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47-569: A car phone is a mobile radio telephone specifically designed for and fitted into an automobile . This service originated with the Bell System and was first used in St. Louis , Missouri , on June 17, 1946. The original equipment weighed 80 pounds (36 kg), and there were initially only three channels for all the users in the metropolitan area (other sources claim six channels). On October 2, 1946, Motorola communications equipment carried

94-494: A northern goshawk , a common buzzard or other flying predators that form a potential danger in the air. A series of high-pitched 'zeedling' notes are given by both partners before and during copulation. The begging-call is used by juveniles to beg for food from parents. An interesting example of culturally transmitted learning in birds was the phenomenon dating from the 1920s of blue tits teaching one another how to open traditional British milk bottles with foil tops, to get at

141-404: A consumer's mobile phone, via a Bluetooth wireless link or use an integrated transceiver. The systems use an internally mounted microphone, and the car's audio system, and may feature voice activation and control. Mobile radio telephone These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks (thus called car phones ), although portable briefcase models were also made. Typically,

188-411: A conventional wired telephone. A few users had full-duplex briefcase telephones (which were radically advanced for their day). RCCs used paired UHF 454/459 MHz and VHF 152/158 MHz frequencies near those used by IMTS. Blue tit Parus caeruleus Linnaeus , 1758 The Eurasian blue tit ( Cyanistes caeruleus ) is a small passerine bird in the tit family, Paridae . It

235-744: A period of time C-Netz and later D-Netz car phones and lug-gable phones were a stable of business persons in East Germany. The UK started its TACS system in 1985. TACS was a modified version of the US AMPS system. TACS was replaced by GSM in the 1990th. In North America, car phones typically used the Mobile Telephone Service (MTS), which was first used in St. Louis, or Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) before giving way to analog cellular service ( AMPS ) in 1984. AMPS technology

282-426: A system called Secode 2805 which transmitted an interrupted 2805 Hz tone (in a manner similar to IMTS signaling) to alert mobiles of an offered call. Some radio equipment used with RCC systems was half-duplex, push-to-talk equipment such as Motorola hand-helds or RCA 700-series conventional two-way radios. Other vehicular equipment had telephone handsets, rotary or push-button dialing, and operated full duplex like

329-527: Is a common interspecific hybrid between this species and the azure tit ( Cyanistes cyanus ), in western Russia. The cap is usually darker than the azure tit, and the tail is paler than the Eurasian blue tit. The Eurasian blue tit is usually 12 cm (4.7 in) long with a wingspan of 18 cm (7.1 in) for both sexes , and weighs about 11 g (0.39 oz). A typical Eurasian blue tit has an azure-blue crown and dark blue line passing through

376-522: Is a sign of excitement rather than anger, for it is also elevated during nuptial display. The nesting material is usually moss, wool, hair, and feathers, and the eggs are laid in April or May. The number in the clutch is often very large, but seven or eight eggs are normal. Clutch size varies with latitude and other geographic parameters. Some bigger clutches may be laid by two or even more hens in some locations, but single hen clutches of 14 have been verified in

423-477: Is a suitable small hole, be it in a tree or nesting box. They are very agile and can hang from almost anywhere. This is a common and popular European garden bird, due to its perky acrobatic performances when feeding on nuts or suet. It swings beneath the holder, calling "tee, tee, tee" or a scolding "churr". The Eurasian blue tit will nest in any suitable hole in a tree, wall, or stump, or an artificial nest box, often competing with house sparrows or great tits for

470-445: Is easily recognisable by its blue and yellow plumage and small size. Eurasian blue tits, usually resident and non-migratory birds, are widespread and a common resident breeder throughout temperate and subarctic Europe and the western Palearctic in deciduous or mixed woodlands with a high proportion of oak . They usually nest in tree holes, although they easily adapt to nest boxes where necessary. Their main rival for nests and in

517-489: Is scarce, and may pull them to bits in the hope of finding insects. It is a well-known predator of many Lepidoptera species including the Wood Tiger moth . No species, however, destroys more coccids and aphids , the worst foes of many plants. It takes leaf miner grubs and green tortrix moths ( Tortricidae ). In common with all members of the family, seeds are also eaten. Eurasian blue tits use songs and calls throughout

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564-559: The 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Parus caeruleus . Parus is the classical Latin for a tit and caeruleus is the Latin for dark blue or cerulean . Two centuries earlier, before the introduction of the binomial nomenclature , the same Latin name had been used by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner when he described and illustrated the blue tit in his Historiae animalium of 1555. In 2005, analysis of

611-449: The 1G system NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used across Scandinavia and in other often remote areas. Sweden started relatively early with the plans for mobile telephony service trials at the end of the 1940s. At the end of the 1950s, a trial system was built, using two channels, providing service for five mobile stations. In 1956, two commercial systems were brought online, each equipped with four channels. There were 125 subscribers by

658-827: The European continent with a mainly temperate or Mediterranean climate , and in parts of the Middle East . These areas include Ireland, the United Kingdom and most of the European Union and EFTA (except Malta , where they are considered vagrant, and Iceland , where they are absent), plus: Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Libya, Moldova, Montenegro, Morocco, North Macedonia, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Vatican City and Ukraine. In Great Britain

705-424: The European robin or the treecreeper ) about the presence of predators in the neighbourhood. Scolding, for example, is used when a ground predator (e.g. fox, cat or dog), a low flying predator or a perched owl are noticed. Sometimes this is followed by mobbing behaviour in which birds gather together in flocks to counter a predator. The alarm-whistle warns other birds about the proximity of a Eurasian sparrowhawk ,

752-684: The Nokia 810 and the Motorola VC6096 for use with GSM networks and a car phone made by NAL Research for the Iridium satellite network. Motorola provided US customers with the m800 and m900 car phones, for use with CDMA and GSM networks respectively. Some car phones had colour screens and supported high-speed data connections as well as the ability to access SIM cards stored in other phones via Bluetooth. Since 2008, many automobiles have featured integrated, "hands-free" systems to utilize

799-604: The mtDNA cytochrome b sequences of the Paridae indicated that Cyanistes was an early offshoot from the lineage of other tits, and more accurately regarded as a genus rather than a subgenus of Parus . The current genus name, Cyanistes , is from the Ancient Greek kuanos , "dark blue". The African blue tit ( Cyanistes teneriffae ) was formerly considered conspecific . There are currently at least nine recognised subspecies: tit' ( Cyanistes × pleskei )

846-407: The transceiver (transmitter-receiver) was mounted in the vehicle trunk and attached to the "head" (dial, display, and handset) mounted near the driver seat. They were sold through WCCs (Wireline Common Carriers, a.k.a. telephone companies), RCCs (Radio Common Carriers), and two-way radio dealers. Early examples of this technology include: Parallel to Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS) in

893-538: The 1980s in large portions of North America. In 1968, almost 22 years after the initial network, the US government started to consider reserving spectrum for land mobile radio communication, to be used by private persons. The FCC initiated proceedings which resulted in the reservation of 75 MHz of spectrum in 1970. During the 1970th the FCC changed its mind a few times. Like in 1974 reducing the spectrum to 40 MHz. On May 4th, 1981

940-437: The 1980s, the car phone was more popular than the mobile phone. However, as mobile phones became lighter and more affordable during the mobile phone boom in the 1990s, car phones became less common. By the 2000s, car phones had become uncommon due to the convenience of mobile phones along with in-car mobile phone integrative technologies such as Bluetooth . There were still some car phones available as recently as 2008, including

987-639: The D1-Netz, the other one building and operating the D2-Netz. Both on the 900 MHz band. The D-Netz was later complemented, not replaced, by the E-Netz. Again two licenses were granted for an E1-Netz and an E2-Netz, and the technology was called DCS 1800 - a GSM variant for the 1800 MHz band. These D-Netz and E-Netz networks were where the main shift from car phones towards mobile (handheld) phones occurred. East Germany did develop an analog radio phone network. It

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1034-485: The Eurasian blue tit can be found in a variety of environments, and is typically found in deciduous woodland, parks, gardens and even in the centre of towns. Eurasian blue and great tits form mixed winter flocks, and the former are perhaps the better gymnasts in the slender twigs. A Eurasian blue tit will often ascend a trunk in short jerky hops, reminiscent of a treecreeper . As a rule the bird roosts in ivy or evergreens , but in harsh winters will roost wherever there

1081-576: The Eurasian blue tit makes it vulnerable to prey by larger birds such as jays who catch the vulnerable fledglings when they leave the nest. The most important predator is probably the sparrowhawk , closely followed by the domestic cat. Nests may be robbed by mammals such as weasels and red squirrels , as well as introduced grey squirrels in the UK. The successful breeding of chicks is dependent on sufficient supply of green caterpillars as well as satisfactory weather. Breeding seasons may be affected badly if

1128-460: The FCC released the rules for providing commercial cellular service. Over the next few years the FCC received hundreds of applications for 90 markets. The first cellular system went live on October the 13th 1983 in the Chicago market. In Finland , car phone service was first available in 1971 on the zero generation ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, or Car Radiophone) service. This was succeeded in 1982 by

1175-460: The UK. It is not unusual for a single bird to feed the chicks in the nest at a rate of one feeding every 90 seconds during the height of the breeding season. In winter, they form flocks with other tit species. In an analysis carried out using ring-recovery data in Britain, the survival rate for juveniles in their first year was 38%, while the adult annual survival rate was 53%. From these figures

1222-584: The US until the rollout of cellular AMPS systems, a competing mobile telephone technology was called Radio Common Carrier ( RCC ). The service was provided from the 1960s until the 1980s when cellular AMPS systems made RCC equipment obsolete. These systems operated in a regulated environment in competition with the Bell System's MTS and IMTS. RCCs handled telephone calls and were operated by private companies and individuals. Some systems were designed to allow customers of adjacent RCCs to use their facilities, but

1269-409: The bird as, until now, it is only known to feed on dead feather tissue. P. stylifer lives all its developmental stages, i.e. egg, larva, protonymph, tritonymph and adult, within the plumage of the same host. The usual sites where P. stylifer is encountered are the remiges and the rectrices of the bird where they can be found tandemly positioned between the barbs of the rachis. The Eurasian blue tit

1316-431: The common signaling formats (600/1500, 2805, and Reach). Manual operation was often a fallback for RCC roamers. Roaming was not encouraged, in part because there was no centralized industry billing database for RCCs. Signaling formats were not standardized. For example, some systems used two-tone sequential paging to alert a mobile or handheld that a wired phone was trying to call them. Other systems used DTMF . Some used

1363-497: The cream underneath. Such behaviour has been suppressed recently by the gradual change of human dietary habits (low-fat or skimmed milk instead of full-fat), and the way of getting them (from a supermarket in plastic containers with hard plastic lids, instead of the milkman ). In addition, the instinct to strip bark from trees in search of insects has developed into a tendency to peel building materials such as thatch , wallpaper , stucco and window putty . The small size of

1410-455: The diet. The bill is black, the legs bluish grey, and the irides dark brown. The sexes are similar and often indistinguishable to human eyes, but under ultraviolet light, males have a brighter blue crown. Young blue tits are noticeably more yellow. There are currently around 20–44 million pairs in Europe. The Eurasian blue tit and the related hybrids are considered native species in areas of

1457-521: The end of the 1960s, when the network was shut down. Meanwhile, other mobile networks were build in the 1960s and later on, and plans were made for future networks, cumulating in the cooperation for the NMT system. In West Germany , the car phone service was first released in 1958 as the A-Netz service ( Netz being German for network). In 1971, it reached its capacity limit of almost 11,000 subscribers and

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1504-456: The equipment produced in East Germany. It was installed in 1981 in Mexico with a maximum capacity of 120 stations. The stations were given the type designation UDS 721 U . The call signs used during testing were Blaumeise ( blue tit ) followed by a number. A station weighted approximately 10  kg . Typically the stations were installed at fixed locations in rural areas. However, one station

1551-419: The eye, and encircling the white cheeks to the chin, giving the bird a very distinctive appearance. The forehead and a bar on the wing are white. The nape, wings and tail are blue and the back is yellowish green. The underparts are mostly sulphur-yellow with a dark line down the abdomen —the yellowness is indicative of the number of yellowy-green caterpillars eaten, due to high levels of carotene pigments in

1598-475: The female bird. A study found that the timing of breeding in blue tits is related to the expression of nestling carotenoid ‐based coloration, which could play a role in offspring–parent communication. The bird is a close sitter, hissing and biting at an intruding finger. In the southwest of England, such behaviour has earned the Eurasian blue tit the colloquial nickname "Little Billy Biter" or "Billy Biter." When protecting its eggs, it raises its crest, but this

1645-553: The first calls on Illinois Bell Telephone Company 's new car radiotelephone service in Chicago . Due to the small number of radio frequencies available, the service quickly reached capacity. In 1964 AT&T introduced the Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS). More licenses were added, bringing the total to 32 channels across three bands (See IMTS frequencies ). This service was used at least into

1692-448: The morning, declining throughout the day. Although socially monogamous, blue tits regularly engage in extra-pair copulations with other individuals. Eggs are 14–18 mm (0.55–0.71 in) long and 10.7–13.5 mm (0.42–0.53 in) wide. Egg size appears to depend mostly on the size of individual females and secondarily on habitat, with smaller eggs found at higher altitudes. The clutch's total weight can be 1.5 times as heavy as

1739-436: The search for food is the larger and more common great tit . The Eurasian blue tit prefers insects and spiders for its diet. Outside the breeding season, they also eat seeds and other vegetable-based foods. The birds are famed for their acrobatic skills, as they can hold on to the outermost branches of trees and shrubs and hang upside down when looking for food. The Eurasian blue tit was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in

1786-520: The site. Few birds more readily accept the shelter of a nesting box; the same hole is returned to year after year, and when one pair dies another takes possession. It is estimated by the RSPB that there are 3,535,000 breeding pairs in the UK. During the incubation period, female blue tits perform all of the incubation, however the male feeds the female during this time. During the nestling period, both female nest attendance and male feeding rate are higher in

1833-552: The typical lifespan is only three years. Within Britain, the maximum recorded age is 10 years and 3 months for a bird that was ringed in Bedfordshire . The maximum recorded age overall is 11 years and 7 months for a bird in the Czech Republic. The Eurasian blue tit feeds on many insects, other small invertebrates and their larvae, though it is fond of young buds and fruits of various trees, especially when insect prey

1880-527: The universe of RCCs did not comply with any single interoperable technical standard (a capability known in modern systems as roaming ). For example, the phone of an Omaha, Nebraska-based RCC service would not be likely to work in Phoenix, Arizona. At the end of RCC's existence, industry associations were working on a technical standard that would potentially have allowed roaming, and some mobile users had multiple decoders to enable operation with more than one of

1927-401: The weather is cold and wet between May and July, particularly if this coincides with the emergence of the caterpillars on which the nestlings are fed. Eurasian blue tits are known to be host to feather mites, and rarely lice and flat flies. In Europe, the only feather mite species known to live on the blue tit host is Proctophyllodes stylifer . However, this mite seems to be of no concern to

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1974-413: The year. Songs are mostly used in late winter and spring to defend the territory or to attract mates. Calls are used for multiple reasons. Communication with other Eurasian blue tits is the most important motivation for the use of calls. They inform one another of their location in trees by means of contact-calls. They use alarm-calls to warn others (including birds of other species such as the great tit ,

2021-552: Was a significant lack of fixed network telephone capacity in East Germany after the East German state collapsed. One attempt to bridge the gap was to use an URTES network in East Germany. Making it the only live deployment of such a network where it was originally developed. However, the West German analog C-Netz was quickly extended to East Germany. And the digital 2G D-Netz was also build in East Germany from 1992 onward. For

2068-452: Was called URTES-Netz ( UHF-Radio-Telefonie-System network). But the network was never used in East Germany (with one notable exception) due to fear by the Stasi of not having control over the communication. In 1979 Mexico was looking for a radio phone network and awarded East Germany with the contract. Over a period of 17 month the system was then developed in East Germany from scratch and

2115-483: Was discontinued in the United States in 2008. Since a traditional car phone uses a high-power transmitter and external antenna, it is ideal for rural or undeveloped areas where mobile handsets may not work well or at all. However, due to current US Federal Communications Commission regulations, carriers must pay penalties for activating any equipment that is not an E911 compliant device, such as analog. In

2162-458: Was reportedly adapted installed by request of the governor of Guerrero , Alejandro Cervantes Delgado in his car. Making it the first, and possible only car phone in the network. A prototype of that telephone was briefly shown in a TV report about the development of the URTES network. Later on additional URTES networks were build in Mexico and other countries. In total half a dozen or so. There

2209-622: Was succeeded by the B-Netz in 1972, which featured direct dialing, not requiring a human operator to connect calls. However, in order to reach a subscriber, one would still need to know their location since the handset would assume the local area code of the base station serving it. It was succeeded in 1985 by the C-Netz 1G system. The C-Netz was replaced by the D-Netz, a 2G GSM system, starting in 1992. With two licensees, one building and operating

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