54-709: Carlton House Terrace is a street in the St James's district of the City of Westminster in London. Its principal architectural feature is a pair of terraces , the Western and Eastern terraces, of white stucco -faced houses on the south side of the street, which overlook The Mall and St. James's Park . These terraces were built on Crown land between 1827 and 1832 to overall designs by John Nash , but with detailed input by other architects including Decimus Burton . Construction
108-595: A Privy Counsellor and a member of both the British House of Lords and the Irish House of Lords . His great interests in life were architecture and landscaping, and he is remembered for being a builder and a patron of architects, craftsmen and landscapers, Indeed, he is credited with bringing Palladian architecture to Britain and Ireland. His major projects include Burlington House , Westminster School , Chiswick House and Northwick Park . Lord Burlington
162-472: A book on Vitruvius. Burlington married Lady Dorothy Savile on 21 March 1720, the daughter of William Savile, 2nd Marquess of Halifax and his second wife, Lady Mary Finch. Mary was the daughter of Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham and Lady Essex Rich (died 1684). Essex was the daughter of Robert Rich, 3rd Earl of Warwick , and Anne Cheeke. Anne was the daughter of Sir Thomas Cheeke of Pirgo and an earlier Lady Essex Rich (died 1659). This Lady Essex
216-402: A bronze statue by Richard Westmacott of Frederick, Duke of York. The terraces, which are four storeys in height above a basement, were designed in a Neoclassical style, stucco clad, with a Corinthian columned façade overlooking St James's Park, surmounted by an elaborate frieze and pediment. At the south side, facing the park, the lower frontage has a series of squat Doric columns, supporting
270-413: A date of 1736 is generally accepted) as "Some Designs of Mr Inigo Jones"... with some additional designs that were by Kent and Burlington. The important role of Jones' pupil Webb in transmitting the palladian-neo-palladian heritage was not understood until the 20th century. By the early 1730s, Palladian style had triumphed as the generally accepted manner for a British country house or public building. For
324-410: A fondness for music at an early age. Georg Frideric Handel dedicated two operas to Burlington while staying at his residence Burlington House : Teseo and Amadigi di Gaula . According to Hawkins, Francesco Barsanti dedicated the six recorder sonatas of his Op. 1 to Lord Burlington, although the dedication must have appeared on the edition sold by Peter Bressan , before Walsh & Hare engraved
378-468: A major architect of the second Neo-Palladian generation, Daniel Garrett , a straightforward Palladian architect of the second rank, and some draughtsmen. Lord Burlington never closely inspected Roman ruins or made detailed drawings on the sites; he relied on Palladio and Scamozzi as his interpreters of the classic tradition to do so. Burlington's Palladio drawings include many reconstructions of Vitruvius ' Roman buildings, which he planned to publish. In
432-544: A number of blank pages, having found the region flooded and many villas inaccessible. It was on this tour that he acquired the passion for Palladian architecture. In 1719, he was one of the main subscribers of the Royal Academy of Music , a corporation that produced baroque opera on stage. Lord Burlington's first project, appropriately, was one of his own London residences, Burlington House, where he dismissed his baroque architect James Gibbs when he returned from
486-466: A number of houses in both the terrace and the gardens, and Arthur Balfour ; other senior politicians such as Lord Curzon ; and soldiers including Lords Cardigan and Kitchener . In the mid-20th century, Number 9 served as the German Embassy while Number 4 Carlton Gardens housed the offices of Charles de Gaulle 's Free French forces . The terrace is a centre for the arts and sciences, housing
540-629: A prominent social profile when it was enlarged and occupied by the Prince Regent . After falling out of favour with George IV, who moved into Buckingham Palace on his accession in 1820, the house was pulled down and the Crown replaced the demolished palace with the current terraces. They are divided by the Duke of York's Steps which lead down from Pall Mall to The Mall, as part of Nash's triumphal redesign of central London. A smaller flight of steps at
594-454: A reversionary lease for a further term of 40 years at an annual rent of £35. By an indenture dated 23 February 1732 the lease was assigned to Frederick, Prince of Wales , eldest son of George II, who predeceased his father, dying in 1751; his widow, Augusta, continued living in the house, making alterations and purchasing an adjoining property to enlarge the site. She died in 1772 and the house devolved to her son, King George III . The property
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#1732773245374648-410: A substantial podium terrace at a level between the street entrances to the north and the ground floor level of the modern Mall. The houses are unusual as they are expensive London terraces which have no mews to the rear. The reason for this was that Nash wanted the houses to make the best possible use of the view of the park, and also to present an attractive façade to the park. The service accommodation
702-423: A very long façade and the attics on the end pavilions may be over-emphatic. Subtlety of modelling there is none. In fact, Carlton House Terrace is thoroughly typical of the extraordinary old man who designed it, but whose only contribution to the work was probably the provision of a few small sketches, done either in the glorious painted gallery of his Regent Street mansion or the flower-scented luxury of his castle in
756-577: Is a central district in the City of Westminster , London, forming part of the West End . The area was once part of the northwestern gardens and parks of St. James's Palace . During the Restoration in the 17th century, the area was developed as a residential location for the British aristocracy , and around the 19th century was the focus of the development of their gentlemen's clubs . Once part of
810-501: Is carried up above the roof of the main façade, thereby effecting a successful pavilion treatment. The return fronts of the houses facing the steps are also effectively treated in a complementary manner. Although Nash delegated the supervision of building to Pennethorne, he kept the letting of the sites firmly in his own hands. Ground rents, payable to the Crown, were set at the high rate of 4 guineas per foot frontage. Nash himself took leases of five sites – nos 11–15 intending to let them on
864-458: Is headquartered in St James's. The area is home to fine wine merchants including Berry Brothers and Rudd , at number 3 St James's Street. Adjoining St James's Street is Jermyn Street, famous for tailoring. Some famous cigar retailers are at 35 St James's Street, occupied by Davidoff of London ; J.J. Fox at 19 St James's Street and Dunhill at 50 Jermyn St. Shoemaker, Wildsmith , designers of
918-548: Is home to many of the best known gentlemen's clubs in London, and sometimes, though not as often as formerly, referred to as "Clubland". The clubs are organisations of English high society. A variety of groups come together here, such as military officers, politicians, motoring enthusiasts, yachtsmen, and other groups. In 1990, the Carlton Club , traditional meeting place for members of the Conservative Party ,
972-400: Is in two parts, the first covering Numbers 1–9, and the second Numbers 10–18. The buildings comprising Carlton Gardens have three listings, all at Grade II*, for No.1, No.2, and for No.3. Twenty seven lamp standards illuminating the terrace and garden are listed at Grade II. A pair of bollards outside No.4 Carlton House Terrace also has a Grade II listing. St James%27s St James's
1026-501: Is the first free-standing building to be built in the area for more than 30 years. Other notable modern and contemporary art dealers in the St James's area include Helly Nahmad Gallery , Paisnel Gallery , Bernard Jacobson Gallery, Thomas Dane, Whitford Fine Art and Panter & Hall. On the southernmost border of St James's is The Mall where The Institute of Contemporary Arts and the Mall Galleries are located. St James's
1080-686: The Crown Estate which continues to own the freehold of the terrace. The land on which Carlton House Terrace was built had once been part of the grounds of St James's Palace , known as "the Royal Garden" and "the Wilderness". The latter was at one time in the possession of Prince Rupert of the Rhine (cousin of Charles II ) and was later called Upper Spring Garden. From 1700 the land was leased by Henry Boyle , who spent £2,835 on improving
1134-691: The Carlton name. In the 20th century the terrace came under threat of partial or complete demolition and redevelopment, as were country houses at that time . By the 1930s there was little demand for large central London houses, and the Commissioners of Crown Lands were having difficulty in letting the properties. Two properties were let to clubs: no 1 to the Savage Club and no 16 to Crockford's gambling club, but residential tenants became hard to find. Proposals for redevelopment were put forward by
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#17327732453741188-692: The Commissioners not to proceed with the scheme. The terrace was severely damaged by German bombing during the Second World War . In the 1950s the British government considered acquiring the terrace as the site for a new Foreign Office headquarters. The Nash façades were to be preserved, but it was widely felt that the height of the redevelopment behind them would be unacceptable and the plans were not taken forward. The terrace has had many notable residents, both corporate and individual: At
1242-563: The First Class". By 1829 the Commissioners reported that the site was completely cleared and that part of it had already been let on building leases. Materials from the demolition were sold by public auction, with some fixtures transferred to Windsor Castle and to "The King's House, Pimlico". Columns of the portico were re-used in the design for the new National Gallery in Trafalgar Square , interior Ionic columns were moved to
1296-632: The Isle of Wight. The authors of the Survey of London take a more favourable view: The houses … form a double group each side of the Duke of York's Column. Designed as an architectural entity, facing the Park, they represent with their range of detached Corinthian columns, a pleasing example of comprehensive street architecture; an effect greatly enhanced by the freshness of their façades … The end house to each block
1350-781: The architect Matthew Brettingham recalled that "the general ideas were first struck out by the Earl of Burlington and the Earl of Leicester , assisted by Mr. William Kent." Brettingham's engraved publication of Holkham credited Burlington specifically with the ceilings for the portico and the north dressing room. Lord Burlington's architectural drawings, inherited by his son-in-law, William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire , are preserved at Chatsworth House , and enable attributions that would not otherwise be possible. In 1751, he sent some of his drawings to Francesco Algarotti in Potsdam , together with
1404-483: The architect Sir Reginald Blomfield , who had earlier been one of those responsible for replacing Nash's Regent Street buildings with larger structures in the Edwardian neo-classical style. Blomfield proposed rebuilding "in a manner suitable for hotels, large company offices, flats and similar purposes". The suggested new buildings were to be two storeys higher than Nash's houses, and there was an outcry that persuaded
1458-437: The conservatories of Buckingham Palace, and some of the armorial stained glass was incorporated in windows of Windsor Castle. After Carlton House was demolished the development of its former site was originally intended to be part of a scheme for improving St James's Park. For this John Nash proposed three terraces of houses along the north of the park, balanced by three along the south side, overlooking Birdcage Walk . None of
1512-576: The continent in 1719, and employed the Scottish architect Colen Campbell , with the history-painter-turned-designer William Kent assigned for the interiors. The courtyard front of Burlington House, prominently sited in Piccadilly , was the first major executed statement of Neo-Palladianism . In the 1720s, Burlington and Campbell parted, and Burlington was assisted in his projects by the young Henry Flitcroft ("Burlington Harry"), who developed into
1566-488: The dedication of a 12th-century leper hospital to Saint James the Less . The hospital site is now occupied by St James's Palace . The area became known as "Clubland" because of the historic presence of gentlemen's clubs . The section of Regent Street (colloquially known as 'Lower Regent Street') that runs between Waterloo Place and Piccadilly Circus has been officially renamed 'Regent Street St James's'. St James's
1620-531: The existing house in the royal garden. Queen Anne issued letters patent granting Boyle a lease for a term of 31 years from 2 November 1709 at £35 per annum. Boyle was created Baron Carleton in 1714, and the property has been called after him since then, although at some point the "e" was dropped. On Carleton's death the lease passed to his nephew, the architect and aesthete Lord Burlington , and in January 1731 George II issued letters patent granting Burlington
1674-510: The first loafer , was located at 41 Duke Street but is now at 13 Savile Row . Art galleries catering for a spectrum of tastes occupy premises in the area. The White Cube gallery, which represents Damien Hirst and Tracey Emin , opened in Duke Street before moving to Hoxton Square . In September 2006, it opened a second gallery at 25–26 Mason's Yard, off Duke Street, on a plot previously occupied by an electricity substation. The gallery
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1728-671: The freehold still belongs to the Crown Estate. Nash planned to make contiguous the two blocks with a large domed fountain between them (re-using the old columns of the Carlton House portico), but the idea was vetoed by the King; the present-day Duke of York's Steps took the place of the fountain. In 1834 the Duke of York's Column was erected at the top of the steps. It consists of a granite column designed by Benjamin Wyatt topped with
1782-641: The headquarters of the British Academy , the Royal Society , the Royal Academy of Engineering , the Institute of Contemporary Arts and the Federation of British Artists . In the 21st century the majority of the houses are occupied as corporate or institutional headquarters, while a smaller, but increasing, number serve as private homes. For many years Numbers 13–16 housed the headquarters of
1836-510: The meantime, he adapted the palazzo facade in the illustration for the London house of General Wade at Old Burlington Street in 1723, which was published for Vitruvius Britannicus iii (1725). This publication put a previously unknown Palladio design into circulation. Another source of his inspiration were drawings he collected, some drawings of Palladio himself which had belonged to Inigo Jones , and many more of Inigo Jones' pupil John Webb , which William Kent published in 1727 (although
1890-465: The new parish. For elections to Westminster City Council , the area is part of the St James's ward. The ward includes Covent Garden , the Strand , Westminster and part of Mayfair. The ward elects three councillors. Notable streets include: The following utilises the generally accepted boundaries of St James’s, viz. Piccadilly to the north, Haymarket and Cockspur Street to the east, The Mall to
1944-521: The north to Pall Mall in the south. It roughly corresponded to the contemporary St James's area, but extended into parts of Soho and Mayfair . Land south of Pall Mall remained in St Martin in the Fields' parish, and St James's Park was split between the parishes of St Martin and St Margaret . St James's Palace was an extra-parochial area and not part of any parish. A select vestry was created for
1998-451: The open market at a substantial profit. In the event he could not cover his total costs and made a small loss on the transactions. In 1832 the Carlton Club , which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington and others shortly beforehand, took up residence in number 2, courtesy of one of its supporters Lord Kensington The club soon found the building to be too small and it moved to a new purpose built clubhouse on Pall Mall in 1835 but retains
2052-407: The parish of St Martin in the Fields , much of it formed the parish of St James from 1685 to 1922. Since the Second World War the area has transitioned from residential to commercial use. St James's is bounded to the north by Piccadilly and Mayfair , to the west by Green Park , to the south by The Mall and St. James's Park , and to the east by Haymarket . The area's name is derived from
2106-481: The rest of his life, Lord Burlington was "the Apollo of the arts" as Horace Walpole phrased it— and Kent, "his proper priest." In 1731, Alexander Pope , who had been a friend of Burlington since about 1715, addressed the first of his Moral Essays to him, on the subject Of False Taste . This described good taste in specific interests of his, such as landscaping, gardens and architecture. In 1739, Lord Burlington
2160-518: The south and Queen's Walk to the west. St James's is a predominantly commercial area with some of the highest rents in London and, consequently, the world. The auction house Christie's is based in King Street, and the surrounding streets contain many upmarket art and antique dealers including Colnaghi , Agnew's Gallery , Moretti Fine Art , Hazlitt, Gooden & Fox , Stoppenbach & Delestre Ltd, The Sladmore Gallery and S Franses Ltd. BP
2214-478: The terrace's western end divides it from Carlton Gardens. These steps are the site of the King George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial . The site's proximity to the centres of royal and political life in London have seen a large number of notable people take up residence in the terrace and the adjacent gardens. These include Prime Ministers , Lords Palmerston and Grey , William Gladstone , who lived in
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2268-419: The three southern terraces and only two of the three northern ones were built, the latter being the west (No.1–9) and east (No. 10–18) sections of Carlton House Terrace. These two blocks were designed by Nash and Decimus Burton , with James Pennethorne in charge of the construction. Decimus Burton exclusively designed No. 3 and No. 4. Carlton House Terrace. These townhouses took the place of Carlton House, and
2322-473: The west end of Carlton House Terrace is a cul-de-sac called Carlton Gardens, which was developed at a slightly later date. It originally contained seven large houses, though all but Numbers 1–3 have been replaced by office blocks. As with Carlton House Terrace, the houses in Carlton Gardens have had a large number of notable residents: Carlton House Terrace is a Grade I listed building . The listing
2376-484: The works c. 1727. Three foreign Grand Tours taken between 1714 and 1719, and a further trip to Paris in 1726, gave him opportunities to develop his taste. His professional skill as an architect (always supported by a mason-contractor) was extraordinary in an English aristocrat. He carried his copy of Andrea Palladio 's book I quattro libri dell'architettura with him when touring the Veneto in 1719, but made notes on
2430-402: Was "a thing of threads and patches" and was considered to be unsafe. The Prince Regent came to dislike the building and on his accession in 1820, he moved to Buckingham Palace . Instructions were given in 1826 to the Commissioners of Woods and Forests that "Carlton Palace" should be given up to the public, be demolished and the site and gardens laid out as building ground for "dwelling houses of
2484-609: Was born in Yorkshire into a wealthy Anglo-Irish aristocratic family, the only son of Charles Boyle, 2nd Earl of Burlington and his wife, Juliana Boyle ( née Noel; 1672–1750). He succeeded to his titles and extensive estates in Yorkshire and Ireland at the age of nine, after his father's death in February 1704. During his minority, which lasted until 1715, his English and Irish lands, as also his political interests and patronages, were managed by his mother. Burlington showed
2538-446: Was granted by George III to his eldest son, George, Prince of Wales (later Prince Regent) on the latter's coming of age in 1783. The Prince spent enormous sums on improving and enlarging the property, running up huge debts. He was at loggerheads with his father, and the house became a rival court, and was the scene of a brilliant social life. Despite expenditure of over £160,000 on the house, the diarist Joseph Farington recorded that it
2592-517: Was in the ancient parish of St Martin in the Fields in the Liberty of Westminster . Attempts made in 1664, 1668 and 1670 to separate St James's from the parish were resisted by St Martin's vestry . The building of St James's Church, Piccadilly in 1684 forced the issue, and a new parish of St James within the Liberty of Westminster was created in 1685. The parish stretched from Oxford Street in
2646-623: Was involved in the founding of a new charitable organisation called the Foundling Hospital . Burlington was a governor of the charity, but did not formally take part in planning the construction of this large Bloomsbury children's home, completed in 1742. The architect for the building was a Theodore Jacobsen , who took on the commission as an act of charity. Many of Lord Burlington's projects have suffered from rebuilding or additions, from fire, or from losses due to urban sprawl . In many cases, his ideas were informal: at Holkham Hall ,
2700-606: Was once part of the same royal park as Green Park and St. James's Park . In the 1660s, Charles II gave the right to develop the area to Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans who developed it as a predominantly aristocratic residential area around a grid of streets centred on St James's Square . Until the Second World War , St James's remained one of the most exclusive residential enclaves in London. Notable residences include St James's Palace , Clarence House , Marlborough House , Lancaster House , Spencer House , Schomberg House , Norfolk House and Bridgewater House . St James's
2754-443: Was overseen by James Pennethorne . Both terrace blocks are Grade I listed buildings . A separate but linked cul-de-sac at the terrace's western end is named Carlton Gardens and has a few additional townhomes. In the early 18th century, an aristocratic townhouse built on the site was rented by Baron Carleton , from whom the present name of the terrace derives. A century later, Carlton House , also known as Carlton Palace, gained
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#17327732453742808-458: Was placed underneath the podium and in two storeys of basements (rather than the usual one storey). According to the architectural historian Sir John Summerson Nash's designs were inspired by Ange-Jacques Gabriel 's buildings in the Place de la Concorde , Paris. Summerson's praise of the buildings is muted: The central pediments are a somewhat too contrived means of preventing an apparent sag in
2862-495: Was struck by an IRA bomb. Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork , KG , PC (25 April 1694 – 4 December 1753) was a British architect and noble often called the "Apollo of the Arts" and the "Architect Earl". The son of the 2nd Earl of Burlington and 3rd Earl of Cork , Burlington never took more than a passing interest in politics despite his position as
2916-484: Was the daughter of Robert Rich, 1st Earl of Warwick and Lady Penelope Devereux . Essex was probably named after her maternal grandfather Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex . Her maternal grandmother was Lettice Knollys . They had three daughters: Burlington died at Chiswick House, aged 59. Upon his death, the Earldom of Cork passed to a cousin, John Boyle , and the title of the Earl of Burlington became extinct. It
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