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60-525: In 1980, CAAMA originally established itself as a public radio station by two Aboriginal people and one " whitefella ": Freda Glynn , Phillip Batty, and John Macumba. 8KIN-FM was the first Aboriginal radio station. The success of the station quickly grew, leading its content to extend into music ( country music and Aboriginal rock ), call-ins, discussion, and news and current affairs. Broadcasts were made in six different languages, alongside English, and operated about fifteen hours every day. Later expansions saw

120-622: A European-derived country. The majority of European Australians are of British Isles – English , Irish , Scottish , or Welsh – ancestral origin. While not an official ancestral classification, they are often referred to as Anglo-Celtic Australians . Other significant ancestries include Italian , German , Greek , Dutch , European New Zealanders , Polish , Maltese , and Scandinavian . The Australian Bureau of Statistics and Australian Census does not collect data based on race. Instead, it collects information on distinct ancestries, of which census respondents can select up to two. For

180-564: A business plan to identity ways to enhance their viability and sustainability with less reliance on government funding, and to increase new opportunities in New Media products and other related services and products. In March 2020 CAAMA was put under special administration, after its debt level reached A$ 2.7 million . In August 2021 the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations expected the organisation to be released from this administration and

240-686: A free colony, Western Australia later accepted British convicts, because of an acute labour shortage. The British Colonial Office in 1835 issued the Proclamation of Governor Bourke , implementing the legal doctrine of terra nullius upon which British settlement was based, reinforcing the notion that the land belonged to no one prior to the British Crown taking possession of it and quashing earlier treaties with Aboriginal peoples, such as that signed by John Batman . Its publication meant that from then, all people found occupying land without

300-521: A healthier lifestyle in a culturally appropriate and effective manner. A series of films independently created films about, or created by, Aboriginal people were created in 1991. During the first few years of Imparja, CAAMA faced growing concerns from media activists that commercial programming would consume local content (Michaels 1984). Other concerns were raised of the lack of Aboriginal presence in Imparja's programming (Batty 1992) that, although Imparja

360-612: A minor part in an economy dominated by primary production, greatly expanded. Since the 1970s and the abolition of the White Australia policy from Asia and other parts of the world, Australia's demography, culture and image of itself has been radically transformed. In 1987, the vast majority of European Australians were descendants either of Anglo-Irish-Scots who arrived after 1850, or of Greeks , Italians , Hungarians , South Slavs , Poles and Germans who emigrated after 1945. Notably, Australia does not collect statistics on

420-731: A new board appointed soon, after its stations, now operating seven communities, were up and running and making a profit again. CAAMA did, however, still owe A$ 60,000 to the Australian Tax Office and A$ 850,000 to its major source of funding, the National Indigenous Australians Agency (NIAA). Established as 8KIN-FM in 1980–81, this was the first Aboriginal radio station in the country. CAAMA Radio provides twenty-four hours Indigenous radio programming to over 600,000 people in Australia. It

480-527: A number of other iconic structures, including the Harbour Bridge in Sydney and Parliament House, Canberra . Significant architects who have worked in Australia include Governor Lachlan Macquarie 's colonial architect, Francis Greenway ; the ecclesiastical architect William Wardell ; the designer of Canberra's layout, Walter Burley Griffin ; the modernist Harry Seidler ; and Jørn Utzon , designer of

540-660: A penal colony was established near the mouth of the Brisbane River (the basis of the later colony of Queensland). In 1826, a British military camp was established in Western Australia at King George Sound , to discourage French colonisation. (The camp formed the basis of the later town of Albany .) In 1829, the Swan River Colony and its capital of Perth were founded on the west coast proper and also assumed control of King George Sound. Initially

600-497: A range of nations made contact. Many of these were merchant ships from the Dutch East Indies Company and included the ships of Abel Tasman . Tasman charted parts of the north, west and south coasts of Australia which was then known as New Holland. Seebaer van Nieuwelant (born 27 July 1623), son of Willemtgen and Willem Janszoon, was born south of Dirk Hartog Island, in present-day Western Australia. Nieuwelant

660-615: A report to the Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs’ inquiry into Indigenous employment. The report outlined several ways government leaders could access future policy in regards to Indigenous employment, using CAAMA as a case study. Some key issues CAAMA raised included: skills training; funding; recruitment; increase in Indigenous population; youth employment; strengthening links between education and training; establish and sustain networks between

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720-674: A separate island, was mapped in detail by the English mariners and navigators Bass and Flinders, and the French mariner, Baudin. A nearly completed map of the coastline was published by Flinders in 1814. This period of European exploration is reflected in the names of landmarks such as the Torres Strait, Arnhem Land, Dampier Sound, Tasmania, the Furneaux Islands, Cape Frecinyet and La Perouse. French expeditions between 1790 and

780-425: Is (was?) the largest Indigenous owned production house in Australia, with programming based on Indigenous cultures, lifestyle, and issues. Some of CAAMA's award-winning productions include: CAAMA Music is a record label which produces 90% of its recordings in Indigenous languages. Performances organised by CAAMA have been popular with audiences, with people travelling from across the area to attend. One recent event,

840-622: Is impossible to quantify the precise proportion of the population with European ancestry. For instance, many census recipients nominated two European ancestries, tending towards an overcount. Conversely, 29.9% of census recipients nominated "Australian" ancestry (categorised within the Oceanian ancestry group although the Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most of them are likely to have at least partial Anglo-Celtic European ancestry), tending towards an undercount. At

900-576: Is integral to the culture of Australia . The culture of Australia is essentially a Western culture influenced by the unique geography of the Australian continent , the diverse input of Aboriginal , Torres Strait Islander and other Oceanian people, the British colonisation of Australia that began in 1788, and the various waves of multi-ethnic migration that followed. As the English were always

960-501: Is largely the creation of a European diaspora, could not be ignored by Australia. Immigration brought traditional migrants from the United Kingdom along with, for the first time, large numbers of southern and central Europeans , as well as Eastern European Australians . A booming Australian economy stood in sharp contrast to war-ravaged Europe, and newly arrived migrants found employment in government-assisted programs such as

1020-591: Is similar to the Corporations Act 2001 . The Registrar of Indigenous Corporations , formerly the Registrar of Aboriginal Corporations (1977–2007) and Registrar of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Corporations (2007 – 1 May 2008), is an Australian Government statutory office appointed by the Minister for Indigenous Australians under the CATSI Act. The Registrar has powers similar to those of

1080-425: Is the country's de facto official language and is the first language of the majority of the population . Australian English began to diverge from British English after the founding of the colony of New South Wales in 1788 and was recognised as being different from British English by 1820. It arose from the intermingling of early settlers from a great variety of mutually intelligible dialectal regions of

1140-450: Is the largest Aboriginal media organisation in the country since 1981, with the second largest audience reach in Australia. CAAMA broadcast through 12 Remote Aboriginal Communities Services (RIBS) and a mobile outside broadcasting truck, providing radio to several remote Aboriginal communities in over 30 different languages, including Papunya , Ntaria (Hermannsbug), Ltyentye Apurte (Santa Teresa), and Areyonga . CAAMA Productions Pty Ltd

1200-620: The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) for corporations registered at the national level set up by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. As of May 2021 the Registrar is Selwyn Button. ORIC allocates and maintains a public register of Indigenous Corporation Numbers (ICNs). Compare: This Australian government-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Indigenous Australians -related article

1260-478: The British Isles and quickly developed into a distinct variety of English. Australian English differs from other varieties of English in vocabulary , accent , pronunciation , register , grammar and spelling . The earliest form of Australian English was first spoken by the children of the colonists born into the colony of New South Wales . This first generation of children created a new dialect that

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1320-402: The Oceanian ancestry group, although most of them are likely to be of Anglo-Celtic or European ancestry), tending towards an undercount. Since the early 19th century, people of European descent have formed the majority of the population in Australia. Historically, European immigrants had great influence over Australian culture and society, which results in the perception of Australia as

1380-540: The Oceanian group. The first records of European mariners sailing into 'Australian' waters occurs around 1606, and includes their observations of the land known as Terra Australis Incognita (unknown southern land). The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutchman, Willem Janszoon . Between 1606 and 1770, an estimated 54 European ships from

1440-555: The Snowy Mountains Scheme . Two million immigrants arrived between 1948 and 1975, many from Robert Menzies ' newly founded Liberal Party of Australia dominated much of the immediate post-war era, defeating the Australian Labor Party government of Ben Chifley in 1949. Menzies oversaw the post-war expansion and became the country's longest-serving leader. Manufacturing industry, previously playing

1500-528: The 1830s, led by D'Entrecasteaux, Baudin, and Furneaux, were recorded by the naturalists Labillardière and Péron. Luis Vaez de Torres from Spain was also one of the first Europeans to explore Australia. The British Crown Colony of New South Wales started with the establishment of a settlement at Sydney Cove by Captain Arthur Phillip on 26 January 1788. This date later became Australia's national day, Australia Day . These land masses included

1560-478: The 1850s brought wealth as well as new social tensions to Australia, including the miners' Eureka Stockade rebellion. The colonies established elected parliaments and rights for workers and women before most other Western nations. Australian English is a major variety of the English language and is used throughout Australia . Although English has no official status in the Constitution , Australian English

1620-624: The 1990s, including Beck Cole , her cousin Danielle MacLean , Warwick Thornton , Steven McGregor , David Jowsey , and sound recordist / director David Tranter . Others who spent time at CAAMA include Rachel Perkins ; Alan Collins (AFI award-winning cinematographer ); Priscilla Collins (executive producer, AFI nominee); Peter Clarke (online editor, Imparja Television ); and Angela Bates (journalist, SBS Television ). Whitefella European Australians are citizens or residents of Australia whose ancestry originates from

1680-403: The 19th century. In 1971, nine out of the top ten birthplace groups were from European countries and accounted for 77.2% of all people born overseas. People from the United Kingdom still form the largest group. However, their number as a proportion of the total overseas-born population has declined, falling from 40.6% (1,046,356) in 1971 to 17.7% (1,078,064) in 2016. Following World War II ,

1740-560: The 2016 census. Cultural backgrounds of the Australian population Registrar of Indigenous Corporations The Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations ( ORIC ) assists the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations in administering the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 ("CATSI Act") and in supporting and regulating corporations for Indigenous people throughout Australia . The CATSI Act

1800-411: The 2021 census, the most commonly nominated European ancestries were as set out in the following table. Australia enumerated its population by race between 1911 and 1966, by racial-origin in 1971 and 1976, and by self-declared ancestry since 1986. From 1986 onwards, only estimates can be obtained from ancestry. The 1991 and 1996 census did not include a question on ancestry. The following table shows

1860-480: The Australian government instigated a massive program of European immigration . After narrowly preventing a Japanese invasion and suffering attacks on Australian soil for the first time, it was seen that the country must "populate or perish". Prior to WWII, Australia had viewed itself as largely of British and Irish ancestry but after WWII the success of the United States and the reason for its success, that

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1920-543: The Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA); to legal or instructional videos (often quite creative) made by land councils as well as health and other service groups; to documentaries and current affairs for national broadcasting; to independent features directed by cosmopolitan Aboriginal artists such as Tracey Moffatt , whose first feature film, Bedevil , premiered at Cannes in 1993. In 2005 CAAMA submitted

1980-519: The Sydney Opera House. The National Trust of Australia is a non-governmental organisation charged with protecting Australia's built heritage. As of 2022 , there have been 31 Prime Ministers of Australia . The ancestors of all these Prime Ministers have all been European and Anglo-Celtic ( English , Scottish , Northern Irish , Welsh , or Irish ). Some ancestors of four Prime Minister's did not emigrate from Britain or Ireland: some of

2040-485: The Yeperenye Festival, drew a crowd of 30,000. Musicians like Gawurra and Alice Skye , who are recorded by CAAMA are also seen on the Imparja, SBS and ABC television networks. In conjunction with CAAMA Radio, CAAMA Music transmits outside broadcasts of performances by Aboriginal musicians. Successful CAAMA Indigenous trainees include Erica Glynn , who later became a mentor to a group of young filmmakers in

2100-415: The ancestors of Chris Watson were German (his father was German Chilean ), some of the ancestors of Malcolm Fraser were European Jews, some of Tony Abbott 's ancestors were Dutch migrants (one of his grandparents), and Anthony Albanese 's ancestors on his father's side were Italians . The following is a breakdown of the ethnic origins of Australians based on a 2018 study that used data from

2160-772: The architect's ultimate resignation. Australia has three architectural listings on UNESCO 's World Heritage list: Australian Convict Sites (comprising a collection of separate sites around Australia, including Hyde Park Barracks in Sydney, Port Arthur in Tasmania, and Fremantle Prison in Western Australia); the Sydney Opera House ; and the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne. Contemporary Australian architecture includes

2220-491: The arena for the articulation of national media policies at least nominally in support of the concerns of remote-living Aboriginal people”. In January 1988, the private commercial television station owned by CAAMA, Imparja , began broadcasting, servicing at least 100,000 viewers in Central Australia. Imparja had contributed to a visible increase of Aboriginal identity in the Australian media landscape. The station

2280-440: The authority of the government would be considered illegal trespassers. Separate colonies were created from parts of New South Wales: South Australia in 1836, New Zealand in 1840, Victoria in 1851, and Queensland in 1859. The Northern Territory was founded in 1863 as part of South Australia. The transportation of convicts to Australia was phased out between 1840 and 1868. The European population grew from 0.3 percent of

2340-542: The current islands of New Zealand, which was administered as part of New South Wales until it became a separate colony in 1841. Van Diemen's Land , now known as Tasmania , was first settled in 1803. The first European Australians came from United Kingdom and Ireland . The First white child born in New South Wales was Rebecca Small (22 September 1789 – 30 January 1883), was born in Port Jackson ,

2400-541: The education of over 100 Indigenous people, of whom a majority of their trainees were part of the Major Indigenous Employment Strategy (1988–1993). CAAMA suggested that their success has been afforded by the commitment of government; implementation of the Major Indigenous Employment Strategy; an understanding of social, cultural, and economic issues impacting Aboriginal people; and their flexible learning environment. In 2009 CAAMA developed

2460-601: The eldest daughter of John Small a boatswain in the First Fleet which arrived at Botany Bay in January 1788. The First white child born in Victoria was William James Hobart Thorne (25 November 1803 – 2 July 1872) was born at Port Phillip , in what was still part of New South Wales but became Victoria Other British settlements followed, at various points around the continent, most of them unsuccessful. In 1824,

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2520-408: The heritage that has shaped modern Australia. Australian culture has diverged significantly since British settlement. Several states and territories had their origins as penal colonies, with the first British convicts arriving at Sydney Cove in 1788. Stories of outlaws like the bushranger Ned Kelly have endured in Australian music , cinema and literature . The Australian gold rushes from

2580-545: The largest element among the settlers, their cultural influence was naturally greater than that of the Irish, Welsh or Scots. Evidence of a significant Anglo-Celtic heritage includes the predominance of the English language , the common law , the Westminster system of government, Christianity ( Anglicanism ) as the once dominant religion, and the popularity of sports such as cricket and rugby ; all of which are part of

2640-508: The majority died of newly introduced diseases and lack of resources. Indigenous resistance against the settlers was widespread, and prolonged fighting between 1788 and the 1930s led to the deaths of at least 20,000 Indigenous people and between 2,000 and 2,500 Europeans. Irish formed about 25 per cent of the European Australian population in the nineteenth century. Germans formed the largest non-British community for most of

2700-536: The original six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Australia . The lineage of most of the national founders was British (especially English) such as: Various other founders of Australia have also been unofficially recognised: European-Australian culture

2760-665: The peoples of Europe . They form the largest panethnic group in the country. At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses categorised within European ancestral groups as a proportion of the total population amounted to more than 57.2% (46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European ). It is impossible to quantify the precise proportion of the population with European ancestry. For instance, many census recipients nominated two European ancestries, tending towards an overcount. Conversely, 29.9% of census recipients nominated "Australian" ancestry (categorised within

2820-520: The population of the continent at 1800 to 58.6 percent at 1850. In 1868, the population of European Australians was 1,539,552. Massive areas of land were cleared for agriculture and various other purposes, in addition to the obvious impacts this early clearing of land had on the ecology of particular regions, it severely affected indigenous Australians, by reducing the resources they relied on for food, shelter and other essentials. This progressively forced them into smaller areas and reduced their numbers as

2880-459: The private and public sectors, alongside the community; and collaborate with pre-existing organisations in training Aboriginal people. The second section of the report outlined how CAAMA had contributed to the training and employment of Aboriginal people in Central Australia. In their 25 years of operations up until then, CAAMA had had an active "Aboriginalisation policy", which meaning that 65% of employees were Aboriginal. CAAMA had also assisted in

2940-642: The proportion of Australian residents nominating European race or ancestry at various points in history. The following table shows the numbers of Australians claiming various European ancestries at selected national census historical intervals. The following table shows the proportions of European-born and British Isles-born residents at various points in history. As the earliest colonists of Australia, settlers from England and their descendants often held positions of power and made or helped make laws often because many had been involved in government back in England. In

3000-765: The purposes of aggregating data, the Australian Bureau of Statistics in its Australian Standard Classification of Cultural and Ethnic Groups (ASCCEG) has grouped certain ancestries into certain categories, including the following two broad European groupings: While officially part of the North-West European classification, Australians of English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh or Cornish ancestral origins are often informally referred to as Anglo-Celtic Australians . The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most people nominating "Australian" ancestry have at least partial Anglo-Celtic European ancestry, although they are officially categorised as part of

3060-410: The racial origins of its residents, instead collecting data at each five-yearly census on distinct ancestries, of which each census respondent may choose up to two. At the 2021 census, the number of ancestry responses categorised within European ancestral groups as a proportion of the total population amounted to 57.2% (including 46% North-West European and 11.2% Southern and Eastern European ). It

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3120-674: The relationship between generations and the respect for traditional knowledge. However, the importance of CAAMA's multimedia -based approach has ensured that Aboriginal media is an important part of the Australian media landscape, and to the social, cultural, and economic development of Aboriginal people in remote parts of Australia, as seen by CAAMA's recent employment policies. Faye Ginsburg wrote in 1994: Aboriginal media products are as various as Aboriginal life itself, ranging from low-budget videos made by community-based media associations for both traditional people in remote settlements and groups throughout Central Australia by organisations such as

3180-459: The station move into AM and short-wave broadcasts with educational programmes, live recordings of Aboriginal bands, and commercials for local Aboriginal products and services. In 1984, CAAMA started to produce a video newsletter to circulate to those communities without easy access to radio facilities. CAAMA obtained its Regional Commercial Television Services licence in 1986 after concern was raised that Australia's first satellite ( AUSSAT ), which

3240-523: Was crucial in developing content which attempted to maintain and sustain Aboriginal culture. One example included Nganampa-Anwernekenbe [Ours], the first entirely Indigenous language television programme, sub-titled in English and produced in Australia, which reflected Aboriginal culture through storytelling and unique performing and visual arts content. There were also cleanliness and anti-alcohol community service advertisements which aimed to promote

3300-469: Was formally opened on 20 October 1973, by Queen Elizabeth II . After a gestation beginning with Utzon's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition. The government of New South Wales , led by the premier , Joseph Cahill , authorised work to begin in 1958 with Utzon directing construction. The government's decision to build Utzon's design is often overshadowed by circumstances that followed, including cost and scheduling overruns as well as

3360-595: Was set to bring commercial television to regional and remote sections of Australia, would have a detrimental impact on Aboriginal languages and cultures in Central Australia . CAAMA made a bid to obtain the licence being offered in 1985 via the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal Central Zone RCTS licence hearings process. CAAMA's bid was a symbolic act that was then taken seriously, as “the tribunal provided

3420-798: Was strong enough to blunt other patterns of speech. A quarter of the convicts were Irish. Many had been arrested in Ireland, and some in Great Britain. Many, if not most, of the Irish convicts spoke either no English at all, or spoke it poorly and rarely. There were other significant populations of convicts from non-English speaking part of Britain, such as the Scottish Highlands and Wales . The most commonly spoken European languages other than English in Australia are Italian , Greek and German . Another area of cultural influence are Australian Patriotic songs: The Sydney Opera House

3480-484: Was the First white child born in Australia . In 1770, Englishman Lieutenant James Cook charted the Australian east coast in his ship HM Barque Endeavour . Cook wrote that he claimed the east coast for King George III of Great Britain on 22 August 1770 when standing on Possession Island off the west coast of Cape York Peninsula , naming eastern Australia "New South Wales'. The coast of Australia, featuring Tasmania as

3540-410: Was the largest television enterprise owned by Aboriginal people in Australia, only 10% its staff were Aboriginal (Ginsburg 1993); that some broadcasts reflected a lack of sufficient Aboriginal programming content; and others raised issues of broadcast quality. American anthropologist Faye Ginsburg suggested in 1993 that the establishment of CAAMA and the spread of communications technology could threaten

3600-469: Was to become the language of the nation. The Australian-born children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of dialects from all over the British Isles, in particular from Ireland and South East England . The native-born children of the colony created the new dialect from the speech they heard around them, and with it expressed mateship . Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect

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