Misplaced Pages

#20979

26-498: The Senoic languages (also called Sakai ) are a group of Aslian languages spoken by about 33,000 people in the main range of the Malay Peninsula . Languages in the group are: Semai and Temiar (the main languages), Lanoh , Sabüm , and Semnam . This Austroasiatic language -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Aslian languages Aslian languages originally appeared on

52-614: A back vowel in the next syllable if the intervening consonant was of a certain nature. The specific nature of the consonants that trigger back umlaut or block it varied from dialect to dialect. Proto-Germanic stressed short e becomes ja or (before u ) jǫ regularly in Old Norse except after w, r, l . Examples are: According to some scholars, the diphthongisation of e is an unconditioned sound change, whereas other scholars speak about epenthesis or umlaut . The long high vowels of Middle High German underwent breaking during

78-589: A consonant in the same syllable (even when a final [ʁ] is optionally made silent). Some scholars believe that Proto-Indo-European (PIE) i, u had vowel-breaking before an original laryngeal in Greek , Armenian and Tocharian but that the other Indo-European languages kept the monophthongs: However, the hypothesis has not been widely adopted. Some languages in Sumatra have vowel breaking processes, almost exclusively in syllable-final position. In Minangkabau ,

104-568: A vowel to a following vowel or consonant. Vowel breaking is sometimes not assimilatory and is then not triggered by a neighboring sound. That was the case with the Great Vowel Shift in English in which all cases of /iː/ and /uː/ changed to diphthongs. Vowel breaking sometimes occurs only in stressed syllables. For instance, Vulgar Latin open-mid /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ changed to diphthongs only when they were stressed. Vowel breaking

130-522: Is a very common sound change in the history of the English language, occurring at least three times (with some varieties adding a fourth) listed here in reverse chronological order: Vowel breaking is characteristic of the "Southern drawl" of Southern American English , where the short front vowels have developed a glide up to [j], and then in some areas back down to schwa: pat [pæjət] , pet [pɛjət] , pit [pɪjət] . The Great Vowel Shift changed

156-508: Is the sound change of a monophthong into a diphthong or triphthong . Vowel breaking may be unconditioned or conditioned. It may be triggered by the presence of another sound, by stress, or in no particular way. Vowel breaking is sometimes defined as a subtype of diphthongization, when it refers to harmonic ( assimilatory ) process that involves diphthongization triggered by a following vowel or consonant. The original pure vowel typically breaks into two segments. The first segment matches

182-532: Is the causative -r-, which is productive in Semai and Temiar. Nasal infixes are also found in Aslian, especially used as nominalizers of verbal roots. A reduplication of the final consonant of the root is being infixed to the root. This process occurs in all 3 branches of Aslian. Aslian syntax is presumably conservative with respect to Austroasiatic as a whole, though Malay influence is apparent in some details of

208-630: The Proto-Malayic vowels *i and *u are broken to ia and ua before word-final *h , *k , *l , *ŋ , *r ( *təlur > *təluar > talua "egg"). In Rejang , the Proto-Malayo-Polynesian vowels *ə , i , and u are broken to êa , ea , and oa before any of word-final consonants above except *k and *ŋ ( *tənur > *tənoar > tênoa "egg"). This process has been transphonologized by loss of *l and *r and merging of several word-final consonants into

234-427: The Aslian family, final nasals are pre-stopped . In Northern Aslian this has gone further, with final nasals merging with the plosive series. All Aslian languages that have been thoroughly studied have constructive usage of various morphophonemic devices – prefixation, infixation and reduplication. Also, most Aslian languages preserve fossilized traces of other morphological patterns that are no longer productive. It

260-494: The Malay Peninsula. Their former residence can be traced from the etymologies and the archaeological evidence for the succession of cultures in the region. Roger Blench (2006) notes that Aslian languages have many Bornean and Chamic loanwords, pointing to a former presence of Bornean and Chamic speakers on the Malay Peninsula . Blagden (1906), Evans (1937) and Blench (2006) note that Aslian languages, especially

286-539: The Northern Aslian ( Jahaic ) group, contain many words that cannot be traced to any currently known language family. The extinct Kenaboi language of Negeri Sembilan also contains many words of unknown origin in addition to words of Austroasiatic and Austronesian origin. Sidwell (2023) proposed that Proto-Aslian had arrived in the Malay Peninsula from the Gulf of Thailand region prior to Mon dominance , and

SECTION 10

#1732773407021

312-501: The Northern and Southern Aslian branches. The loss of vowel length must have led to complex reorganizations in the vocalic systems of the affected languages, by developing new contrasts elsewhere. Diphthongization is not as obvious in Aslian languages as compared to the other branches of Mon–Khmer. Proto- Semai is reconstructed with 10-11 long monophthongal vowels, but with only one diphthong, /iə/ . Senoic infixes are sensitive to

338-868: The diphthongization applied not only to MHG long vowels but also to /ɛː oː/ in words of Hebrew (in stressed open syllables) or Slavic origin: Vowel breaking is present in Scottish Gaelic with the following changes occurring often but variably between dialects: Archaic Irish eː → Scottish Gaelic iə and Archaic Irish oː → Scottish Gaelic uə Specifically, central dialects have more vowel breaking than others. Many Romance languages underwent vowel breaking. The Vulgar Latin open vowels e /ɛ/ and o /ɔ/ in stressed position underwent breaking only in open syllables in French and Italian , but in both open and closed syllables in Spanish . Vowel breaking

364-729: The following consonant sound changes that each Aslian branch had innovated from Proto-Aslian . The Proto-Aslian language has been reconstructed by Timothy Phillips (2012). Aslian words may either be monosyllabic, sesquisyllabic or disyllabic: Aslian words generally start with a consonant. Words which start with a vowel will be followed by a glottal stop. In most Aslian languages, aspirated consonants are analyzed as sequences of two phonemes, one of which happens to be h . Aslian syllable-initial consonant clusters are rich and varied. Stops for example may cluster without restrictions to their place of articulation or voicing : Articulation of laryngeal consonants /h, ʔ/ may be superimposed upon

390-423: The grammar (e.g. use of numeral classifiers). Mənūʔ VP big ʔəh NP (Subject) it Mənūʔ ʔəh VP {NP (Subject)} big it It's big. Cwəʔ NP (Subj) yəh- P (Pfx) mʔmus V Cwəʔ yəh- mʔmus {NP (Subj)} {P (Pfx)} V The dog growls. ʔihãh NP (Subj) I naʔ Diphthongization In historical linguistics , vowel breaking , vowel fracture , or diphthongization

416-420: The long vowels /iː uː/ to diphthongs, which became Modern English /aɪ aʊ/ . In early Middle English , a vowel /i/ was inserted between a front vowel and a following /h/ (pronounced [ç] in this context), and a vowel /u/ was inserted between a back vowel and a following /h/ (pronounced [x] in this context). That is a prototypical example of the narrow sense of "vowel breaking" as described above:

442-441: The number of initial consonants in a root. Rising diphthongs like [i̯ə] or [u̯ə] are ambiguous, since the glide may be interpreted as either a feature of the initial or of the vowel. Aslian languages are well endowed with final consonants, with most of the languages placing a lot of stress on them. It has been reported that Temiar - h has bilabial friction after - u -, e.g. /tuh/ 'speak' pronounced as [tuɸ] . Throughout

468-699: The original vowel breaks into a diphthong that assimilates to the following consonant, gaining a front /i/ before a palatal consonant and /u/ before a velar consonant . In Old English , two forms of harmonic vowel breaking occurred: breaking and retraction and back mutation. In prehistoric Old English, breaking and retraction changed stressed short and long front vowels i, e, æ to short and long diphthongs spelled io, eo, ea when followed by h or by r, l + another consonant (short vowels only), and sometimes w (only for certain short vowels): In late prehistoric Old English, back mutation changed short front i, e, æ to short diphthongs spelled io, eo, ea before

494-463: The original vowel, and the second segment is harmonic with the nature of the triggering vowel or consonant. For example, the second segment may be /u/ (a back vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is back (such as velar or pharyngeal ), and the second segment may be /i/ (a front vowel) if the following vowel or consonant is front (such as palatal ). Thus, vowel breaking, in the restricted sense, can be viewed as an example of assimilation of

520-639: The table below, words with breaking are bolded. Romanian underwent the general Romance breaking only with /ɛ/ , as it did not have /ɔ/ : It underwent a later breaking of stressed e and o to ea and oa before a mid or open vowel: Sometimes a word underwent both forms of breaking in succession: The diphthongs that resulted from the Romance and the Romanian breakings were modified when they occurred after palatalized consonants. In Quebec French , long vowels are generally diphthongized when followed by

546-499: The transition to Early New High German : /iː yː uː/ → /aɪ̯ ɔʏ̯ aʊ̯/ . In Yiddish , the diphthongization affected the long mid vowels as well: /ɛː oː øː iː yː uː/ → /ɛɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɛɪ̯ aɪ̯ aɪ̯ ɔɪ̯/ This change started as early as the 12th century in Upper Bavarian and reached Moselle Franconian only in the 16th century. It did not affect Alemannic or Ripuarian dialects, which still retain the original long vowels. In Yiddish,

SECTION 20

#1732773407021

572-718: The vowel midway in its articulation, giving the impression of two identical vowels interrupted by the laryngeals. A typical Aslian vowel system is displayed by Northern Temiar , which has 30 vocalic nuclei. The functional load of the nasal/oral contrast is not very high in Aslian languages (not many minimal pairs can be cited). Diffloth states that this phenomenon is unpredictable and irregular in Semai dialects, especially on vowels preceded by h - or ʔ -. Phonemic vowel length has been retained in Senoic languages such as Semai , Temiar and Sabum . Contrastive length has been lost in

598-453: The western side of the main mountains and eventually spread eastwards into Kelantan , Terengganu and Pahang . The nearest relatives to the Aslian languages are Monic and Nicobarese . There is a possibility the early Monic and Nicobarese people had contact with the migrants who moved into the Malay Peninsula from further north. Aslian languages contain a complex palimpsest of loanwords from linguistic communities that no longer exist on

624-418: Was also noted that the use of the suffix in Aslian languages was a product of recent use of Malay loan words. For example, the use of the infix 'n' is prominent in various Aslian language and it encompasses a myriad of definition. Example: Jah Hut causatives Aslian languages insert infixes between two consonants. Simple infixation is when the infix is inserted into the root. The most important liquid infix

650-833: Was mostly absent in Catalan , in which /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ became diphthongs only before a palatal consonant: Latin coxa 'thigh', octō 'eight', lectum 'bed' > Old Catalan */kuoiʃa/ , */uoit/ , */lieit/ . The middle vowel was subsequently lost if a triphthong was produced: Modern Catalan cuixa, vuit, llit (cf. Portuguese coxa, oito, leito). Vowel breaking was completely absent in Portuguese . The result of breaking varies between languages: e and o became ie and ue in Spanish, ie and uo in Italian and ie and eu /ø/ in French. In

676-492: Was part of an early southern dispersal that also included Nicobaric . Due to its early split from the rest of Austroasiatic, Aslian contains many retentions and has escaped the areal influences that had later swept mainland Southeast Asia . Aslian likely arrived at around the Pahang area and then spread inland and upstream. The extinct Kenaboi language is unclassified, and may or may not be Aslian. Phillips (2012:194) lists

#20979