanna Holborn Gray

8134-754: The union's elections were undemocratic and how graduate students are not employees; the move to not recognize the union has been criticized by the American Federation of Teachers . In addition, officers of the Yale University Police Department are represented by the Yale Police Benevolent Association, which affiliated in 2005 with the Connecticut Organization for Public Safety Employees. Yale security officers joined

8232-1208: The university's endowment was valued at $ 40.7 billion, the third largest of any educational institution . The Yale University Library , serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States. Student athletes compete in intercollegiate sports as the Yale Bulldogs in the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference. As of October 2020 , 65 Nobel laureates, 5 Fields medalists , 4 Abel Prize laureates, and 3 Turing Award winners have been affiliated with Yale University. In addition, Yale has graduated many notable alumni , including 5 U.S. presidents , 10 Founding Fathers , 19 U.S. Supreme Court Justices , 31 living billionaires , 54 college founders and presidents , many heads of state , cabinet members and governors . Hundreds of members of Congress and many U.S. diplomats , 96 MacArthur Fellows , 263 Rhodes Scholars , 123 Marshall Scholars , 81 Gates Cambridge Scholars , 102 Guggenheim Fellows and 9 Mitchell Scholars have been affiliated with

8330-609: The university. Yale's current faculty include 67 members of the National Academy of Sciences , 55 members of the National Academy of Medicine , 8 members of the National Academy of Engineering , and 193 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School", a would-be charter passed in New Haven by the General Court of

8428-546: The walls of the buildings portray contemporary college personalities, such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative friezes on the buildings depict contemporary scenes, like a policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, James Gamble Rogers , faux-aged these buildings by splashing

8526-482: The walls with acid, deliberately breaking their leaded glass windows and repairing them in the style of the Middle Ages , and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as

8624-569: Was a dogmatic defense of the Latin and Greek curriculum against critics who wanted more courses in modern languages, math and science. Unlike higher education in Europe , there was no national curriculum for US colleges and universities. In the competition for students and financial support, college leaders strove to keep current with demands for innovation. At the same time, they realized a significant portion of students and prospective students demanded

8722-421: Was a fake. As the newspapers reported Barnum's version of the story, David Hannum was quoted as saying, " There's a sucker born every minute " in reference to spectators paying to see Barnum's giant. Since then, the quotation has often been misattributed to Barnum himself. Hannum sued Barnum for calling his giant a fake, but the judge told him to get his giant to swear on his own genuineness in court if he wanted

8820-489: Was appointed interim president of Yale and later went on to become president of the University of Chicago, being the first woman to hold either position at each respective school. In 1994, Provost Judith Rodin became the first permanent female president of an Ivy League institution at the University of Pennsylvania . In 2002, Provost Alison Richard became the vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge . In 2003,

8918-421: Was appointed the dean of Duke University's School of Nursing and vice chancellor for nursing affairs. In 2007, Deputy Provost H. Kim Bottomly was named president of Wellesley College . Similar examples for men who have served in Yale leadership positions can also be found. In 2004, Dean of Yale College Richard H. Brodhead was appointed as the president of Duke University . In 2008, Provost Andrew Hamilton

9016-467: Was aware of Hull's intentions, it is reported that they took steps to cover up their work during the carving, putting up quilts to lessen the sound of carving. The giant was designed to imitate the form of Hull himself. Hull consulted a geologist and learned that hairs wouldn't be petrified, so he removed the hair and beard from the giant. The length of the giant was 10 feet 4½ inches and it weighed 2990 pounds. Various stains and acids were used to make

9114-590: Was commonly used in 1930. One exception is Harkness Tower , 216 feet (66 m) tall, which was originally a free-standing stone structure. It was reinforced in 1964 to allow the installation of the Yale Memorial Carillon . Other examples of the Gothic style are on the Old Campus by architects like Henry Austin , Charles C. Haight and Russell Sturgis . Several are associated with members of

9212-474: Was confirmed to be the vice chancellor of the University of Oxford. Yale University staff are represented by several different unions. Clerical and technical workers are represented by Local 34, and service and maintenance workers are represented by Local 35, both of the same union affiliate UNITE HERE . Unlike similar institutions, Yale has consistently refused to recognize its graduate student union, Local 33 (another affiliate of UNITE HERE), citing claims that

9310-630: Was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel + Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States. Many of Yale's buildings were constructed in the Collegiate Gothic architecture style from 1917 to 1931, financed largely by Edward S. Harkness , including the Yale Drama School . Stone sculpture built into

9408-405: Was formed among Yale, University College London , and both schools' affiliated hospital complexes to conduct research focused on the direct improvement of patient care—a field known as translational medicine . President Richard Levin noted that Yale has hundreds of other partnerships across the world, but "no existing collaboration matches the scale of the new partnership with UCL". In August 2013,

9506-433: Was renamed "Yale University". The Revolutionary War soldier Nathan Hale (Yale 1773) was the archetype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, well-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who "regretted" that he "had but one life to lose" for his country. Western painter Frederic Remington (Yale 1900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in the combat and tests of strength in

9604-713: Was swept up by the great intellectual movements of the period—the Great Awakening and Enlightenment —due to the religious and scientific interests of presidents Thomas Clap and Ezra Stiles . They were instrumental in developing the scientific curriculum while dealing with wars, student tumults, graffiti, "irrelevance" of curricula, desperate need for endowment and disagreements with the Connecticut legislature . Serious American students of theology and divinity, particularly in New England, regarded Hebrew as

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