53-615: Carnarvon Highway is a state highway in Queensland and New South Wales , Australia, linking the township of Rolleston in Queensland's Central Highlands Region , via the town of St George , eventually to Moree in northern New South Wales. It is the main access road to the Carnarvon National Park , and serves as a strategic route to take B-doubles and other large vehicles (which cannot use Bruce Highway ) to
106-668: A "highway" as only a way open for use by motor vehicles, but the California Supreme Court has held that "the definition of 'highway' in the Vehicle Code is used for special purposes of that act" and that canals of the Los Angeles neighborhood of Venice are "highways" that are entitled to be maintained with state highway funds. Large scale highway systems developed in the 20th century as automobile usage increased. The first United States limited-access road
159-682: A cost of $ 7.9 million is scheduled for completion in mid-2023. This project was targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government. A project to strengthen and widen sections of pavement on the Gregory Developmental Road between Charters Towers and The Lynd at a cost of $ 15.3 million is planned to be completed in mid-2023. This project is targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government. A project to widen and strengthen 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) of pavement between Marble Creek and Christmas Creek, at
212-462: A cost of $ 925,000 was completed in January 2022. This project was targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government. A project to upgrade the intersection with Castlereagh Highway at a cost of $ 3.4 million is due for completion in mid-2022. This project is targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government. A project to upgrade the intersection with Salmon Road at a cost of $ 4.8 million
265-802: A five-year period." A 2021 study found that areas that obtained access to a new highway experienced a substantial increase in top-income taxpayers and a decline in low-income taxpayers. Highways also contributed to job and residential urban sprawl. Highways are extended linear sources of pollution . Roadway noise increases with operating speed so major highways generate more noise than arterial streets. Therefore, considerable noise health effects are expected from highway systems. Noise mitigation strategies exist to reduce sound levels at nearby sensitive receptors . The idea that highway design could be influenced by acoustical engineering considerations first arose about 1973. Air quality issues: Highways may contribute fewer emissions than arterials carrying
318-403: A highway available to vehicles is also available to foot or horse traffic, a highway available to horse traffic is available to cyclists and pedestrians; but there are exceptional cases in which a highway is only available to vehicles, or is subdivided into dedicated parallel sections for different users. A highway can share ground with a private right of way for which full use is not available to
371-438: A highway. Recent examples include toll bridges and tunnels which have the definition of highway imposed upon them (in a legal order applying only to the individual structure) to allow application of most traffic laws to those using them but without causing all of the general obligations or rights of use otherwise applicable to a highway. Limited access highways for vehicles, with their own traffic rules, are called "motorways" in
424-560: A number of similarly worded definitions such as "a way over which all members of the public have the right to pass and repass without hindrance" usually accompanied by "at all times"; ownership of the ground is for most purposes irrelevant, thus the term encompasses all such ways from the widest trunk roads in public ownership to the narrowest footpath providing unlimited pedestrian access over private land. A highway might be open to all forms of lawful land traffic (e.g. vehicular, horse, pedestrian) or limited to specific modes of traffic; usually
477-409: A public highway is also known as " The King's Highway ". The core definition of a highway is modified in various legislation for a number of purposes but only for the specific matters dealt with in each such piece of legislation. This is typically in the case of bridges, tunnels and other structures whose ownership, mode of use or availability would otherwise exclude them from the general definition of
530-669: A public road is not included in the relevant statistics. The United States has the world's largest network of highways, including both the Interstate Highway System and the United States Numbered Highway System . At least one of these networks is present in every state and they interconnect most major cities. It is also the world's most expensive mega-project, as the entirety of the Interstate Highway System
583-735: A section of road east of St George, at a cost of $ 4.5 million, was completed in August 2021. A project to replace a steel culvert just east of Surat, at a cost of $ 3.6 million, was completed in October 2021. A project to widen and replace a culvert north of Roma, at a cost of $ 1.36 million, started in September 2021. The Queensland Inland Freight Route is a proposal to upgrade the existing highways from Charters Towers to Mungindi. This would involve significant upgrades to Carnarvon Highway between Rolleston and Mungindi. Highway A highway
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#1732772459026636-464: Is a significant negative externality which is difficult to evaluate quantitatively, making it difficult (but not impossible) to include in transport economics-based research and analysis. Congestion is considered a negative externality by economists. A 2016 study found that for the United States, "a 10% increase in a region's stock of highways causes a 1.7% increase in regional patenting over
689-540: Is a state highway in Queensland , Australia that serves the major coal -mining centres of Central Queensland . The highway was named after Augustus Gregory , an early explorer. The highway runs southward from Quartz Blow Creek, a point 31 kilometres (19 mi) west of Mount Surprise on the Gulf Developmental Road , via Charters Towers , to Springsure , over 900 kilometres (560 mi) away. The northern section of 756 kilometres (470 mi)
742-432: Is any public or private road or other public way on land. It includes not just major roads, but also other public roads and rights of way . In the United States, it is also used as an equivalent term to controlled-access highway , or a translation for motorway , Autobahn , autostrada , autoroute , etc. According to Merriam-Webster , the use of the term predates the 12th century. According to Etymonline , "high"
795-413: Is being popular in many cities to combat most of the social problems caused from highways. In transport, demand can be measured in numbers of journeys made or in total distance travelled across all journeys (e.g. passenger-kilometres for public transport or vehicle-kilometres of travel (VKT) for private transport ). Supply is considered to be a measure of capacity. The price of the good (travel)
848-758: Is designated by the state government as the Gregory Developmental Road . The shorter southern section between Clermont and Springsure (174 kilometres (108 mi)) is designated the Gregory Highway . As of 2015, the first 120 kilometres (75 mi) between the Gulf Developmental Road via Einasleigh to the Lynd Junction are unsealed and may be corrugated. The next section to Charters Towers has been upgraded from single lane to mostly dual-laned bitumen . The road
901-497: Is due for completion in mid-2022. This project is targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government. A project to upgrade Carnarvon Highway near Orange Hill at a cost of $ 3.9 million was expected to finish in late 2021. This project was targeted for "early works" by the Queensland Government. A project to widen and seal a section of road north of Injune, at a cost of $ 5.22 million, started in May 2021. A project to widen and seal
954-467: Is in the sense of "main". In North American and Australian English , major roads such as controlled-access highways or arterial roads are often state highways (Canada: provincial highways ). Other roads may be designated " county highways " in the US and Ontario . These classifications refer to the level of government (state, provincial, county) that maintains the roadway. In British English , "highway"
1007-504: Is measured using the generalised cost of travel, which includes both money and time expenditure. The effect of increases in supply (capacity) are of particular interest in transport economics (see induced demand ), as the potential environmental consequences are significant (see externalities below). In addition to providing benefits to their users, transport networks impose both positive and negative externalities on non-users. The consideration of these externalities—particularly
1060-428: Is primarily a legal term. Everyday use normally implies roads, while the legal use covers any route or path with a public right of access, including footpaths etc. The term has led to several related derived terms, including highway system , highway code , highway patrol and highwayman . Major highways are often named and numbered by the governments that typically develop and maintain them. Australia's Highway 1
1113-773: Is the longest national highway in the world at over 14,500 kilometres (9,000 mi) and runs almost the entire way around the continent. China has the world's largest network of highways, followed closely by the United States. Some highways, like the Pan-American Highway or the European routes , span multiple countries. Some major highway routes include ferry services, such as US Route 10 , which crosses Lake Michigan . Traditionally highways were used by people on foot or on horses . Later they also accommodated carriages , bicycles and eventually motor cars , facilitated by advancements in road construction . In
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#17327724590261166-461: Is used by many road trains . The Northern Australia Beef Roads Program announced in 2016 included the following project for the Gregory Developmental Road. The project to widen the road south of Charters Towers is expected to be completed in early 2023 at a total cost of $ 5.79 million. The Roads of Strategic Importance initiative, last updated in March 2022, includes the following projects for
1219-685: The Parliament of New South Wales updated road classifications and the way they could be declared within New South Wales. Under this act, Carnarvon Highway was declared as State Highway 28 on 7 August 1998, from the intersection with Newell Highway at Moree via Ashley and Garah to the state border with Queensland at Mungindi, subsuming Main Road 367; the southern end of Main Road 232 was truncated to meet Carnarvon Highway at Garah. The highway today, as Highway 28, still retains this declaration. It
1272-419: The 1920s and 1930s, many nations began investing heavily in highway systems in an effort to spur commerce and bolster national defence. Major highways that connect cities in populous developed and developing countries usually incorporate features intended to enhance the road's capacity, efficiency, and safety to various degrees. Such features include a reduction in the number of locations for user access ,
1325-709: The Gregory Highway. A lead project to upgrade the Townsville to Roma corridor, including sections of the Carnarvon , Dawson and Gregory Highways and surrounding state and council roads, at an estimated cost of $ 125 million, commenced construction of some work projects in 2020. Planning continues for other projects. A project to upgrade the intersection with the Capricorn Highway in Emerald at
1378-497: The Queensland ports north of Rockhampton . Carnarvon Highway commences at the intersection with Dawson Highway just west of Rolleston in Queensland, and heads in southerly direction until it reaches Roma , where it shares a short concurrency with Warrego Highway , and continues south to St George , where it meets the Moonie , Balonne , and Castlereagh Highways . It crosses the state border at Mungindi to eventually terminate at
1431-427: The U.S., many of these effects are from racist planning practices from before the advent of civil rights . This would result in the vast majority of displacement and social effects mostly going to people like African Americans. In recent times, the use of freeway removal or the public policy of urban planning to demolish freeways and create mixed-use urban areas, parks, residential, commercial, or other land uses
1484-671: The UK. Scots law is similar to English law with regard to highways but with differing terminology and legislation. What is defined in England as a highway will often in Scotland be what is defined by s.151 Roads (Scotland) Act 1984 (but only "in this act" although other legislation could imitate) simply as a road , that is: The word highway is itself no longer a statutory expression in Scots law but remains in common law. In American law,
1537-456: The border at Mungindi but abruptly begun again over 100 kilometres (62 mi) west along the border at Hebel. The Queensland Road Department eventually changed this in 1997, diverting National Route 55 along its portion of Castlereagh Highway over the border south to Hebel; the former allocation between St George and Mungindi was then re-allocated National Route 46, however the New South Wales portion remained unallocated. With Queensland's conversion to
1590-469: The federal government's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ). Italy was the first country in the world to build controlled-access highways reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. The Autostrada dei Laghi ("Lakes Highway"), the first built in the world, connecting Milan to Lake Como and Lake Maggiore , and now parts of the A8 and A9 highways, was devised by Piero Puricelli and
1643-411: The following projects for Carnarvon Highway. A lead project to upgrade the Townsville to Roma corridor, including sections of Gregory , Dawson and Carnarvon Highways and surrounding state and council roads, at an estimated cost of $ 125 million, commenced construction of some work projects in 2020. Planning continues for other projects. A project to upgrade the intersection with Arcadia Valley Road at
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1696-431: The general public: for example farm roads which the owner may use for any purpose but for which the general public only has a right of use on foot or horseback. The status of highway on most older roads has been gained by established public use, while newer roads are typically dedicated as highways from the time they are adopted (taken into the care and control of a council or other public authority). In England and Wales,
1749-873: The intersection with Gwydir Highway in Moree , in New South Wales. The passing of the Main Roads (Amendment) Act of 1929 (which amended the original Main Roads Act of 1924 ) through the Parliament of New South Wales on 8 April 1929 provided for the declaration of State Highways, Trunk Roads and Main Roads, partially funded by the State government through the Main Roads Board (later the Department of Main Roads , and eventually Transport for NSW ). Main Road 232
1802-463: The negative ones—is a part of transport economics. Positive externalities of transport networks may include the ability to provide emergency services , increases in land value and agglomeration benefits . Negative externalities are wide-ranging and may include local air pollution , noise pollution , light pollution , safety hazards , community severance and congestion . The contribution of transport systems to potentially hazardous climate change
1855-513: The network. In South Korea , in February 1995 a bus lane (essentially an HOV -9) was established between the northern terminus and Sintanjin for important holidays and on 1 July 2008 bus lane enforcement between Seoul and Osan (Sintanjin on weekends) became daily between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. On 1 October this was adjusted to 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekdays, and 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekends. In Hong Kong , some highways are set up with bus lanes to solve
1908-451: The newer alphanumeric system in 2004, its route number was updated to route A7 between Rolleston and Roma (continuing north along Dawson and Gregory Highways to Emerald and Charters Towers ), and A55 between Roma and St George; it is still allocated National Route 46 between St George and the border, and is still unallocated between the border and Moree. The Roads of Strategic Importance initiative, last updated in March 2022, includes
1961-432: The number of intersections. They can also reduce the use of public transport , indirectly leading to greater pollution. High-occupancy vehicle lanes are being added to some newer/reconstructed highways in the United States and other countries around the world to encourage carpooling and mass transit. These lanes help reduce the number of cars on the highway and thus reduces pollution and traffic congestion by promoting
2014-659: The planning stage, this extra traffic may lead to the new road becoming congested sooner than would otherwise be anticipated by considering increases in vehicle ownership. More roads allow drivers to use their cars when otherwise alternatives may have been sought, or the journey may not have been made, which can mean that a new road brings only short-term mitigation of traffic congestion. Where highways are created through existing communities, there can be reduced community cohesion and more difficult local access. Consequently, property values have decreased in many cutoff neighborhoods, leading to decreased housing quality over time. Mostly in
2067-426: The roads around the world each year and was the leading cause of death among children 10–19 years of age. The report also noted that the problem was most severe in developing countries and that simple prevention measures could halve the number of deaths. For reasons of clear data collection, only harm involving a road vehicle is included. A person tripping with fatal consequences or dying for some unrelated reason on
2120-534: The safety performance of roads and streets, and methods used to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, and property damage) on the highway system from traffic collisions . It includes the design, construction and regulation of the roads , the vehicles used on them and the training of drivers and other road-users. A report published by the World Health Organization in 2004 estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured on
2173-634: The same vehicle volumes. This is because high, constant-speed operation creates an emissions reduction compared to vehicular flows with stops and starts. However, concentrations of air pollutants near highways may be higher due to increased traffic volumes. Therefore, the risk of exposure to elevated levels of air pollutants from a highway may be considerable, and further magnified when highways have traffic congestion . New highways can also cause habitat fragmentation , encourage urban sprawl and allow human intrusion into previously untouched areas, as well as (counterintuitively) increasing congestion, by increasing
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2226-638: The traffic congestion. Traffic congestion was a principal problem in major roads and highways in the Philippines , especially in Metro Manila and other major cities. The government decided to set up some bus lanes in Metro Manila like in the Epifanio delos Santos Avenue . The following is a list of highways by country in alphabetical order. Gregory Highway The Gregory Highway
2279-488: The use of dual carriageways with two or more lanes on each carriageway, and grade-separated junctions with other roads and modes of transport. These features are typically present on highways built as motorways ( freeways ). The general legal definition deals with right of use, not the form of construction; this is distinct from e.g. the popular use of the word in the US. A highway is defined in English common law by
2332-445: The use of carpooling in order to be able to use these lanes. However, they tend to require dedicated lanes on a highway, which makes them difficult to construct in dense urban areas where they are the most effective. To address habitat fragmentation, wildlife crossings have become increasingly popular in many countries. Wildlife crossings allow animals to safely cross human-made barriers like highways. Road traffic safety describes
2385-837: The usual principle that a road available to vehicular traffic was also available to horse or pedestrian traffic as is usually the only practical change when non-motorways are reclassified as special roads . The first section of motorway in the UK opened in 1958 (part of the M6 motorway) and then in 1959 the first section of the M1 motorway . Often reducing travel times relative to city or town streets, highways with limited access and grade separation can create increased opportunities for people to travel for business, trade or pleasure and also provide trade routes for goods. Highways can reduce commute and other travel time but additional road capacity can also release latent traffic demand . If not accurately predicted at
2438-456: The word "highway" is sometimes used to denote any public way used for travel, whether a "road, street, and parkway"; however, in practical and useful meaning, a "highway" is a major and significant, well-constructed road that is capable of carrying reasonably heavy to extremely heavy traffic. Highways generally have a route number designated by the state and federal departments of transportation. California Vehicle Code, Sections 360, 590, define
2491-576: Was constructed on Long Island, New York, and known as the Long Island Motor Parkway or the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway. It was completed in 1911. It included many modern features, including banked turns , guard rails and reinforced concrete tarmac . Traffic could turn left between the parkway and connectors, crossing oncoming traffic, so it was not a controlled-access highway (or "freeway" as later defined by
2544-472: Was declared on 21 November 1933, from the intersection with Main Road 338 (Moree-Boggabilla Road, later to become Newell Highway ) at Moree, via Ashley, Garah and Boomi to the state border with Queensland at Boonangar, and Main Road 367 was declared on 23 March 1937 from the intersection with Main Road 232 at Garah to the state border with Queensland at Mungindi. The passing of the Roads Act of 1993 through
2597-483: Was estimated to cost $ 27 billion in 1955 (equivalent to $ 240 billion in 2023 ). China's highway network is the second most extensive in the world, with a total length of about 3,573,000 kilometres (2,220,000 mi). China's expressway network is the longest Expressway system in the world, and it is quickly expanding, stretching some 85,000 kilometres (53,000 mi) at the end of 2011. In 2008 alone, 6,433 kilometres (3,997 mi) expressways were added to
2650-409: Was formerly known as Carnarvon Developmental Road north of Roma . Queensland signed its portion of Carnarvon Highway as National Route 55 between 1983 and 1997. However, New South Wales had previously signed Castlereagh Highway between Gilgandra and Walgett as National Route 55 in 1974, extending it to the border by 1983. This caused a major discrepancy for many years in that National Route 55 met
2703-566: Was inaugurated in 1924. This highway, called autostrada , contained only one lane in each direction and no interchanges. The Southern State Parkway opened in 1927, while the Long Island Motor Parkway was closed in 1937 and replaced by the Northern State Parkway (opened 1931) and the contiguous Grand Central Parkway (opened 1936). In Germany, construction of the Bonn-Cologne Autobahn began in 1929 and
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#17327724590262756-626: Was opened in 1932 by Konrad Adenauer , then the mayor of Cologne . Soon the Autobahn was the first limited-access, high-speed road network in the world, with the first section from Frankfurt am Main to Darmstadt opening in 1935. In the US, the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1921 (Phipps Act) enacted a fund to create an extensive highway system. In 1922, the first blueprint for a national highway system (the Pershing Map )
2809-576: Was published. The Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 allocated $ 25 billion for the construction of the 66,000-kilometre-long (41,000 mi) Interstate Highway System over a 20-year period. In Great Britain , the Special Roads Act 1949 provided the legislative basis for roads for restricted classes of vehicles and non-standard or no speed limits applied (later mostly termed motorways but now with speed limits not exceeding 70 mph); in terms of general road law this legislation overturned
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