The Cartagena Manifesto was written by Simón Bolívar during the Colombian and Venezuelan War of Independence , after the fall of the First Republic , explaining what he believed to be the causes of this loss. It was written in Cartagena de Indias , on 15 December 1812. This is the first of Bolívar's public documents, which due to his later fame as the "Liberator of five nations," have become quite well known. The document contained the conceptual framework of his new agenda, which he then acted out in the field.
15-458: Prior to the document's publication, Bolívar had been an officer in the Venezuelan army. The First Republic, however, was defeated due to a number of movements that confronted and exploited each other such as the royalists who fought for the old order, the supporters of independence who fought for creole supremacy, and the pardos , blacks, and slaves who fought for their liberation. The conflict
30-493: A force to free Venezuela, in what became known as the Admirable Campaign . In Cartagena Manifesto, Bolivar outlined a framework that would prevent New Granada from suffering the fate of Venezuela since the territory reproduced the prevailing pattern of colonial dissent from loyal juntas to independent governments. The political, economic, social, and natural causes which Bolivar mentioned included: Bolivar advocated
45-516: A strength equal to the dangers." This article about politics in Colombia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about politics in Venezuela is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 1812 Caracas earthquake The 1812 Caracas earthquake took place in Venezuela on March 26 (on Maundy Thursday ) at 4:37 p.m. It measured 7.7 on
60-483: A strong central government and powerful executive to avoid infighting between city, state, and national authorities, which in his view created stalemate, dissipating funds and energy. He stated that "the government must necessarily adjust itself, so to speak, to the context of the times, men, and circumstances in which it operates. If these are prosperous and serene, it has to be gentle and protective, but if they are calamitous and turbulent, it has to be severe and armed with
75-695: Is evidence of two separate sub-events, one to the southwest and another with an epicentre just offshore near Caracas. It is unclear which of these two events came first, or whether there was a significant time gap between them. One sub-event ruptured the northeasternmost segment of the Boconó Fault, with an estimated magnitude of 7.4 M w while the second sub-event ruptured the San Sebastián Fault offshore Caracas, with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 M w . The destruction in Caracas
90-651: Is lateral, with South America moving relatively westwards relative to the Caribbean plate, but these is also a component of shortening with South America moving northwards relative to the Caribbean plate. To the west of Venezuela, the Caribbean plate is subducting beneath the South American plate along the South Caribbean Deformed Belt. The lateral motion is accommodated by a series of dextral (right lateral) strike-slip faults , of which
105-531: The Richter scale . It caused extensive damage in Caracas , La Guaira , Barquisimeto , San Felipe , and Mérida . An estimated 15,000–20,000 people perished as a result, in addition to incalculable material damage. The seismic movement was so significant that in a zone named Valecillo, a new lake was formed and the river Yurubí was dammed up. Numerous rivulets changed their course in the Caracas valley, which
120-600: The Oca-Ancón fault system and the Boconó -San Sebastián- El Pilar fault system are the most important. The Boconó Fault trends SW-NE until it reaches the coast and links with the Oca-Ancón fault system, continuing coast parallel as the San Sebastián Fault. The Boconó-San Sebastián-El Pilar fault system is the most seismically active structure in Venezuela. The precise details of the earthquake sequence remain uncertain. There
135-558: The current government, which would subject it to rapid changes in editorial policies as the Venezuelan War of Independence raged; its sympathies alternated between royalist and republican, somewhat undermining its credibility. Andrés Bello was almost permanently editor of the newspaper until it changed name in 1814. The significance of having newspapers in South America at the turn of the 19th century has been linked to
150-522: The earthquake came from the United States, "...when the congress convened in Washington decreed unanimously the sending of five ships loaded with flour, to the coasts of Venezuela to be distributed among the most indigent of its inhabitants." This $ 50,000 was the first-ever instance of U.S. foreign aid . Gazeta de Caracas La Gazeta de Caracas ( Spanish : The Caracas Gazette )
165-466: The event as "the terrifying but well-deserved earthquake" which "confirms in our days the prophecies revealed by God to men about the ancient impious and proud cities: Babylon, Jerusalem and the Tower of Babel". This prompted the widely quoted answer of Simón Bolívar : "If Nature is against us, we shall fight Nature and make it obey". The first international assistance received by Venezuela in response to
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#1732771834741180-590: Was exacerbated by a number of factors such as the shortage of provisions and the effects of the 1812 Caracas earthquake , among others. Bolivar started acting on his own, leaving La Guaira on a Spanish ship. He briefly stayed in Curaçao before finally arriving in Cartagena. He accepted a commission in the army of the United Provinces of New Granada (Colombia), which later granted him permission to lead
195-551: Was flooded with dirty water. Based on contemporary descriptions, the earthquake is believed to have consisted of two seismic shocks occurring within the span of 30 minutes. The first destroyed Caracas and the second Mérida, where it was raining when the shock occurred. Northern Venezuela lies across the complex boundary between the Caribbean plate and the South American plate . The main motion between these two plates
210-542: Was so widespread that the Gazeta de Caracas suggested founding a new capital city in "the beautiful [...] Catia where pure air may be breathed". Since the earthquake occurred on Maundy Thursday while the Venezuelan War of Independence was raging, it was explained by royalist authorities as divine punishment for the rebellion against the Spanish Crown. The archbishop of Caracas , Narciso Coll y Prat , referred to
225-533: Was the first newspaper printed in Venezuela ; its first issue was published on October 24, 1808. In 1814, its name changed to Gaceta de Caracas . The newspaper was issued, with some interruptions, until January 1822. It was printed by the Britons Matthew Gallagher and James Lamb, who had brought a printing press from Trinidad . They became the first typographers working in Venezuela. The newspaper published news and ideas favorable toward
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