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137-552: Pahang ( Malay pronunciation: [paˈhaŋ] ; Pahang Hulu Malay: Paha , Pahang Hilir Malay: Pahaeng , Ulu Tembeling Malay: Pahaq ), officially Pahang Darul Makmur with the Arabic honorific Darul Makmur (Jawi: دار المعمور ‎ , "The Abode of Tranquility") is a sultanate and a federal state of Malaysia . It is the third largest state in the country and the largest state in Peninsular Malaysia , and

274-599: A diversity of animal and plant life, but sustains the livelihood of the Orang Asal , the aboriginal people inhabiting the wetlands. Most of the coastline is sandy, with rocky headlands at intervals. Mangroves and nipah swamps are confined to estuaries and do not occur along the exposed coast. These estuaries can be seasonally important to fishermen when rough weather prevents fishing at sea. There are limited areas of hard and soft coral offshore, which have been mapped together with coastal features. There are many islands off

411-589: A few confined to the north of the country or the west coast. There are a large number of montane species. Peaks within Taman Negara, Mount Benom , and peaks along the Titiwangsa Range , with different endemic species in each of these montane regions are located in Pahang. The large forest blocks of the west and northeast support nationally important populations of big mammals and other fauna, and act as

548-501: A hub for the east coast region of Peninsular Malaysia. Over the years, the state has attracted much investment, both local and foreign, in the mineral sector. Important mineral exports include iron ore, gold, tin and bauxite . Malaysia's substantial oil and natural gas fields lie offshore in the South China Sea. At one time, timber resources also brought much wealth to the state. Large-scale development projects have resulted in

685-467: A kind of prince. The best of sultans was elected as khan by people at Kurultai . In a number of post-caliphal states under Mongol or Turkic rule, there was a feudal type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as khan , malik , amir as mere rank denominations. In the Persian empire , the rank of sultan

822-608: A large proportion of which occurs during the northeast monsoon . Precipitation is the lowest in March, with an average of 22.25 mm. In October and November, the precipitation reaches its peak, with an average of 393 mm. The hottest month in Pahang is May when the average maximum temperature is 33°, average temperature is 28° and average minimum temperature is 24°. At highland areas, the temperature can vary from 23 °C (73 °F) during daytime to 16 °C (61 °F) during night time. Pahang experiences two monsoon seasons:

959-477: A natural divider between the peninsula's east and west coasts from north to south, and from Terengganu in the east by the Pantai Timur Range . The state's highest elevation culminates at Mount Tahan in the eponymous Tahan Range , which is 2,187 metres (7,175 ft) high. Although two thirds of the state is covered by dense rain forest, its central plains are intersected by numerous rivers, and along

1096-428: A northeast monsoon and a southwest monsoon. The tropical storms of the northeast monsoon wash ashore from the end of October until the beginning of March ever year, bringing heavy rainfall, powerful currents and unpredictable tempest of the monsoon season coming in from the South China Sea. The southwest monsoon, which occurs beginning March every year, brings somewhat less rainfall, with sunny and tropical weather up until

1233-747: A part of the hereditary domains attached to this title and administered directly by the raja bendahara. The weakening of the Johor Sultanate and the disputed succession to the throne was coupled by the increasing independence of the Bendahara in Pahang, the Temenggong in Johor and Singapore, and the Yamtuan Muda in Riau. In 1853, the fourth raja bendahara Tun Ali , renounced his allegiance to

1370-405: A part of the hereditary domains attached to this title and administered directly by the raja bendahara. The weakening of the Johor Sultanate and the disputed succession to the throne was coupled with the increasing independence of the Bendahara in Pahang, the Temenggong in Johor and Singapore, and the Yamtuan Muda in Riau. In 1853, the fourth raja bendahara Tun Ali , renounced his allegiance to

1507-536: A series development initiatives and programs, the most recent is the East Coast Economic Region introduced in 2007, is also credited for the robust economic growth in recent years. With GDP growing an average 5.6 per cent annually from 1971 to 2000, Pahang is considered a developing state. In 2015, the state economy grew by 4.5%, the tenth highest among 15 states and federal territories of Malaysia, but later reduced to 2% in 2016. The GDP per capita

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1644-484: A sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance, contrasting the more secular king , which is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Brunei , Malaysia and Oman are the only sovereign states which retain the title "sultan" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under

1781-834: A stronger claim since his mother was Tun Ali's principle wife. The resulting civil war divided Pahang into factions. His elder brother, Tun Mutahir was supported by Johor to the south, and by the British Straits Settlements who were then opposing the Siamese Rattanakosin Kingdom . Wan Ahmad, 22 years old at that time, was helped by the Terengganu , a Malay sultanate to the north, and by the Siamese. Both sides, whose outside supporters had ulterior motives, engaged chiefly in raids and ambushes, with occasional battles near fortifications along

1918-419: A unit with Taman Negara. The Pahang River is the longest river on the peninsula, and from its headwaters to the estuary it includes virtually all of the natural river types. These range from montane streams, saraca streams and neram rivers to rasau and nipah tidal reaches. Water catchments have been defined as covering 81% of the state and more than half of this is forested. The huge network of rivers in Pahang

2055-694: Is Genting , Gebeng , Jelai and Muadzam Shah . For each district, the state government appoints a district officer who heads lands and district office. An administrative district can be distinguished from a local government area where the former deals with land administration and revenue while the latter deals with the planning and delivery of basic infrastructure to its inhabitants. Administrative district boundaries are usually coextensive with local government area boundaries but may sometimes differ especially in urbanised areas. Local governments in Pahang consist of 3 municipal councils and 8 district councils. The administrative divisions in Pahang are originated from

2192-515: Is a constitutional monarchy . The constitutional head is the Sultan , who is described as "the fountain head of justice and of all authority of government" in the state. He who is vested with the power as a monarch of the state, is also the Head of Islam and the source of all titles and dignities, honours and awards. The current Sultan belong to the male line of the Bendahara dynasty who have been ruling

2329-474: Is also etymologically linked to tin). This lexemic starting point can be used to explain other derivatives terms such as the Pahang River , Mahang the place (name given to Pahang by Jakuns ), Mahang the tree ( Macaranga , a common tree species in secondary forests, likely named after the toponym of the same phoneme). The Proto-Malays of Sungai Bebar who interacted with Trito-Malays likely acquired

2466-528: Is also the highest point in Peninsular Malaysia. The climate is temperate enough to have distinct temperature variations year round, and much of the highlands are covered with tropical rainforest . Pahang is home to two of Malaysia's national parks , Taman Negara and Endau-Rompin , both located in the north and south of the state respectively. These large primary rainforests are extensive, and are home to many rare or endangered animals, such as

2603-430: Is home to freshwater aquatic biodiversity, important to the economy of the state. Connecting to this riverine systems are a number of natural freshwater lakes, most notably Bera and Chini lakes. Surrounded by a patchwork of dry lowland dipterocarp forests, the lake environment stretches its tentacles into islands of peat swamp forests. Rich in wildlife and vegetation, the lakes provide an ecosystem which supports not only

2740-513: Is recorded at $ 7,629.39 in 2016, while the unemployment rate was maintained below 3% from 2010 to 2016. The economy of Pahang in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2016 was $ 12.414 billion, the eight largest in Malaysia. The amount constitutes 4.5% contribution to the national GDP, and largely driven by three main economic activities; Services (49%), Agriculture (23%), and Manufacturing (22.1%). Historically, by

2877-608: Is subjected to Malaysia's legal system which is based on English Common Law . The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court , followed by the Court of Appeal and the High Court of Malaya . Malaysia also has a special court to hear cases brought by or against royalty. The death penalty is in use for serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, drug trafficking, and kidnapping. Separate from and running parallel to

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3014-560: Is subordinated to a Penghulu , the head of the mukim , who in turn subordinated to the district officer . Pahang GDP share by sector (2016) As a federal state of Malaysia, Pahang is a relatively open state-oriented market economy . The Pahang State Government Development Corporation, established in 1965, carries the responsibility to drive the economic and social development, by attracting investments, promoting industrial, property and entrepreneurial development, and setting up new commercial hubs and townships. The federal government, through

3151-645: Is the Sultan of Pahang , while the head of government is the Menteri Besar . The government system is closely modeled on the Westminster parliamentary system . The state religion of Pahang is Islam , but allows other religions in its territory. Archaeological evidence shows that humans have inhabited the area that is now Pahang since as early as the Paleolithic age. The early settlements gradually developed into an ancient maritime trading state by

3288-469: Is the third largest state in Malaysia after Sabah and Sarawak , and the largest in Peninsular Malaysia . Geographically diverse, Pahang occupies the vast Pahang River basin, which is enclosed by the Titiwangsa Range to the west and the eastern highlands to the north. Although about two thirds of the state is dense jungle, its central plains are intersected by numerous rivers, joining to form

3425-521: Is unmistakably /paahaŋ/, note that the long ā sound is not explicitly rendered or stressed in old Jawi, just like ڤد). Since the tin mines at Sungai Lembing had been known since ancient times and that the Malay Peninsula was within the sphere of influence of Khmer civilization, William Linehan hypothesized that the name of the state was named after the Khmer word for tin (note that tin-rich Perak

3562-539: The Aghlabids and Tulunids . Towards the late 10th century, the term "sultan" begins to be used to denote an individual ruler with practically sovereign authority, although the early evolution of the term is complicated and difficult to establish. The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud (r. 998–1030 CE) who controlled an empire over present-day Afghanistan and

3699-782: The Federated Malay States , a protectorate of the British Empire . This had effectively reduced the Sultan's powers and authority, as did the creation of Federal Council in 1909. The executive and legislative functions of the State Council became increasingly nominal. Like other Malay States , Pahang suffered during the Japanese occupation of Malaya until 1945. During the Japanese Occupation,

3836-578: The Krau Wildlife Reserve , Bera Lake Ramsar Site , Tioman Island Marine Park and Cameron Highlands Wildlife Sanctuary . Total forest in Pahang is about 2,367,000 ha (66% of the land area), of which 89% is a dryland forest, 10% peat swamp forest, and 1% mangroves . About 56% of the total forest is within the Permanent Forest Estate. This includes almost the full range of forest types found in Malaysia, although some of

3973-527: The Liu Song court in 449–450. In 456–457, another envoy of the same country arrived at the Chinese capital, Jiankang . This ancient Pahang is believed to had been established later as a mueang to the mandala of Langkasuka - Kedah centred in modern-day Patani region that rose to prominence with the regression of Funan from the 6th century. By the beginning of the 8th century, Langkasuka-Kedah came under

4110-458: The Malay Peninsula and its peripheries are recognised by historians as the cradle of Malayic civilisations. Primordial Malayic kingdoms are described as tributaries to Funan by the 2nd century Chinese sources. Ancient settlements in Pahang can be traced from Tembeling to as far south as Merchong. Their tracks can also be found in the deep hinterland of Jelai, along the Chini Lake , and up to

4247-523: The Muslim community , their own political power clearly overshadowed the latter. This led to various Muslim scholars – notably Al-Juwayni and Al-Ghazali – attempting to develop theoretical justifications for the political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs. In general, the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from

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4384-666: The Orang Besar Berlapan ('eight chiefs') and then Orang Besar Enam Belas ('sixteen chiefs') who were subordinated to their respective principal nobles. The lowest of this traditional hierarchy are the Tok Empat or village headmen who were subordinated to Tok Mukim , who in turn subordinated to Tok Penghulu , who in turn subordinated to one of the sixteen chiefs. In modern times, the Tok Empat became formally known as Ketua Kampung (literally 'village headman'), although continued to be referred as such informally. He

4521-544: The Orang Besar Raja , who were usually of non-aristocratic birth. There chiefs were issued a surat kuasa ('letter of authority') in which their rights, powers and duties were clearly stated. A further group were the orang besar enam belas ('sixteen chiefs') who were subordinated to the principal nobles. They were generally known as the tok muda or ketuan, and were entrusted with looking after village affairs. The o rang besar enam belas were typically appointed by

4658-615: The Ottoman sultan ( Suleiman the Magnificent at the time) as the caliph and universal leader of all Muslims. This conflation of sultan and caliph became more clearly emphasized in the 19th century during the Ottoman Empire's territorial decline, when Ottoman authorities sought to cast the sultan as the leader of the entire Muslim community in the face of European ( Christian ) colonial expansion . As part of this narrative, it

4795-597: The Pattani Sultanate to the north and the Johor Sultanate to the south. To the west, its jurisdiction extended over parts of modern-day Selangor and Negeri Sembilan . The sultanate has its origin as a vassal to the Malacca Sultanate , with its first sultan, Muhammad Shah having been a Malaccan prince, and was the grandson of Dewa Sura , the last pre-Malaccan ruler of Pahang . Over

4932-534: The Somali aristocrats , Malay nobles and the sultans of Morocco (such as the Alaouite dynasty founded in the 17th century). It was, however, not used as a sovereign title by Shi'a Muslim rulers. The Safavid dynasty of Iran , who controlled the largest Shi'a Muslim state of this era, mainly used the Persian title shah , a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties. The term sultan , by contrast,

5069-529: The Sultanate of Women , as the position of main consort eroded over the course of the 17th century, with the main consort losing the title of "sultan", which was replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun". Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan". In Kazakh Khanate a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty (a direct descendants of Genghis Khan ) elected by clans, i.e.

5206-610: The Taman Negara national park. Pahang's capital and largest city, Kuantan , is the eighth largest urban area by population in Malaysia. The royal capital and the official seat of the Sultan of Pahang is located at Pekan . Pekan was also the old state capital and its name translates literally into 'the town', it was known historically as ' Inderapura '. Other major towns include Temerloh , Raub , Bentong , Jerantut , Kuala Lipis and its hill resorts of Genting Highlands , Bukit Tinggi , and Cameron Highlands . The head of state

5343-523: The tapir , mouse-deer , tigers, elephants and leopards . Ferns are also extremely common, mainly due to the high humidity and fog that permeates the area. Popular hill resorts located along these main highland areas are Cameron Highlands , Genting Highlands , Fraser's Hill and Bukit Tinggi . The Cameron Highlands is home to extensive tea plantations and also a major supplier of legumes and vegetables to both Malaysia and Singapore. The largest of Felda 's palm oil plantations in Malaysia are located in

5480-424: The 1880s. Pahang's traditional political and social structure was largely modelled on that of Malacca. Between 1864 and 1888, a sophisticated hierarchy existed in Pahang, with the raja bendahara at the top. Below him were the offices of orang besar berempat ('four nobles'), that trace their origins from the time of the old Pahang Sultanate . The o rang besar berempat were hereditary territorial magnates who had

5617-524: The 19th century, Pahang's economy, like in ancient times, was still heavily dependent on the export of gold. Gold mines can be found from Bera to Jelai River river basin. Systematic mining started in 1889 during British protectorate, when the Raub Australian Gold mine was established. Extensive underground mining took place in the area and this continued until 1985 during which time the mine at Raub produced nearly 1 million ounces, 85% of

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5754-582: The 3rd century. In the 5th century, the Old Pahang Kingdom sent envoys to the Liu Song court. During the time of Langkasuka , Srivijaya and Ligor , Pahang was one of the outlying dependencies . In the 15th century, the Pahang Sultanate became an autonomous kingdom within the Malacca Sultanate . Pahang entered into a dynastic union with the Johor Sultanate in the early 17th century and later emerged as an autonomous kingdom in

5891-686: The Askar Wataniah, the troops paraded through Pekan and submitted to a royal inspection, after which they were honoured at the Sa'adah Palace with what has been called 'the first ronggeng of the liberation'. During his reign, Sultan Abu Bakar revived the office of State Mufti and established the Pahang Islamic and Malay Customs Council. The state's administrative capital, which was established in Kuala Lipis during British intervention,

6028-721: The Bendahara of Pahang grew increasingly independent. While Tun Ali had acknowledged Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah as his overlord, the Anglo-Dutch Treaty confined the Sultan to Riau-Lingga, where he was deemed a vassal of the Dutch, and prevented him from exercising his control over the Malay Peninsula, which had come under the British protectorate. Tun Ali declared independence from the empire by 1853, formally ending

6165-540: The Dutch and the British concluded the Anglo-Dutch Treaty , whereby it was agreed that Singapore and the peninsula should be in the British sphere of influence, while the islands south of Singapore would be in the Dutch sphere of influence. The signing of the treaty further undermined the cohesion of the Johor Empire and contributed to the emergence of Pahang and Johor as independent states. From here,

6302-756: The Dutch presence in the Strait of Malacca . Nevertheless, in 1607, Pahang not only tolerated the Dutch , but, following a visit by Admiral Matelief de Jonge , even cooperated with them in an attempt to get rid of the Portuguese. The Sultan tried to reforge the Johor-Pahang alliance to assist the Dutch. However, a quarrel which erupted between Sultan Abdul Ghafur and Alauddin Riayat Shah III of Johor , resulted in Johor declaring war on Pahang in 1612. With

6439-676: The Indian King Murunda sailed from Kiu-Li's port (between 240 and 245 CE). Murunda presented to the Funanese King Fan Chang four horses from the Yuezhi ( Kushan ) stud farms. By the middle of the 5th century, a polity suggested to be ancient Pahang, was described in the Book of Song as Pohuang or Panhuang (婆皇). The king of Pohuang, She-li Po-luo-ba-mo ('Sri Bhadravarman'), was recorded to have sent an envoy to

6576-697: The Jengka Triangle centred around the Bandar Tun Razak in Maran district. Pahang's long, coastline has sandy beaches like Cherating , Teluk Cempedak , Beserah , Batu Hitam and Tanjung Sepat . Also located along the coastal plain, is a 32 km (12 sq mi) wide expanse of alluvial soil that includes the deltas and estuarine plains of the Kuantan, Pahang, Rompin, Endau, and Mersing Rivers. Important economic centres can be found along

6713-466: The Magnificent )). The female leaders in Muslim history are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the Sultanate of Sulu is styled as the "panguian" while the sultan's chief wife in many sultanates of Indonesia and Malaysia are known as "permaisuri", "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan", or "Tengku Ampuan". The queen consort in Brunei especially is known as Raja Isteri with

6850-431: The Malaysia's estimated 109.1 million tonnes of bauxite reserves. Mining of the ore, used to make aluminium, surged in 2015 after neighbouring Indonesia prohibited the raw material from being sold overseas. China, instead, bought almost 21 million tonnes from Malaysia, valued at US$ 955.3 million. Pahang iron ore production is concentrated at small-scale mines scattered across the state. The low grade iron ores were consumed by

6987-837: The Mentri Besar and the rest of the council from the members of the State Assembly. The Mentri Besar is both the head of the Executive Council and the head of the State Government. The incumbent, Dato' Seri Wan Rosdy Wan Ismail from the United Malays National Organisation , a major component party of the Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition, appointed in 2018, is the 15th Mentri Besar. As a federal state, Pahang

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7124-607: The Orang Kaya Imam Perang Indera Gajah of Pulau Tawar, led a revolt against the British encroachment. Sultan Ahmad appeared to be co-operating with the British, but he was known to be sympathetic to the dissidents. By 1895 the revolt was suppressed by the British and many of the dissidents surrendered. In July 1895, Sultan Ahmad signed the Federation Agreement, which made Pahang, along with Perak , Selangor and Negeri Sembilan , one of

7261-480: The Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative. Western tradition knows the Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" (emperor) or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also entitled "sultan", with imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying

7398-496: The Pahang River which dominates the drainage system. Pahang is divided into three ecoregions , the freshwater systems, the lowlands and highlands rainforests and the coastline. The Pahang River basin connects with Malaysia's two largest natural freshwater lakes, Bera and Chini . Described as wetland of international importance, Bera Lake was accepted as Malaysia's first Ramsar site in 1994. The highest peak, Mount Tahan , reaches 2,187 m (7,175 ft) in elevation, which

7535-690: The Qing period, Pahang was transliterated as 邦項 (Pang-hang). Arabs and Europeans , transliterated Pahang to Pam, Pan, Paam, Paon, Phaan, Phang, Paham, Pahan, Pahaun, Phaung, Phahangh. [REDACTED] Old Pahang 5–15th century [REDACTED] Pahang Sultanate 1470–1623 [REDACTED] Old Johor Sultanate 1623–1770 [REDACTED] Pahang Kingdom 1770–1881 [REDACTED] Federated Malay States 1895–1941 [REDACTED] Empire of Japan 1942–1945 [REDACTED] Malayan Union 1946–1948 [REDACTED] Federation of Malaya 1948–1963 [REDACTED]   Malaysia 1963–present Archaeological evidence shows that humans have inhabited

7672-632: The Rawas and Mandailings were crushed. This led to Pahang's direct involvement in the Klang War on the side of Tengku Kudin, who earlier had promised an immediate payment of thirty thousand dollars and, in the event of victory, a perpetual allowance of one thousand dollars a month, and the right to the revenue of the Klang district. In August 1872, a contingent of Pahangese forces originating from Ulu Pahang, mobilised at Bentong , crossed into Selangor and pressed on to Ulu Klang , before advancing further into Kepong . By November 1872, another contingent from Pekan arrived by sea at Klang , and formed part of

7809-432: The Sultan as the head of Islam and Malay customs in the state. State council known as Majlis Ugama Islam dan Adat Resam Melayu Pahang ('Council of Islam and Malay Customs of Pahang') is responsible in advising the ruler as well as regulating both Islamic affairs and adat . Pahang is divided into 11 administrative districts, which in turn is divided into 66 mukims . Currently, there are also 4 subdistricts in Pahang, which

7946-505: The Sultan of Johor and became the independent ruler of Pahang. He was able to maintain peace and stability during his reign, but his death in 1857 led to a succession dispute. The younger son Wan Ahmad challenged the succession of his half-brother Tun Mutahir , in a dispute that escalated into a civil war . Supported by the neighbouring Terengganu Sultanate and the Siamese, Wan Ahmad emerged victorious, establishing control over important towns and expelling his brother in 1863. He served as

8083-475: The Sultan of Johor and became the independent ruler of Pahang. He was able to maintain peace and stability during his reign. After his death in 1857 his younger son Wan Ahmad challenged the succession of his half-brother Tun Mutahir , in a dispute that escalated into a civil war . Supported by the neighbouring Terengganu Sultanate and the Siamese, Wan Ahmad emerged victorious, establishing control over important towns and expelled his brother in 1863. He served as

8220-418: The aid of Sultan Abdul Jalilul Akbar of Brunei , Pahang eventually defeated Johor in 1613. Sultan Abdul Ghafur's son, Alauddin Riyat Shah ascended to the throne in 1614. In 1615, the Acehnese under Iskandar Muda invaded Pahang, forcing Alauddin Riayat Shah to retreat into the interior. He nevertheless continued to exercise some ruling powers. His reign in exile is considered to have officially ended after

8357-588: The area that is now Pahang since as early as the Paleolithic . Relics of a of Mesolithic civilisation that used using paleolithic implements have been found at Gunung Senyum. Chipped Paleolithic artefacts without traces of polishing have been discovered at Sungai Lembing , Kuantan , from the remains of a 6,000 years old civilisation. Traces of Hoabinhian culture are represented by a number of limestone cave sites. Late Neolithic relics are abundant, including polished tools, quoit discs, stone ear pendants, stone bracelets and cross-hatched bark pounders. By around 400 BCE,

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8494-429: The caliph, but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom the caliph recognized. Al-Ghazali, for example, argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law ( shari'a ), coercive power was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan. The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the crusades , when leaders who held

8631-470: The civil courts, are the Syariah Court , which apply Sharia law to Muslims in the areas of family law and religious observances. As provided in Article 3 of the Federal Constitution , Syariah or Islamic law is a matter of state law, passed in the State Legislative Assembly. Matters related to the enforcement of the Syariah law falls under the jurisdiction of the Jabatan Agama Islam Pahang ('Pahang Islamic Religious Department'). Pahang's constitution empowers

8768-457: The clearing of hundreds of square miles of land for oil palm and rubber plantations and the resettling of several hundred thousand people in new villages under federal agencies and institutions like FELDA , FELCRA and RISDA . The Khmer word for tin is pāhang (ប៉ាហាំង) and it is phonetically identical to ڤهڠ ‎ (note that the Jawi spelling, literally, "phŋ", deviates from modern Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka rules although its sound

8905-403: The coast there is a 32-kilometre (20 mi) wide expanse of alluvial soil that includes the deltas and estuarine plains of the Kuantan , Pahang, Rompin , Endau , and Mersing Rivers. The state is divided into 11 districts ( daerah ) – Pekan, Rompin, Maran, Temerloh, Jerantut, Bentong, Raub, Lipis, Cameron Highlands and Bera. The largest district is Jerantut, which is the main gateway to

9042-508: The coastline, where both capital and royal capital of the state, Kuantan and Pekan , are located. About 58 km off the coast of Pahang lies Tioman Island , in the South China Sea, acclaimed as one of the best island getaways in the world. Pahang has a tropical geography with an equatorial climate and a year-round of humidity of no less than 75%. It is warm and humid throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 21 °C to 33 °C. The rainfall here averages 200 mm monthly,

9179-419: The country as tribute. In 1411, during the reign of Maharaja Pa-la-mi-so-la-ta-lo-si-ni (transliterated by historian as 'Parameswara Teluk Chini'), he also sent envoys carrying tribute. The Old Pahang Sultanate centred in modern-day Pekan was established in the 15th century. At the height of its influence, the sultanate was an important power in Southeast Asia and controlled the entire Pahang basin, bordering

9316-539: The country. By 1880, Tun Ahmad had begun to lose his grip over the state. Pahang's involvement in a series of wars had led to the rise of dissension among the ruling class and the various territorial chiefs, who were thenceforth divided into factions. The senior chiefs were discontented and held him responsible for their loss of prestige and autonomy. In addition, many lost the power and authority they formerly held, especially over revenue, to younger chiefs upon whom Tun Ahmad had bestowed titles as rewards for their support in

9453-408: The cultural unity that had existed between the Malay peninsula, and islands of Riau-Lingga was gradually destroyed. After the death of Mahmud Shah III, the empire became further divided when a succession dispute among his two sons, gave rise to two centers of power, one in Riau-Lingga, under Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah , and the other in the Johorean mainland, under Hussein Shah . On 17 March 1824,

9590-564: The development of bronze casting led to the flourishing of the Đông Sơn culture , notably for its elaborate bronze war drums . The early iron civilisation in Pahang that began around the beginning of Common Era is associated by prehistorians with the late neolithic culture. Relics from this era, found along the rivers are particularly numerous in the Tembeling Valley, which served as the old main northern highway of communication. Ancient gold workings in Pahang are thought to date back to this early Iron Age as well. The Kra Isthmus region of

9727-432: The districts of Ulu Klang and Hulu Selangor. Atrocities were reported, where Rawas and Mandailings settlements were raided and pillaged. Many of inhabitants were massacred while the surviving women and children were carried off into slavery. The Jelai chief , was recorded to have returned to Pahang with a large sum of spoils and with a well-stocked harem . In November 1873, the Pahangese men who had fought in Selangor, left

9864-464: The early years of Tun Ahmad's reign, Pahang descended into turmoil, with various attempts made by the surviving sons of Tun Mutahir, based in Selangor, to overthrow him. The Rawas and Mandailings who earlier revolted in Pahang, and had been driven into Selangor , were using that state as a base for lightning raids into Pahang. Tun Ahmad was convinced that there would be no peace in his country until

10001-412: The east coast, the largest being Tioman and Seri Buat islands. Besides the island populations of fauna and flora, which sometimes differ genetically from mainland forms of the same species, these islands are of value for the reefs and other bottom features which support marine biological diversity. The reefs in particular are sensitive to sedimentation from activities on land. These features are related to

10138-553: The end of October. Malaysia, as a nation, is considered one of the most biodiverse on earth. Pahang maintains a protected network of managed areas rich in flora, fauna, and natural resources, in spite of deforestation , rapid industrialisation and an ever-growing population. In Pahang, there are some 74 forest reserves, including ten virgin-jungle reserves and 13 different amenity forests, wildlife reserves , national parks and offshore marine parks . There are many examples of nationally- and internationally-relevant areas, including

10275-414: The end of the 19th century. Thousands of people were at work in the mines which places had, in consequence, become an important trading centres in the state. Once an important industry, the mining industry along with quarrying , now accounts only 1.6% of the total state GDP in 2016. Modern mining industry also include other minerals, in particular iron ore and bauxite . Pahang accounts for more than 70% of

10412-408: The face of superior Portuguese arms and vessels, the Pahang and Johor forces were forced to retreat on both occasions. During the reign of Sultan Abdul Kadir , Pahang enjoyed a brief period of cordial relations with the Portuguese. However, this relationship was discontinued by his successor, Sultan Ahmad II . The next ruler, Sultan Abdul Ghafur attacked the Portuguese and simultaneously challenged

10549-523: The federal election, held at least once every five years, the most recent of which took place in May 2018 . Registered voters of age 21 and above may vote for the members for the state legislative chamber. Executive power is vested in the State Executive Council as per 1959 constitution. It consists of the Mentri Besar, who is its chairman, and 13 other members. The Sultan of Pahang appoints

10686-399: The forestry remains the main sub-sector with tropical timber is an important produce, as large swaths of forest supported massive production of wood products. Yet a decline in mature trees due to intensive harvesting lately has caused a slowdown and the practice of more sustainable forestry . Fishery and aquaculture products are also a main source of income especially for the communities on

10823-595: The head-waters of the Rompin . One such settlement was identified as Koli in Geographia or Kiu-Li , centred on the estuary of Pahang River south of Langkasuka , that flourished in the 3rd century CE. It possessed an important international port, where many foreign ships stopped to barter and resupply. In common with most of the states in the Malay Peninsula during that time, Kiu-Li was in contact with Funan . The Chinese records mention that an embassy sent to Funan by

10960-528: The hierarchy were the Orang Besar Berlapan ('eight chiefs') and Orang Besar Enam Belas ('sixteen chiefs') who were subordinated to the principal nobles. The Sultan headed two institutions, the State Legislative Assembly and State Executive Council . The legislative branch of the state is the unicameral Dewan Undangan Negeri ('State Legislative Assembly') whose 42 members are elected from single-member constituencies. The assembly has

11097-417: The higher ranked nobles. Pahangese nobles were important not only because they served as links between the people and the ruler, but also because they aided the ruler in maintaining the peace and played a significant role in augmenting the ruler's position, such as when they installed Tun Ahmad as sultan. The influence they wielded, however, also meant that they were able to undermine the ruler's authority, as

11234-568: The installation of a distant relative, Raja Bujang to the Pahangese throne in 1615, with the support of the Portuguese following a pact between the Portuguese and Sultan of Johor. Raja Bujang who reigned as Abdul Jalil Shah was eventually deposed in the Acehnese invasion in 1617, but restored to the Pahangese throne and also installed as the new Sultan of Johor following the death of his uncle, Abdullah Ma'ayat Shah in 1623. This event led to

11371-638: The intervention, Sultan Ahmad became a Ruler-in-Council and acted in accordance with the advice of the British Resident and the State Council, except in matters pertaining Islam and Malay customs. Taxes were to be collected in the name of the sultan by the Resident, with the assistance of European officers. Between 1890 and 1895, Dato' Bahaman , the Orang Kaya Setia Perkasa Pahlawan of Semantan, and Imam Perang Rasu ,

11508-544: The invading forces that captured Kuala Lumpur on 23 March 1873. After months of fighting, the Pahangese forces, with their allies had driven their enemies from their stronghold in Kuala Selangor into Hulu Selangor . In the ensuing fights, the enemy forces retreated further to Slim River where the Pahangese again attacked and routed them to neighbouring Perak. By the end of the war, the Pahangese warlords established their rule over parts of Selangor, in particular

11645-464: The last raja bendahara, and was proclaimed Sultan of Pahang by his chiefs in 1881. The consolidation of bendahara rule in the Johor Empire began in the late 17th century. During this period, the bendahara as the highest minister of the empire were able to undermine the sultan's powers. When Mahmud Shah II died in 1699, Bendahara Tun Abdul Jalil became the next Sultan of Johor and assumed

11782-641: The last raja bendahara, and was proclaimed Sultan of Pahang by his chiefs in 1881. Due to internal strife within Pahang, the British pressured Sultan Ahmad to agree to the presence of a British adviser. Aided by Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor and William Fraser of the Pahang Mining Company, they succeeded in convincing Sultan Ahmad to accept a British agent, Hugh Clifford , in December 1887. In October 1888, Sultan Ahmad reluctantly accepted John Pickersgill Rodger as Pahang's first Resident. Following

11919-527: The late 18th century. Following the bloody Pahang Civil War that concluded in 1863, the state under Tun Ahmad of the Bendahara dynasty , was eventually restored as a sultanate in 1881. In 1895, Pahang became a British protectorate along with Perak, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. During the World War II , Pahang and other states of Malaya were occupied by the Empire of Japan from 1941 to 1945. After

12056-417: The long coastline and large network of rivers of the state. Today, agriculture is the second largest component of the state economy which constitutes 23% of the total state GDP. It contributes approximately 12.3% of the federal GDP, the fourth largest after Sarawak, Sabah and Johor. Under East Coast Economic Region (ECER) masterplan, introduced in 2007, the agro-businesses in the state is set to move up further

12193-636: The maintenance of marine fisheries, an important sector of the coastal economy. Tioman, Chebeh, Tulai, Sembilang and Seri Buat islands constitute the Tioman group of islands within the Marine Parks system of Peninsular Malaysia. The modern constitution of Pahang, the Undang-Undang Tubuh Kerajaan Pahang , was first drafted on 1 February 1948. It was formally adopted on 25 February 1959. The constitution proclaims that Pahang

12330-543: The military and political hegemony of Srivijaya . In the 11th century, the power vacuum left by the collapse of Srivijaya was filled by the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom , commonly known in Malay tradition as 'Ligor'. During this period, Pahang, designated as Muaeng Pahang was established as one of the twelve naksat city states of Ligor. In the 14th century, Pahang began consolidating its influence in

12467-519: The more unique environments (such as heath forest or forest on ultrabasic rocks) exist only in fragmented areas of Pahang. The protected forest within Taman Negara and Krau Wildlife Reserve includes small areas of extreme lowland alluvial plains . Elsewhere, most of the dryland forest in Pahang is on steep slopes, therefore benefiting from both catchment protection and slope protection functions. Virtually every species of bird and mammal found in Peninsular Malaysia has been recorded in Pahang, other than

12604-622: The ninth most populous. The state occupies the basin of the Pahang River , and a stretch of the east coast as far south as Endau . The state borders the Malaysian states of Kelantan and Terengganu to the north, Perak , Selangor and Negeri Sembilan to the west and Johor to the south, with the South China Sea is to the east. Pahang is separated from the west coast states by the Titiwangsa Mountains that forms

12741-411: The original tampang , though their intrinsic value bore little relation to their nominal worth. By 1847, the tampang money of the nominal value of one cent was being produced. Tun Ahmad, after his conquest of Pahang in 1863, called in some of the one-cent tampang , and had them re-minted and issued in the form of smaller, more debased and more imperfectly made pieces. The monopoly of minting tampang

12878-493: The past. With extensive support by the federal agencies and institutions like FELDA , FELCRA and RISDA, the agricultural sector was rapidly expanding, with the inclusion of products like rubber and palm oil as the main agricultural produce, The state is home to the largest FELDA settlement known as 'Jengka Triangle' centred in Bandar Tun Razak , Maran District . Pahang was historically a primary exporter of forestry products like sandalwood , damar and rattans . In modern times,

13015-467: The peninsula including Temasek . The Majapahit chronicle, Nagarakretagama even used the name Pahang to designate the Malay Peninsula , an indication of the importance of this kingdom. The History of Ming records several envoy missions from Pahang to the Ming court in the 14th and 15th centuries. In 1378, Maharaja Tajau sent envoys with a letter on a gold leaf and sent six foreign slaves and products of

13152-465: The pipe-coating industry that supplied the oil and gas sector and cement plants, while the high grades were exported. The services sector, which constitutes 49% of the total Pahang GDP, is predominantly stimulated by the Wholesale and Retail Trade, Food and Beverage and Accommodation, which amounts to $ 1.8 billion in 2016. This sub sector, on the other hand, is the main driving factor for the growth of

13289-555: The power to enact the state laws. State government is led by a Menteri Besar , who is a member of the State Legislative Assembly from the majority party. According to the constitution of Pahang, the Menteri Besar is required to be a Malay and a Muslim, appointed by the ruler from the party that commands the majority of the State Legislative Assembly. By convention, state elections are held concurrently with

13426-456: The privilege of discussing important matters of the state with the raja bendahara and the authority to impose taxes and decide legal cases. They also performed legislative duties and played a key role in the installation of the raja bendahara. Next in the hierarchy were the orang besar berlapan ('eight nobles'), who were also hereditary titleholders with powers specific to their territories. A third group of chiefs that exercised wide powers were

13563-436: The production of Peninsular Malaysia. Another important article of export was tin, which was also mined in a large scale. The tin ore production was primarily concentrated at Sungai Lembing , where during its heyday, the operations saw the excavation of deep shaft mines that were among the largest, longest and deepest in the world. The growth of the mining industry had a significant impact on Pahang's society and economy towards

13700-745: The protection of the Mamluks and were still nominally recognized by the latter. However, from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across the Sunni Muslim world. As protectors of the line of the Abbasid caliphs, the Mamluks recognized themselves as sultans and the Muslim scholar Khalil al-Zahiri argued that only they could hold that title. Nonetheless, in practice, many Muslim rulers of this period were now using

13837-538: The reigning Sultan Abu Bakar opened a large potato plantation behind the Terentang Palace to help ease the food shortage and he personally approved proposals to form the Askar Wataniah , an underground Malay resistance force. The Sultan spent the final days of the occupation in a jungle hideout with members of Force 136 , resistance fighters and refugees. In late 1945, to mark the decommissioning of

13974-478: The rule of law. A notable example is Morocco , whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957. The word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root salaṭa "to be hard, strong". The noun sulṭān initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power (as opposed to political power), and it is used in this sense several times in the Qur'an . In the early Muslim world , ultimate power and authority

14111-421: The senior minister, had the privilege of installing the sultan, and was himself installed by sultans. The bendahara became the ruler of the fully independent Pahang, and assumed all of the powers of the sultan. The period 1801 to 1802 was marked by a power struggle among the four sons of Tun Abdul Majid; Tun Abdul Mutalib, Tun Muhammad, Tun Koris and Tun Da. Upon the death of Tun Abdul Majid in 1802, Tun Muhammad

14248-400: The southern part of the Malay Peninsula. The kingdom, described by Portuguese historian, Manuel Godinho de Erédia as Pam , was one of the two kingdoms of Malayos in the peninsula, in succession to Pattani , that flourished before the establishment of the Malacca Sultanate . The Maharaja of Pahang, was also the overlord of countries of Ujong Tanah ('land's end'), on the southern part of

14385-420: The state since the 17th century. Since 2019, the reigning monarch has been Abdullah . He was proclaimed as Sultan on 15 January 2019, succeeding his father, Ahmad Shah , whose abdication was decided at a Royal Council meeting on 11 January. On 24 January 2019, days after his accession to the throne of Pahang, he was elected as the 16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, succeeding Muhammad V who abdicated from

14522-715: The surrounding region. Soon after, the Great Seljuks adopted this title after defeating the Ghaznavid Empire and taking control of an even larger territory which included Baghdad , the capital of the Abbasid caliphs . The early Seljuk leader Tughril Bey was the first leader to adopt the epithet "sultan" on his coinage . While the Seljuks acknowledged the caliphs in Baghdad formally as the universal leader of

14659-537: The term from their city counterparts. The theories that the state was named after the river or tree are unsatisfactory as they do not explain how the river or the tree got their names. There were many variations of the name Pahang outside the Malay world . For examples, Song dynasty author Zhao Rukuo 趙汝适 wrote in Zhufanzhi 諸蕃志 (circa 1225) that Phong-hong (蓬豐 romanized according to Southern Min dialect since Zhao

14796-567: The throne on 6 January. Succession order to the throne of Pahang is generally determined roughly by agnatic primogeniture . No female may become ruler, and female line descendants are generally excluded from succession. In Pahang traditional political structure, the offices of Orang Besar Berempat ('four major chiefs') are the most important positions after the Sultan himself. The four hereditary territorial magnates are; Orang Kaya Indera Pahlawan , Orang Kaya Indera Perba Jelai , Orang Kaya Indera Segara and Orang Kaya Indera Shahbandar . Next in

14933-413: The time of the old Pahang Sultanate , whereby territorial magnates appointed by the Sultan to administer the historical divisions of the state. The largest historical divisions were; Jelai (corresponds to modern day Lipis District ), Temerloh , Chenor (corresponds to modern day Maran District ) and Pekan , each administered by the four major chiefs ( Orang Besar Berempat ). Next in the hierarchy were

15070-496: The title Abdul Jalil Shah IV. His appointment was accepted by the Johorean chiefs based on the understanding that the bendaharas would succeed to the throne if the sultan died without heirs. Pahang, meanwhile came under the control of Bendahara Tun Mas Enum (1699–1717). He was followed by Bendahara Tun Abdullah (1717), Bendahara Tun Abdul Jamal (1717) and Bendahara Tun Husain (1721–1748). Tun Hasan ruled Pahang from 1748 to 1770. He

15207-650: The title as well. Mongol rulers (who had since converted to Islam) and other Turkish rulers were among those who did so. The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in the 16th century when the Ottoman Empire conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the Middle East , North Africa , and Eastern Europe . The 16th-century Ottoman scholar and jurist, Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi , recognized

15344-559: The title before their given name, and imperial princesses carrying it after. For example: Şehzade Sultan Mehmed and Mihrimah Sultan , son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of the reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example: Hafsa Sultan , Suleiman's mother and first valide sultan , and Hürrem Sultan , Suleiman's chief consort and first haseki sultan . The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between

15481-456: The title of Pengiran Anak suffixed, should the queen consort also be a royal princess. These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.: By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably khatun for women and bey for men). This usage underlines

15618-637: The title of "sultan" (such as Salah ad-Din and the Ayyubid dynasty ) led the confrontation against the crusader states in the Levant . Views about the office of the sultan further developed during the crisis that followed the destruction of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, which eliminated the remnants of Abbasid political power. Henceforth, the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in Cairo under

15755-429: The tourism industry. With its richness in biodiversity, Pahang is offering ecotourism to its hill resorts, beaches and national parks. In 2014, the state attracted 9.4 million visitors, and the figure grew to 12 million in 2016. The agricultural sector is another key economic sector of the state. Historically an agrarian economy , Pahang's agriculture was dominated by the production of vegetables, rice, yams and tubers in

15892-578: The two centuries-long union between Johor and Pahang; the dynastic union having already ended in 1699. He was able to maintain peace and stability during his reign, but his death in 1856 precipitated a civil war among his sons. When Tun Ali died in 1856, control over Pahang fell to his son, Tun Mutahir . Although the late Bendahara's will gave control of the Kuantan and Endau Rivers to another of his sons, Wan Ahmad, Tun Mutahir professed ignorance of this provision. Wan Ahmad retaliated, believing that he had

16029-423: The union of the crown of Pahang and Johor, and the formal establishment of the Johor Empire . The modern Pahang kingdom came into existence with the consolidation of power by the Bendahara family in Pahang, following the gradual disintegration of Johor Empire . Self-rule was established in Pahang in the late 18th century, with Tun Abdul Majid declared as the first raja bendahara . The area around Pahang formed

16166-506: The value chain, with the introduction of agricultural initiatives like Nucleus Cattle Breeding and Research Centre at Muadzam Shah, Rompin Integrated Pineapple Plantation, Kuantan-Maran Agrovalley for leafy vegetables and maize, as well as Pekan-Rompin-Mersing Agrovalley for watermelon, vegetables, roselle, and maize. Sultanate The term is distinct from king ( ملك malik ), though both refer to

16303-483: The vast river system of Pahang. Siamese vessels sent to assist Wan Ahmad in 1862 were routed by British warships. The war ceased soon after Wan Ahmad troops captured and established control over a number of important towns and regions in the interior, and eventually seized the capital, Pekan. Tun Mutahir retreated to Temai and in May 1863, he fled to Kuala Sedili, where he died with his son Wan Koris. Ahmad owed his victory in

16440-435: The war partly to his outstanding ability as a field commander. He was formally installed ruler by his chiefs with the title Bendahara Siwa Raja Tun Ahmad. After his ascension the new Raja Bendahara proclaimed amnesty to those chiefs and subjects who had aided his enemies. He also rewarded the wealthy businessmen who had rendered him financial assistance during the war by leasing to them the state's salt and opium monopolies. In

16577-548: The war, Pahang became part of the Malayan Union before being absorbed into the Federation of Malaya which gained full independence from the British. Modern Pahang is an economically important state with main activities in the services, manufacturing and agricultural sectors. As part of the East Coast Economic Region , it is a key region for the manufacturing sector, with the local logistics support network serving as

16714-555: The wars. Those critical of Tun Ahmad had been punished either by his waging war upon them or by being killed. Around the same time, another one of the Tun Ahmad's half brothers, Wan Mansur, laid claim to his position. Wan Mansur turned first to Johor and then to the British, to no avail. Despite the apparent discontent, Tun Ahmad, with the support of a number of chiefs, still aspired to be sultan. In 1881, prompted by his dwindling authority both within Pahang and among his counterparts in

16851-529: The western Malay states , he took the title of Sultan Ahmad al-Muadzam Shah and formally proclaimed as sultan by his territorial chiefs on 12 December 1884. He was recognised by the Straits Settlements government as sultan in 1887. Fearing that the internal disputes in Pahang would lead the British to intervene in his state, Sultan Ahmad – following the example of Johor – opened his state to foreign investors, granting vast tacts of land to them in

16988-517: The years, Pahang grew independent from Malaccan control and at one point even established itself as a rival to Malacca until the latter's demise in 1511 . In 1528, the last Sultan of Malacca, Mahmud Shah died. Pahang joined forces with his successor, Alauddin Riayat Shah II who established himself in Johor to expel the Portuguese from the Malay Peninsula. Two attempts were made in 1547 at Muar and in 1551 at Portuguese Malacca . However, in

17125-439: Was a Malay state that existed from 1770 to 1881, and is the immediate predecessor of the modern Malaysian state of Pahang . The kingdom came into existence with the consolidation of power by the Bendahara family in Pahang, following the gradual dismemberment of the Johor Empire . Self rule was established in Pahang in the late 18th century, with Tun Abdul Majid declared as the first raja bendahara . The area around Pahang formed

17262-430: Was also exported. Silk weaving existed on a small scale. Imports included opium, silk, salt, and there was small demand for European cloth. The tin ingot money, also called ' tampang ' locally, had been used since the time of old sultanate , and survived in Pahang until 1893. At the beginning of the 19th century, the solid tin slabs began to be replaced by hollowed, inscribed pieces, still approximating in appearance to

17399-510: Was appointed by Sultan Mahmud Shah III of Johor to succeed as bendahara. However, he drowned on his journey from Riau to Pahang. Tun Koris was then appointed bendahara. He was later succeeded by his son, Tun Ali . By the early 19th century, the Johor Empire was approaching its dismemberment, with sultan's power effectively reduced to the capital in Daik, Lingga. After 1806, the empire's constituent dominions became independent principalities, and

17536-516: Was claimed that when Sultan Selim I captured Cairo in 1517, the last descendant of the Abbasids in Cairo formally passed on the position of caliph to him. This combination thus elevated the sultan's religious or spiritual authority, in addition to his formal political authority. During this later period, the title of sultan was still used outside the Ottoman Empire as well, as with the examples of

17673-756: Was from Quanzhou) was a dependency of Srivijaya . The transition from Inderapura to Pahang, approximately around the Song period indicates that Khmer influence on the state was weakened and displaced by that of Srivijaya and Majapahit . During the Yuan dynasty , Pahang was known as Phenn-Khenn 彭坑 in Daoyi Zhilue 島夷志略 (circa 1349), and in Ming Shilu 明實錄 (circa 1378), it was transliterated as Pen-Heng 湓亨, and in Haiguo Wenjianlu 海國聞見錄 (circa 1730), compiled in

17810-465: Was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm. A feminine form of sultan , used by Westerners, is sultana or sultanah and this title has been used legally for some (not all) Muslim women monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts. However, Turkish and Ottoman Turkish also uses sultan for imperial lady, as Turkish grammar uses the same words for both women and men (such as Hurrem Sultan and Sultan Suleiman Han ( Suleiman

17947-466: Was moved to Kuantan . After World War II , Pahang formed the Federation of Malaya with the other eight Malay States and two British Crown Colonies , Malacca and Penang in 1948. The semi-independent Malaya was granted independence in 1957, and was then reconstituted as Malaysia with the inclusion the states of Singapore (left the federation in 1965), Sabah and Sarawak in 1963. Pahang covers an area of 35,965 km (13,886 sq mi), and

18084-630: Was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day captain in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled ' Ali Jah . Apparently derived from the Arabic malik , this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the Kilwa Sultanate in Tanganyika (presently the continental part of Tanzania). Mfalume is the (Ki) Swahili title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan: This

18221-436: Was succeeded by Tun Abdul Majid , the son of Tun Abbas, who was himself son of Abdul Jalil Shah IV. Self-rule was established during the reign of Tun Abdul Majid after Pahang's status was changed from a tanah pegangan (a fief) to tanah kurnia ('granted land'), thus the ruling bendahara acquired the title raja ('king'). The allegiance of the bendahara to the sultan continued, though it weakened over time. The potentate, as

18358-480: Was the case from the 1880s. Among the most important minor officials were members of the bendahara's police squad, variously known as juak-juak , budak raja or hamba raja , who usually went armed with a kris and a spear. By the 19th century, Pahang's economy, like in ancient times, was still heavily dependent on the export of gold. Gold mines could be found from Bera to Jelai river basins, as observed by an English merchant in 1827. Another important export

18495-602: Was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe. In Indonesia (formerly in the Dutch East Indies ): In Malaysia : In Brunei : In China : In the Philippines : In Thailand : Sultans of sovereign states Sultans in federal monarchies Sultan with power within republics Pahang Kingdom The Pahang Kingdom ( Malay : Kerajaan Pahang , Jawi : كرجاءن ڤهڠ ‎)

18632-495: Was theoretically held by the caliph, who was considered the leader of the caliphate. The increasing political fragmentation of the Muslim world after the 8th century, however, challenged this consensus. Local governors with administrative authority held the title of amīr ( أمير , traditionally "commander" or " emir ", later also "prince") and were appointed by the caliph, but in the 9th century some of these became de facto independent rulers who founded their own dynasties, such as

18769-425: Was tin, which was also mined on a large scale. The growth of the mining industry had a significant impact on Pahang's society and economy towards the end of the 19th century. Thousands of people worked in the gold mines at Jelai which had become an important trading centre in the interior. The country also produced vegetables, yams, and tubers which came from the hinterland. An amount of sandalwood, damar, and rattans

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