Misplaced Pages

#710289

68-593: The nomenclature and the taxonomy of the genus are derived from this species' historical and widespread use. Etymologically it is ultimately derived from Sanskrit चन्दन Chandana ( čandana ), meaning "wood for burning incense" and related to candrah , "shining, glowing" and the Latin candere , to shine or glow. It arrived in English via Late Greek , Medieval Latin and Old French in the 14th or 15th century. Sandalwoods are medium-sized hemiparasitic trees, and part of

136-538: A perfume , it acts as a fixative , enhancing the longevity of other, more volatile, materials in the composite. Sandalwood is also a key ingredient in the "floriental" (floral- ambery ) fragrance family – when combined with white florals such as jasmine , ylang ylang , gardenia , plumeria , orange blossom , tuberose , lily of the valley , etc. Its also acts as a versatile base that blends well with other woody scents like patchouli and cedar . Sandalwood oil in India

204-414: A source of income for the fire temple. Nomenclature Nomenclature ( UK : / n oʊ ˈ m ɛ ŋ k l ə tʃ ə , n ə -/ , US : / ˈ n oʊ m ə n k l eɪ tʃ ər / ) is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. The principles of naming vary from the relatively informal conventions of everyday speech to

272-416: A "complex web of resemblances" than a neat hierarchy. Likewise, a recent study has suggested that some folk taxonomies display more than six ethnobiological categories. Others go further and even doubt the reality of such categories, especially those above the generic name level. A name is a label for any noun: names can identify a class or category of things; or a single thing, either uniquely or within

340-519: A Renaissance codification of folk taxonomic principles . " Formal systems of scientific nomenclature and classification are exemplified by biological classification . All classification systems are established for a purpose. The scientific classification system anchors each organism within the nested hierarchy of internationally accepted classification categories. Maintenance of this system involves formal rules of nomenclature and periodic international meetings of review. This modern system evolved from

408-454: A family or surname like Simpson and another adjectival Christian or forename name that specifies which Simpson, say Homer Simpson . It seems reasonable to assume that the form of scientific names we call binomial nomenclature is derived from this simple and practical way of constructing common names—but with the use of Latin as a universal language. In keeping with the utilitarian view other authors maintain that ethnotaxonomies resemble more

476-501: A few months or years. Isobornyl cyclohexanol is a synthetic fragrance chemical produced as an alternative to the natural product. Sandalwood's main components are the two isomers of santalol (about 75%). It is used in aromatherapy , in scented candles and to prepare soaps . Sandalwood lends itself well to carving and has thus, traditionally, been a wood of choice for statues and sculptures of Hindu gods. Due to its low fluorescence and optimal refractive index , sandalwood oil

544-576: A given context . Names are given, for example, to humans or any other organisms , places , products —as in brand names—and even to ideas or concepts . It is names as nouns that are the building blocks of nomenclature. The word name is possibly derived from the Proto-Indo-European language hypothesised word nomn . The distinction between names and nouns, if made at all, is extremely subtle, although clearly noun refers to names as lexical categories and their function within

612-402: A minimum of 15 years old – the yield, quality and volume are still to be clearly understood. Yield of oil tends to vary depending on the age and location of the tree; usually, the older trees yield the highest oil content and quality. India continues to produce a superior quality of Santalum Album, with FP Aromatics being the largest exporter. Australia is the largest producer of S. album , with

680-403: A particular organism matches a taxon that has already been classified and named – so classification must precede identification. This procedure is sometimes referred to as determination . Although Linnaeus ' system of binomial nomenclature was rapidly adopted after the publication of his Species Plantarum and Systema Naturae in 1753 and 1758 respectively, it was a long time before there

748-480: Is also used as a flavour component in different food items, including candy, ice cream, baked food, puddings, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages, and gelatin. The flavouring is used at levels below 10 ppm, the highest possible level for use in food products being 90 ppm. Oil is extracted from Sandalwood through distillation. Many different methods are used, including steam distillation , water distillation, CO 2 extraction, and solvent extractions. Steam distillation

SECTION 10

#1732791473711

816-467: Is believed to calm the mind during meditation and prayer. It is also distributed to devotees, who apply it to their foreheads or necks and chests. Sandalwood paste is used for most pujas both in temples and private households. Sandalwood use is an integral part of the daily practices of Jainism. Sandalwood paste mixed with saffron is used to worship the Tirthankaras of Jainism . Sandalwood powder

884-518: Is defined by the way in which members of a language community name and categorize plants and animals whereas ethnotaxonomy refers to the hierarchical structure, organic content, and cultural function of biological classification that ethnobiologists find in every society around the world. Ethnographic studies of the naming and classification of animals and plants in non-Western societies have revealed some general principles that suggest pre-scientific man's conceptual and linguistic method of organising

952-401: Is expensive compared to other types of woods. To maximize profit , sandalwood is harvested by removing the entire tree instead of felling at the trunk near ground level. This way wood from the stump and root, which possesses high levels of sandalwood oil, can also be processed and sold. Australian sandalwood is mostly harvested and sold in log form, graded for heartwood content. The species

1020-575: Is marketed as the notable members of this group today by merchants because of its stable sources; others in the genus also have fragrant wood. These are found in India , Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, Indonesia, Hawaii, and other Pacific Islands , Various unrelated plants with scented wood and also referred to as sandalwood, but not in the true sandalwood genus: Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high levels of fragrance oils requires Indian sandalwood ( S. album ) trees to be

1088-511: Is mentioned in various suttas of the Pāli Canon . In some Buddhist traditions, sandalwood is considered to be of the padma ( lotus ) group and attributed to Amitabha Buddha . Sandalwood scent is believed by some to transform one's desires and maintain a person's alertness while in meditation . It is also one of the most popular scents used when offering incense to the Buddha and the guru. In

1156-536: Is not used as much anymore because of the high costs and time associated with heating large quantities of water. Sandalwood is considered sacred in the Hindu Ayurveda and is known in Sanskrit as chandana. The wood is used for worshipping the deities, and it is said that Lakshmi (Sri), the goddess of well-being, lives in the sandalwood tree; therefore, it is also known as Srigandha . Sandalwood paste

1224-506: Is often employed as an immersion oil within ultraviolet and fluorescence microscopy . Aboriginal Australians eat the seed kernels, nuts, and fruit of local sandalwoods, such as the quandong ( S. acuminatum ). Early Europeans in Australia used quandong in cooking damper by infusing it with its leaves, and in making jams, pies, and chutneys from the fruit. In Scandinavia , pulverised bark from red sandalwood ( Pterocarpus soyauxii )

1292-667: Is prepared by grinding a piece of dry sandalwood into powder, against a stone slab. With the gradual addition of water, a thick paste forms, (called kalabham "കളഭം" in Malayalam language and gandha ಗಂಧ in Kannada ) and it is mixed with saffron or other such pigments to make chandanam . Chandanam , further mixed with herbs, perfumes, pigments, and some other compounds, results in javadhu . Kalabham, chandanam, and javadhu are dried and used as kalabham powder, chandanam powder, and javadhu powder, respectively. Chandanam powder

1360-486: Is priced at about US$ 2,500 per kg. Sandalwood is often cited as one of the most expensive woods in the world, along with African blackwood , pink ivory , agarwood and ebony . Sandalwood has historically been an important tree in the development of the political economy of the Pacific. Prior to colonization in the region, the sandalwood tree was a marker of status, rank and beauty. It then became an important part of

1428-515: Is referred to as the given name , the forename , the baptismal name (if given then), or simply the first name . In England prior to the Norman invasion of 1066, small communities of Celts , Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians generally used single names: each person was identified by a single name as either a personal name or nickname . As the population increased, it gradually became necessary to identify people further—giving rise to names like John

SECTION 20

#1732791473711

1496-532: Is showered as blessings by Jain monks and nuns ( sadhus and sadhvis ) onto their disciples and followers. Sandalwood garlands are used to dress the body during Jain cremation ceremonies. During the festival of Mahamastakabhisheka that is held once in every 12 years, the Gommateshwara statue is bathed and anointed with libations such as milk, sugarcane juice, and saffron paste, and sprinkled with powders of sandalwood, turmeric , and vermilion . Sandalwood

1564-414: Is that proper names denote a unique entity e.g. London Bridge , while common names are used in a more general sense in reference to a class of objects e.g. bridge . Many proper names are obscure in meaning as they lack any apparent meaning in the way that ordinary words mean, probably for the practical reason that when they consist of Collective nouns , they refer to groups, even when they are inflected for

1632-415: Is the most common method used by sandalwood companies. It occurs in a four-step process, incorporating boiling, steaming, condensation, and separation. Water is heated to high temperatures (60–100 °C or 140–212 °F) and is then passed through the wood. The oil is very tightly bound within the cellular structure of the wood, but can be released by the high heat of the steam. The mixture of steam and oil

1700-668: Is the most commonly used incense material by the Chinese , Korean and Japanese in worship and various ceremonies. Some Taoist sects, following the Ming Dynasty Taoist Manual, avoid the use of sandalwood (as well as benzoin resin and frankincense ) as incense in worship. In Korean Shamanism , sandalwood is considered the Tree of Life . It was transmitted to China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan during

1768-457: Is the ordering of taxa (the objects of classification) into groups based on similarities or differences. Doing taxonomy entails identifying, describing, and naming taxa; therefore, in the scientific sense, nomenclature is the branch of taxonomy concerned with the application of scientific names to taxa , based on a particular classification scheme, in accordance with agreed international rules and conventions. Identification determines whether

1836-416: Is then cooled and separated so that the essential oil can be collected. This process is much longer than any other essential oil 's distillation, taking 14 to 36 hours to complete, but generally produces much higher quality oil. Water, or hydro, distillation is the more traditional method of sandalwood extraction which involves soaking the wood in water and then boiling it until the oil is released. This method

1904-473: Is unique in that the white sapwood does not require removal before distilling the oil. The logs are either processed to distill the essential oil , or made into powders for making incense . Indian sandalwood, used mainly for oil extraction, does require removal of the sapwood prior to distillation. As of 2020, Australian Sandalwood oil sells for around US$ 1,500 per 1 kilogram (2.2 lb), while Indian Sandalwood oil, due to its higher alpha santalol content,

1972-514: Is used - with other tropical spices - when marinating anchovies and some types of pickled herring such as matjes , sprat , and certain types of traditional spegesild , inducing a reddish colour and slightly perfumed flavour. Present-day chefs have begun experimenting in using the nut as a substitute for macadamia nuts or a bush food substitute for almonds, hazelnuts, and others in Southeast Asian-styled cuisine. The oil

2040-525: Is very popular in India and is also used in Nepal. In Tirupati, after religious tonsure, sandalwood paste is applied to protect the skin. In Hinduism and Ayurveda, sandalwood is thought to bring one closer to the divine. Thus, it is one of the most used holy elements in Hindu and Vedic societies. This paste is integral to rituals and ceremonies, for making religious utensils, for decorating sacred images, and it

2108-552: Is widely used in the cosmetic industry . The main source of true sandalwood, S. album , is a protected species, and demand for it cannot be met. Many species of plants are traded as "sandalwood". The genus Santalum has more than 19 species. Traders often accept oil from closely related species, as well as from unrelated plants such as West Indian sandalwood ( Amyris balsamifera ) in the family Rutaceae or bastard sandalwood ( Myoporum sandwicense , Myoporaceae ). However, most woods from these alternative sources lose their aroma within

Sandalwood - Misplaced Pages Continue

2176-522: The fire temple , including the Atash Dadgahs . Sandalwood is not offered to the divo , a smaller lamp that is kept in the homes of Zoroastrians. Often, money is offered to the mobad (priest) as payment, along with sandalwood. Sandalwood is called sukhad in the Zoroastrian community. The sandalwood in the fire temple is often more expensive to buy than at a Zoroastrian store. It is often

2244-546: The journal Pure and Applied Chemistry . These systems can be accessed through the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Alpha santalol α-Santalol ( alpha -santalol ) is an organic compound that is classified as a sesquiterpene . It comprises about 55% of the oil of sandalwood , another less abundant component being β-santalol . As of 2002, about 60 tons of sandalwood oil are produced annually by steam distillation of

2312-538: The singular e.g. "committee". Concrete nouns like "cabbage" refer to physical bodies that can be observed by at least one of the senses while abstract nouns , like "love" and "hate" refer to abstract objects. In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming suffixes ('-ness', '-ity', '-tion') to adjectives or verbs e.g. "happiness", "serenity", "concentration." Pronouns like "he", "it", "which", and "those" stand in place of nouns in noun phrases . The capitalization of nouns varies with language and even

2380-441: The 1947 Partition of India . In contrast, mutually unintelligible dialects that differ considerably in structure, such as Moroccan Arabic , Yemeni Arabic , and Lebanese Arabic , are considered to be the same language due to the pan-Islamism religious identity . Names provide us with a way of structuring and mapping the world in our minds so, in some way, they mirror or represent the objects of our experience. Elucidating

2448-530: The Indian variants of Sufism , sandalwood paste is applied on a revered Sufi's grave by the disciples as a mark of devotion. The tradition is practiced particularly by devotees in the Indian Subcontinent . In Tamil culture, irrespective of one's religious identity, sandalwood paste or powder is applied to the graves of Sufi saints as a mark of devotion and respect. In East Asia , sandalwood (檀木),

2516-612: The Pacific trade during the colonial period, as it was one of the few resources the West was able to successfully trade with Chinese merchants. This western trade began to put pressure on the production of sandalwood in the region. Tonga , a Polynesian kingdom in the Oceania region, saw a severe depletion of its sandalwood tree (locally known as “‘ahi”) due a disruption of the social hierarchy, known as “fahu”, which led to heightened local competition and eventually an over harvest. Nearly all of

2584-477: The biological world in a hierarchical way. Such studies indicate that the urge to classify is a basic human instinct. The levels, moving from the most to least inclusive, are: In almost all cultures objects are named using one or two words equivalent to 'kind' ( genus ) and 'particular kind' ( species ). When made up of two words (a binomial ) the name usually consists of a noun (like salt , dog or star ) and an adjectival second word that helps describe

2652-461: The butcher, Henry from Sutton, and Roger son of Richard...which naturally evolved into John Butcher, Henry Sutton, and Roger Richardson. We now know this additional name variously as the second name , last name , family name , surname or occasionally the byname , and this natural tendency was accelerated by the Norman tradition of using surnames that were fixed and hereditary within individual families. In combination these two names are now known as

2720-450: The connections between language (especially names and nouns), meaning, and the way we perceive the world has provided a rich field of study for philosophers and linguists . Relevant areas of study include: the distinction between proper names and proper nouns ; as well as the relationship between names, their referents , meanings ( semantics ), and the structure of language . Modern scientific taxonomy has been described as "basically

2788-416: The context of language, rather that as "labels" for objects and properties. Human personal names , also referred to as prosoponyms , are presented, used and categorised in many ways depending on the language and culture. In most cultures (Indonesia is one exception) it is customary for individuals to be given at least two names. In Western culture, the first name is given at birth or shortly thereafter and

Sandalwood - Misplaced Pages Continue

2856-530: The eastward expansion of Buddhism. Zoroastrians offer sandalwood twigs to the afarganyu, the urn in which the fire is kept at the fire temple (called agiyari in Gujarati and dar-e mehr in Persian ), to keep the fire burning during religious ceremonies. After the firekeeping priests complete the ceremony, attendees are allowed to come up to the afarganyu and place their own pieces of sandalwood into

2924-496: The etymology of toponyms has found that many place names are descriptive, honorific or commemorative but frequently they have no meaning, or the meaning is obscure or lost. Also, the many categories of names are frequently interrelated. For example, many place-names are derived from personal names (Victoria), many names of planets and stars are derived from the names of mythological characters ( Venus , Neptune ), and many personal names are derived from place-names, names of nations and

2992-534: The fire. Fire has been a sacred symbol in the Zoroastrian religion since ancient times and it is considered very important to keep the fires in the temples constantly burning . Because of its high sensitivity to fire, sandalwood works very well for this. Also, the wood has been accepted by the Yasna and Yashts (sacred texts) as an appropriate fuel for the fire. It is offered to all of the three grades of fire in

3060-527: The first, and therefore makes the name, as a whole, more "specific", for example, lap dog , sea salt , or film star . The meaning of the noun used for a common name may have been lost or forgotten ( whelk , elm , lion , shark , pig ) but when the common name is extended to two or more words much more is conveyed about the organism's use, appearance or other special properties ( sting ray , poison apple , giant stinking hogweed , hammerhead shark ). These noun-adjective binomials are just like our own names with

3128-505: The folk taxonomy of prehistory. Folk taxonomy can be illustrated through the Western tradition of horticulture and gardening . Unlike scientific taxonomy, folk taxonomies serve many purposes. Examples in horticulture would be the grouping of plants, and naming of these groups, according to their properties and uses: Folk Taxonomy is generally associated with the way rural or indigenous peoples use language to make sense of and organise

3196-482: The heartwood of Santalum album . It is a valued component for perfumes. Because of concerns about the sustainability of sandalwood tree cultivation, scientists have developed routes to α-santalol and β-santalol via fermentation, including using Rhodobacter sphaeroides . BASF launched its version, Isiobionic Santalol, in July 2020. The oil content varies greatly within the different sandalwood species. This level

3264-483: The internationally agreed principles, rules, and recommendations that govern the formation and use of the specialist terminology used in scientific and any other disciplines. Naming "things" is a part of general human communication using words and language : it is an aspect of everyday taxonomy as people distinguish the objects of their experience, together with their similarities and differences, which observers identify , name and classify . The use of names, as

3332-494: The like (Wood, Bridge). In a strictly scientific sense, nomenclature is regarded as a part of taxonomy (though distinct from it). Moreover, the precision demanded by science in the accurate naming of objects in the natural world has resulted in a variety of codes of nomenclature (worldwide-accepted sets of rules on biological classification ). Taxonomy can be defined as the study of classification including its principles, procedures and rules, while classification itself

3400-426: The majority grown around Kununurra , in the far north of the state by Quintis (formerly Tropical Forestry Services), which in 2017 controlled around 80% of the world's supply of Indian sandalwood, and Santanol . India used to be the world's biggest producer, but it has been overtaken by Australia in the 21st century. Over-exploitation is partly to blame for the decline. However, ethical plantations in India are on

3468-696: The many different kinds of nouns embedded in different languages, connects nomenclature to theoretical linguistics , while the way humans mentally structure the world in relation to word meanings and experience relates to the philosophy of language . Onomastics , the study of proper names and their origins, includes: anthroponymy (concerned with human names, including personal names , surnames and nicknames ); toponymy (the study of place names); and etymology (the derivation, history and use of names) as revealed through comparative and descriptive linguistics . The scientific need for simple, stable and internationally accepted systems for naming objects of

SECTION 50

#1732791473711

3536-572: The market, lower-ranking family members began to harvest the trees without permission, encouraging many farmers to harvest their trees defensively and thus leading to over harvest. In 2007, Mike Evans published a scholarly report on Tongan sandalwood overharvest and the socio-environmental implications of resource commodification and privatized land tenure. Evan’s concluded that “whatever the short-term ecological benefits of enforcing privatized land tenure, because private property not only fragments social ties by allowing an individual to deny others, it has

3604-628: The most interesting objects and, where relevant, naming important or interesting features of those objects. The IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and for describing the science of chemistry in general. It is maintained by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry . Similar compendia exist for biochemistry (in association with the IUBMB ), analytical chemistry and macromolecular chemistry . These books are supplemented by shorter recommendations for specific circumstances which are published from time to time in

3672-516: The natural world has generated many formal nomenclatural systems. Probably the best known of these nomenclatural systems are the five codes of biological nomenclature that govern the Latinized scientific names of organisms . The word nomenclature is derived from the Latin nomen (' name '), and calare ('to call'). The Latin term nomenclatura refers to a list of names, as does

3740-407: The objects around them. Ethnobiology frames this interpretation through either " utilitarianists " like Bronislaw Malinowski who maintain that names and classifications reflect mainly material concerns, and "intellectualists" like Claude Lévi-Strauss who hold that they spring from innate mental processes. The literature of ethnobiological classifications was reviewed in 2006. Folk classification

3808-400: The other hand significantly different things might be considered the same. For example, Hindi and Urdu are both closely related, mutually intelligible Hindustani languages (one being sanskritised and the other arabised ). However, they are favored as separate languages by Hindus and Muslims respectively, as seen in the context of Hindu-Muslim conflict resulting in the violence of

3876-769: The particular context: journals often have their own house styles for common names. Distinctions may be made between particular kinds of names simply by using the suffix -onym , from the Greek ónoma (ὄνομα, 'name'). So we have, for example, hydronyms name bodies of water, synonyms are names with the same meaning, and so on. The entire field could be described as chrematonymy—the names of things. Toponyms are proper names given to various geographical features (geonyms), and also to cosmic features (cosmonyms). This could include names of mountains, rivers, seas, villages, towns, cities, countries, planets, stars etc. Toponymy can be further divided into specialist branches, like: choronymy ,

3944-463: The patronym (a name derived from the given name of the father) between the given and the family name; in Iceland the given name is used with the patronym, or matronym (a name derived from the given name of the mother), and surnames are rarely used. Nicknames (sometimes called hypocoristic names) are informal names used mostly between friends. The distinction between proper names and common names

4012-419: The personal name or, simply, the name. There are many exceptions to this general rule: Westerners often insert a third or more names between the given and surnames; Chinese and Hungarian names have the family name preceding the given name; females now often retain their maiden names (their family surname) or combine, using a hyphen, their maiden name and the surname of their husband; some East Slavic nations insert

4080-470: The potential to fragment the regional ecology as well.” Sandalwood oil has a distinctive soft, warm, smooth, creamy, and milky precious-wood scent. Its quality and scent profile is greatly influenced by the age of the tree, location and the skill of the distiller. It imparts a long-lasting, woody base to perfumes from the oriental, woody, fougère , and chypre families, as well as a fixative to floral and citrus fragrances. When used in smaller proportions in

4148-414: The rise, and India is expected to increase its supply manyfold by 2030, owing to favourable weather conditions and competitive pricing. Australian sandalwood ( S. spicatum ) is grown in commercial plantations throughout the wheatbelt of Western Australia, where it has been an important part of the economy since colonial times. As of 2020 WA has the largest plantation resource in the world. Sandalwood

SECTION 60

#1732791473711

4216-541: The same botanical family as European mistletoe . Sandalwood is indigenous to the tropical belt of the peninsular India, Malay Archipelago and northern Australia. The main distribution is in the drier tropical regions of India and the Indonesian islands of Timor and Sumba. It spread to other regions through the incense trade route by the vast Indian and Arab mercantile networks and the Chinese maritime trade routes until

4284-437: The sandalwood resources were depleted over the span of two years. Tongan people have a unique social dynamic referred to as “fahu.” On the one hand, the kinship system of fahu is able to ensure biodiversity and sustainability in contemporary Tonga. But on the other hand, a principal factor in the over harvest of the ‘ahi tree was the result of the defensive actions of farmers defying fahu customs. As sandalwood became valuable in

4352-608: The sixteenth century CE. The sandalwood of peninsular India and the Malay Archipelago supported most consumption in East Asia and West Asia during the time of the incense trade route before the commercialization of Australian sandalwood ( Santalum spicatum ) in sandalwood plantations in Australia and China, although sandalwood album ( Santalum album ) is still considered to have the best and original quality in terms of religion and alternative medicine. Santalum spicatum

4420-442: The study of proper names of regions and countries; econymy , the study of proper names of villages, towns and citties; hodonymy , the study of proper names of streets and roads; hydronymy , the study of proper names of water bodies; oronymy , the study of proper names of mountains and hills, etc. Toponymy has popular appeal because of its socio-cultural and historical interest and significance for cartography . However, work on

4488-454: The use of nomenclature in an academic sense is also not commonly known. Although the two fields integrate, nomenclature concerns itself more with the rules and conventions that are used for the formation of names. Due to social, political, religious, and cultural motivations, things that are the same may be given different names, while different things may be given the same name; closely related similar things may be considered separate, while on

4556-402: The word nomenclator , which can also indicate a provider or announcer of names. The study of proper names is known as onomastics , which has a wide-ranging scope that encompasses all names, languages, and geographical regions, as well as cultural areas . The distinction between onomastics and nomenclature is not readily clear: onomastics is an unfamiliar discipline to most people, and

4624-601: Was international consensus concerning the more general rules governing biological nomenclature . The first botanical code was produced in 1905, the zoological code in 1889 and cultivated plant code in 1953. Agreement on the nomenclature and symbols for genes emerged in 1979. Over the last few hundred years, the number of identified astronomical objects has risen from hundreds to over a billion, and more are discovered every year. Astronomers need universal systematic designations to unambiguously identify all of these objects using astronomical naming conventions , while assigning names to

#710289