State Street is a large south-north street, also one of the main streets, in Chicago , Illinois , USA and its south suburbs. Its intersection with Madison Street ( 41°52′55″N 87°37′40″W / 41.8820°N 87.6278°W / 41.8820; -87.6278 ) has marked the base point for Chicago's address system since 1909. State begins in the north at North Avenue , the south end of Lincoln Park , runs south through the heart of the Chicago Loop , and ends at the southern city limits, intersecting 127th Street along the bank of the Little Calumet River . It resumes north of 137th Street in Riverdale and runs south intermittently through Chicago's south suburbs until terminating at New Monee Road in Crete, Illinois .
41-543: The Sullivan Center , formerly known as the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building or Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Store , is a commercial building at 1 South State Street at the corner of East Madison Street in Chicago, Illinois . Louis Sullivan designed it for the retail firm Schlesinger & Mayer in 1899 and later expanded it before H.G. Selfridge & Co. purchased the structure in 1904. That firm occupied
82-626: A Chicago Landmark since 1975. It is part of the Loop Retail Historic District . The Sullivan Center was initially developed because of the Chicago Great Fire of 1871. In 1872, Leopold Schlesinger and David Mayer decided to open a dry good store. They had met while working together prior to the Chicago Fire. Leopold Schlesinger had immigrated to Chicago in 1862 from Germany, and David Mayer was brought to
123-521: A fait accompli . It would prove to make the store identifiable from far away. This bridge too was covered in elaborate metalwork and provided a sense of special entry to those who used it. In May 1904 Harry Selfridge , the founder of London's Selfridges , bought the building, and operated his store H. G. Selfridge & Co. there briefly with a grand opening in mid-June, but only two months later, in mid-August 1904, sold it to Carson Pirie Scott. In 1961, Carson, Pirie, Scott constructed an annex south of
164-433: A fire suppression sprinkler system, supplied from a 40-foot (12 m) water tower on the roof. Sullivan designed the corner entry to be seen from both State and Madison. The attractive ornamentation above the entrance would give the store an elegant and unique persona important to the building's competition with neighboring stores. The building is one of the classic structures of the Chicago school . The way this technique
205-542: A new building designed by Sullivan. Sullivan had both a nine and twelve-story proposal made up for this new building. They eventually started with a nine-story portion of the building that was made on the Madison Street side next to the original portion of the Adler and Sullivan renovations. In 1902, Schlesinger and Mayer came back to Sullivan wanting a twenty-story building on State and Madison, eventually settling for
246-477: A new structural system of framed tubes in skyscraper design and construction . The tube structure, formed by closely spaced interconnected exterior columns, resists "lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation." About half the exterior surface is available for windows. Where larger openings like garage doors are required, the tube frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural integrity. The first building to apply
287-666: A second renovation project of the decorative iron work on the lower three floors began. This included the State Street facade as well as rear portions of the building which face Wabash Avenue. Part of the funding for this renovation was provided by the City of Chicago. The Wabash facade was completed in August 2009 and the work on State Street in late 2010. Tenants of the Sullivan Center include The Chicago Community Trust ,
328-591: A single central pane was usually fixed, while the two surrounding panes were operable. These windows were often deployed in bays, known as oriel windows , that projected out over the street. Architects whose names are associated with the Chicago School include Henry Hobson Richardson , Dankmar Adler , Daniel Burnham , William Holabird , William LeBaron Jenney , Martin Roche , John Root , Solon S. Beman , and Louis Sullivan . Frank Lloyd Wright started in
369-477: A spatial aesthetic which co-evolved with, and then came to influence, parallel developments in European Modernism . Much of its early work is also known as Commercial Style . A "Second Chicago School" with a modernist aesthetic emerged in the 1940s through 1970s, which pioneered new building technologies and structural systems , such as the tube-frame structure . While the term "Chicago School"
410-515: Is housed on the upper floors of the tower. In October 2015, Michael Jordan opened his first store at 32 South State St. and is branded as 32 South State. The flagship store included retail shopping, Chicago Bulls memorabilia, a training lab for local youth, and a basketball court on the upper levels. In July 2019, Primark announced its U.S. market expansion to Chicago with a three-level 45,000 square foot flagship location on State Street where Gap formerly housed its flagship store. The location
451-553: Is scheduled to open in 2020 and will be its first store in the Midwest. In November 2019, Uniqlo opened its second Chicago location on North State Street replacing the two-level H&M at 22 N. State. State Street is primarily served by 29 State , a CTA bus route that runs from Navy Pier to 95th/Dan Ryan station via State Street. At 69th Street, bus route 29 splits so that southbound buses travel along Lafayette Avenue and northbound buses travel along State Street; starting at
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#1732780691195492-430: Is widely used to describe buildings constructed in the city during the 1880s and 1890s, this term has been disputed by scholars, in particular in reaction to Carl Condit 's 1952 book The Chicago School of Architecture . Historians such as H. Allen Brooks , Winston Weisman and Daniel Bluestone have pointed out that the phrase suggests a unified set of aesthetic or conceptual precepts, when, in fact, Chicago buildings of
533-524: The Bataan Death March . Chicago school (architecture) The Chicago School refers to two architectural styles derived from the architecture of Chicago . In the history of architecture , the first Chicago School was a school of architects active in Chicago in the late 19th, and at the turn of the 20th century. They were among the first to promote the new technologies of steel-frame construction in commercial buildings, and developed
574-719: The Dan Ryan Expressway from 65th Street south to just beyond 95th Street , where State Street crosses the I-94 Bishop Ford Memorial Freeway to enter Roseland. The northern portion of the Vincennes Trace or Vincennes Trail, a buffalo (bison) migration route and a Native American trail which ran some 250 miles to Vincennes, Indiana , was called Hubbard's Trace or Hubbard's Trail since it connected Chicago with Gurdon Saltonstall Hubbard 's more southerly trading outposts. It took on
615-584: The School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Gensler . In December 2010, Freed and Associates announced it was in talks with retailer Target , who expressed an interest in occupying part of the structure. On February 15, 2011, the retailer announced it would lease 125,000 sq ft (11,600 m) spread over two floors of the building. The new store opened July 26, 2012, and was met with favorable reviews for its clean design while being sensitive to
656-467: The 12th floor redesigned to replicate the lower floors. In November 1897, of Schlesinger & Mayer opened a pedestrian bridge connecting its second floor to the Madison/Wabash elevated (train) station behind it amid much controversy. The city had ordered work on the bridge to stop on Saturday, November 20, but overnight 200 workmen completed the bridge in secret, and it opened the next day, as
697-569: The 2006 Christmas season, the department store in the building would close. There were no immediate announcements as to what would occupy the building after the store's closure. After holding clearance sales, Carson's closed in February 2007. The 943,944-square-foot (87,695.3 m) three-building complex, now renamed the Sullivan Center, is currently owned by Madison Capital, a private real estate company based in New York City. In 2008,
738-772: The Green Line from 18th Street to Harrison Street and into the Loop Elevated ). State Street is the location of many landmarks in downtown Chicago : Landmarks on State Street in Chicago's South Side , south of Roosevelt Road, include: The bridge where State Street crosses the Chicago River is named the Bataan-Corregidor Memorial Bridge in honor of the World War II defenders of Bataan and Corregidor including those in
779-563: The State Street Revitalization Project and on November 15, 1996, the street was reopened to traffic. During the second half of the 20th century, State Street was eclipsed by Michigan Avenue's Magnificent Mile as a shopping district. Various projects to restore State Street's shopping attraction have been met with some success, and the State Street corridor is gaining residential as well as more traditional commercial development. Anchored by Macy's Chicago ,
820-403: The State Street store. That never happened because Schlesinger and Mayer changed their minds to make it a ten-story building, which also never happened. It eventually got painted white and then a bridge was added that connected the second story of the building to the elevated railroad. In 1898, Schlesinger and Mayer decided to remove the original building located on State and Madison replace it with
861-551: The United States of America as an infant in 1852, also from Germany. In 1881 Schlesinger and Mayer had moved their dry-goods store into the Bowen Building that was on the corner of State and Madison. In 1890, Schlesinger and Mayer hired Adler and Sullivan to prepare plans for the removal of the Bowen Building's attic story and the addition of two stories across the Bowen Building and the adjacent four-story structure to
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#1732780691195902-448: The amount of exterior ornamentation. Sometimes elements of neoclassical architecture are used in Chicago School skyscrapers . Many Chicago School skyscrapers contain the three parts of a classical column . The lowest floors functions as the base, the middle stories, usually with little ornamental detail, act as the shaft of the column, and the last floor or two, often capped with a cornice and often with more ornamental detail, represent
943-440: The broad expanses of glass allowed for larger displays of merchandise to outside pedestrian traffic creating the idea of the sidewalk showcase. In between the windows were bands of terra cotta, replacing an earlier plan for white Georgia marble, to save cost and weight and to avoid delays arising from a stonecutter's strike. The design featured bronze-plated cast-iron ornamental work above the rounded tower. The project also included
984-447: The building adding 59,500 sq ft (5,528 m) of sales area. In February 2006, the first phase of a multi-year restoration of the building's upper facade was completed. In addition to cleaning, the cornice and supporting columns were recreated on the 12th floor. A 2001 report put the budget at $ 68.9 million for this renovation. In August 2006, Bon-Ton Stores Inc. , parent company of Carson, Pirie, Scott, announced that after
1025-405: The capital. The " Chicago window " originated in this school. It is a three-part window consisting of a large fixed center panel flanked by two smaller double-hung sash windows. The arrangement of windows on the facade typically creates a grid pattern, with some projecting out from the facade forming bay windows . The Chicago window combined the functions of light-gathering and natural ventilation;
1066-422: The era displayed a wide variety of styles and techniques. Contemporary publications used the phrase "Commercial Style" to describe the innovative tall buildings of the era, rather than proposing any sort of unified "school." Some of the distinguishing features of the Chicago School are the use of steel-frame buildings with masonry cladding (usually terra cotta ), allowing large plate-glass window areas and limiting
1107-522: The final twelve stories. The Madison Street portion that was added earlier could not structurally support twelve stories so was left as is. Sullivan came up with a three-stage plan to finish the new building and allow Schlesinger and Mayer to keep their business running during the Christmas season. The building is remarkable for its steel-framed structure, which allowed a dramatic increase in window area created by bay-wide windows, which in turn allowed for
1148-630: The firm of Adler and Sullivan but created his own Prairie Style of architecture. The Home Insurance Building , which some regarded as the first skyscraper in the world, was built in Chicago in 1885 and was demolished in 1931 . In the 1940s, a "Second Chicago School" emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and his efforts of education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago. Mies sought to concentrate on neutral architectural forms instead of historicist ones, and
1189-466: The flagship location is the world's second largest department store by square footage. The 12-story building features many historical landmarks including a Tiffany & Co. Dome. The Block 37 opened in 2009 at State and Washington, bringing with it a large group of upscale retailers to North State Street including Anthropologie , L'Occitane en Provence , Banana Republic , Zara , Disney Store , Godiva , Sephora , and an AMC Theatres location on
1230-858: The fourth floor. On the Pedway level is the Blue Line's Washington station and Red Line's Lake station both connected underground. The department store chain Carson Pirie Scott closed their flagship store on State Street on February 21, 2007 after over 100 years of business in that location. Target opened their 125,000 square feet State Street store in the landmark Carson Pirie Scott building later in 2012. On January 12, 2012, Walgreens opened its U.S. flagship location at Randolph Street , where it had previously existed from 1926 to 2005, when construction of Joffrey Tower necessitated its demolition. The renowned Chicago-based Joffrey Ballet
1271-415: The greatest amount of daylight into the building interiors. This steel framed structure uses the post-and-lintel technique to provide a strong, light, and fireproof steel skeleton. The exterior of the building consists of a grid of piers and spandrels that reveals the post-and-lintel technique that supports the building. The design was the first use of what became known as the Chicago window . At street level,
Sullivan Center - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-533: The historic Chicago Theatre . The latter was lit by Commercial Light Company in 1958, making it the brightest thoroughfare in the world, according to the Chicago Tribune . State Street became a shopping destination during the 1900s and is referred to in the song " Chicago ," which mentions "State Street, that great street." In 1979, the downtown portion was converted into a pedestrian mall with only bus traffic allowed. Mayor Richard M. Daley oversaw
1353-760: The historic character of the structure. In October 2021, the Target entrance's dark facade went viral on TikTok, affectionately nicknamed as the "Goth Target". State Street (Chicago) From north to south, State Street traverses the following community areas of Chicago : Near North Side to the Chicago River , Chicago Loop to Roosevelt Road, Near South Side to 26th Street, Douglas to 39th Street, Grand Boulevard to 51st Street, Washington Park to 63rd Street, Grand Crossing to 79th Street, Chatham to 91st Street, Roseland to 115th Street, and West Pullman to 127th Street, where it terminates across from Riverdale Bend Woods. The street runs parallel and adjacent to
1394-487: The name State Road after some state-funded improvements. Vincennes Avenue, one of Chicago's rare diagonal streets, is a vestige of the Vincennes Trace, and further south the trail eventually became Illinois Route 1 . In its early days, State Road was unpaved and known for having mud so deep it was jokingly said that it could suck down a horse and buggy. In the late 1860s, Potter Palmer embarked on efforts to raise
1435-408: The profile and prestige of State Street. He enticed Marshall Field and Levi Leiter to move their prosperous and growing department store, Field, Leiter & Co. , to the corner of State and Washington Streets in 1868, and he built his own Palmer House Hotel nearby in 1870. For many years the city's most well-known seafood retailer, Burhop's Seafood , was located on North State Street, as well as
1476-473: The south. The facades were added to match the bottom stories of the building and the building was painted white. In 1892, Schlesinger and Mayer hired Adler and Sullivan to do further remodeling and add a new entrance to the corner of State and Madison. In 1896, Sullivan, no longer working with Adler, was asked back by Schlesinger and Mayer to redesign the façade and add two stories to the newly leased four-story building on Wabash avenue, as well as connecting it to
1517-577: The split, both of the streets are frontage roads for the Dan Ryan Expressway. Multiple other bus routes, such as bus route 36 in downtown, run along State Street in segments to serve a train station or downtown. The Red Line parallels State Street from 95th Street to Marquette Road and from 13th Street to Division Street. The Green Line parallels State Street from 40th Street to Harrison Street (the Orange Line runs concurrently with
1558-480: The standard Miesian building is characterized by the presence of large glass panels and the use of steel for vertical and horizontal members. The Second Chicago School's first and purest expression was the 860–880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) and their technological achievements. The structural engineer for the Lake Shore Drive Apartments project was Georgia Louise Harris Brown , who
1599-449: The structure for only a matter of weeks before it sold the building (the land under it was owned at the time by Marshall Field ) to Otto Young , who then leased it to Carson Pirie Scott for $ 7,000 per month, which occupied the building for more than a century until 2006. Subsequent additions were completed by Daniel Burnham in 1906 and Holabird & Root in 1961. The building has been used for retail purposes since 1899, and has been
1640-655: Was the first African-American to receive an architecture degree from the University of Kansas, and second African-American woman to receive an architecture license in the United States. Skidmore, Owings & Merrill , a Chicago-based architectural firm, was the first to erect buildings conforming to the features of the Second Chicago School. Myron Goldsmith , Bruce Graham , Walter Netsch , and Fazlur Khan were among its most influential architects. The Bangladeshi -born structural engineer Khan introduced
1681-400: Was used on the lower floors of the building was so elaborate that it used the natural lighting and shadows to seem almost as if it were magically floating above the ground. The top floor of the 1899 and 1904 sections of the building were recessed to create a narrow loggia topped by an intricately detailed cornice that projected beyond the facade of the building. This was removed around 1948 and