Misplaced Pages

#514485

48-670: Central Chile is one of the five main geographical zones in which Chile is divided. The Chilean Central Valley lies between the coastal range ("Cordillera de la Costa") and the Andes Mountains. To the north is the semi-desert region known as El Norte Chico , (the "little north"), which lies between 28° and 32° south latitude . To the south lies the cooler and wetter Valdivian temperate rain forests ecoregion , in Los Lagos Region ; (the latter includes most of South America 's temperate rain forests). The Central valley

96-490: A medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. A planned economy is one where political agents directly control what is produced and how it is sold and distributed. A green economy is low-carbon and resource efficient. In a green economy, growth in income and employment is driven by public and private investments that reduce carbon emissions and pollution, enhance energy and resource efficiency , and prevent

144-514: A metric such as silver, bronze, copper, etc. A barley/shekel was originally both a unit of currency and a unit of weight, just as the British Pound was originally a unit denominating a one-pound mass of silver. Most exchange of goods had occurred through social relationships. There were also traders who bartered in the marketplaces. In Ancient Greece , where the present English word 'economy' originated, many people were bond slaves of

192-484: A certain currency . However, monetary transactions only account for a small part of the economic domain. Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor and capital. It has changed over time due to technology , innovation (new products, services, processes, expanding markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) and changes in industrial relations (most notably child labor being replaced in some parts of

240-779: A country or an area", seems not to have developed until the 1650s. As long as someone has been making, supplying and distributing goods or services, there has been some sort of economy; economies grew larger as societies grew and became more complex. Sumer developed a large-scale economy based on commodity money , while the Babylonians and their neighboring city states later developed the earliest system of economics as we think of, in terms of rules/laws on debt , legal contracts and law codes relating to business practices, and private property. The Babylonians and their city state neighbors developed forms of economics comparable to currently used civil society (law) concepts. They developed

288-513: A global information society as understanding of a new type of "all-connected" society is created. In the late 2000s, the new type of economies and economic expansions of countries like China , Brazil , and India bring attention and interest to economies different from the usually dominating Western-type economies and economic models. A market economy is one where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or

336-525: A lesser degree vegetation also vary towards the foothills of the Andes and the Chilean Coastal Range. From Santiago to Linares thorny woodlands of Acacia caven are dominant. In Ñuble Region two sclerophyll vegetation types cover the territory. These are the associations of Lithrea caustica – Peumus boldus and Quillaja saponiana – Fabiana imbricata . From Bío Bío River to

384-433: A mixture of some excellent agricultural lands, many of which were covered originally with old-growth forests . They were cleared for agriculture but were soon exhausted of their organic matter and left to erode. Large tracts of this worn-out land, many of them on hilly terrain, have been reforested for the lumber, especially for the cellulose and paper industries. New investments during the 1980s in these industries transformed

432-626: A profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom , then subsequently spreading throughout Europe , North America , and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In Europe wild capitalism started to replace the system of mercantilism (today: protectionism ) and led to economic growth . The period

480-417: A significant drought since 2010, and mean rainfall reduced by 20–40% between 2010 and 2018. The topography of central Chile includes a coastal range of mountains running parallel to the Andes. Lying between the two mountain ranges is the so-called Central Valley, which contains some of the richest agricultural land in the country, especially in its northern portion. The area just north and south of Santiago

528-513: A state. The first economist in the true modern meaning of the word was the Scotsman Adam Smith (1723–1790) who was inspired partly by the ideas of physiocracy , a reaction to mercantilism and also later Economics student, Adam Mari. He defined the elements of a national economy: products are offered at a natural price generated by the use of competition - supply and demand - and the division of labor . He maintained that

SECTION 10

#1732765887515

576-661: Is 57 °F (14 °C). The temperate action of the ocean prevents temperatures from dropping drastically, and if snow falls in the area it does not usually stay on the ground for more than a few hours. In Santiago the annual rainfall is 13 inches (330 mm) and in Valparaíso, it amounts to 15 inches (380 mm). Along the Central Valley rainfall increases gradually southward until it reaches 52 inches (1,300 mm) in Concepción . The area has experienced

624-501: Is a fertile region and the agricultural heartland of Chile. The climate is of the temperate Mediterranean type, with the amount of rainfall increasing considerably and progressively from north to south. In the Santiago area, the average high temperatures are about 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer months of January and February and 15 °C (59 °F) in the winter months of June and July. The average monthly precipitation

672-556: Is a large producer of fruits, including the grapes from which the best Chilean wines are made. Exports of fresh fruit began to rise dramatically in the mid-1970s because Chilean growers had the advantage of being able to reach markets in the Northern Hemisphere during that part of the world's winter. Most of these exports, such as grapes, apples, and peaches, go by refrigerator ships, but some, such as berries, go by air freight. The southern portion of central Chile contains

720-460: Is also applied in philosophy to designate the fading of postmodernism in the late 90s and especially in the beginning of the 21st century. With the spread of Internet as a mass media and communication medium especially after 2000–2001, the idea for the Internet and information economy is given place because of the growing importance of e-commerce and electronic businesses, also the term for

768-561: Is an area of the production , distribution and trade , as well as consumption of goods and services . In general, it is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of resources. A given economy is a set of processes that involves its culture , values , education, technological evolution, history, social organization , political structure , legal systems , and natural resources as main factors. These factors give context, content, and set

816-466: Is called Keynesianism in his honor. In the late 1950s, the economic growth in America and Europe—often called Wirtschaftswunder (German for economic miracle ) —brought up a new form of economy: mass consumption economy . In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith (1908–2006) was the first to speak of an affluent society in his book The Affluent Society . In most of the countries the economic system

864-704: Is called a social market economy . With the fall of the Iron Curtain and the transition of the countries of the Eastern Bloc towards democratic government and market economies, the idea of the post-industrial society is brought into importance as its role is to mark together the significance that the service sector receives instead of industrialization. Some attribute the first use of this term to Daniel Bell's 1973 book, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society , while others attribute it to social philosopher Ivan Illich's book, Tools for Conviviality . The term

912-568: Is called the Industrial Revolution because the system of production and division of labor enabled the mass production of goods . The contemporary concept of "the economy" wasn't popularly known until the American Great Depression in the 1930s. After the chaos of two World Wars and the devastating Great Depression, policymakers searched for new ways of controlling the course of the economy. This

960-722: Is exchanged. Due to the growing importance of the financial sector in modern times, the term real economy is used by analysts as well as politicians to denote the part of the economy that is concerned with the actual production of goods and services, as ostensibly contrasted with the paper economy , or the financial side of the economy, which is concerned with buying and selling on the financial markets. Alternate and long-standing terminology distinguishes measures of an economy expressed in real values (adjusted for inflation ), such as real GDP , or in nominal values (unadjusted for inflation). The study of economics are roughly divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics . Today,

1008-582: Is no more than a trace in January and February and 69.7 millimetres (2.74 in) in June and July. By contrast, in Concepción the average hightemperatures are somewhat lower in the summer at 23 °C (73 °F) but higher in the winter at 13 °C (55 °F), and the amount of rain is much greater. In the summer, Concepción receives an average of twenty millimeters of rain per month; in June and July,

SECTION 20

#1732765887515

1056-633: Is no proper Central Valley , only a few narrow north–south depressions that align with geological faults . In the northern section of the central valley vegetation is extremely scarce as result of conditions of extreme aridity in Atacama Desert . Only to the south in Atacama Region does a Chilean Matorral vegetation exist. The northern portion of the matorral is made up by the Nolana leptophylla – Cistanthe salsoloides association while

1104-478: Is the depression between the Chilean Coastal Range and the Andes Mountains. The Chilean Central Valley extends from the border with Peru to Puerto Montt in southern Chile, with a notable interruption at Norte Chico (27°20'–33°00' S). South of Puerto Montt the valley has a continuation as a series of marine basins up to the isthmus of Ofqui . Some of Chile's most populous cities lie within

1152-582: The Gulf of Corcovado that separates Chiloé Island from the mainland. Further south the valley runs as the narrow Moraleda Channel . Emerged portions include numerous small islands plus the eastern coast of Chiloé Island and Taitao Peninsula east of Presidente Ríos Lake , including the Isthmus of Ofqui . (46°50' S). 35°20′07″S 70°43′48″W  /  35.33529°S 70.72998°W  / -35.33529; -70.72998 Economy An economy

1200-506: The freeholders . The economic discussion was driven by scarcity . In Chinese economic law, the huge cycle of institutional innovation contains an idea. Serving a non-market economy promotes a firm's tenure that is legally guaranteed and protected from bureaucratic opportunities. In the Middle Ages, what is now known as an economy was not far from the subsistence level. Most exchange occurred within social groups . On top of this,

1248-490: The loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services . A gig economy is one in which short-term jobs are assigned or chosen on-demand. The global economy refers to humanity's economic system or systems overall. An informal economy is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. The economy may be considered as having developed through the following phases or degrees of precedence: In modern economies, these phase precedences are somewhat differently expressed by

1296-475: The rural economy of the region. The pre-Andean highlands and some of the taller and more massive mountains in the coastal range (principally the Cordillera de Nahuelbuta) still contain large tracts of old-growth forests of remarkable beauty, some of which have been set aside as national parks. Between the coastal mountains and the ocean, many areas of central Chile contain stretches of land that are lower than

1344-524: The three-sector model : Other sectors of the developed community include: The gross domestic product (GDP) of a country is a measure of the size of its economy, or more specifically, monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced. The most conventional economic analysis of a country relies heavily on economic indicators like the GDP and GDP per capita . While often useful, GDP only includes economic activity for which money

1392-408: The Andes do not incise the plains but merge into the surface of Pampa del Tamarugal at a height of c . 1500 m. The westernmost portion of Pampa del Tamarugal has a height of 600 m. This western part contain a series of raised areas called pampas and basins containing salt flats . Interconnecting basins are important corridors for communication and transport in northern Chile. South of Loa River

1440-461: The Central Valley and are generally quite flat. The longest beaches can be found in such sections. From north to south; the following regions are traditionally considered as being part of Chile's central Valley: Historically, the Central valley has been the heartland of the country with the highest concentration of population (two thirds of the country's population) and, in addition, the area where

1488-414: The Central Valley re-appears in the south to extend into Osorno and Puerto Montt (41°30' S). This southern section is 190 km long from north to south. The Central Valley south of Bío Bío River has been influenced by volcanism and past glaciations giving origin to the ñadis and moraines that cover parts of the valley. The natural vegetation of the central section vary from north to south. To

Central Chile - Misplaced Pages Continue

1536-415: The basic motive for free trade is human self-interest. The so-called self-interest hypothesis became the anthropological basis for economics. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) transferred the idea of supply and demand to the problem of overpopulation . The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture , manufacturing , mining , and transport had

1584-537: The city is pounded by an average of 253 millimetres (10.0 in) per month. The numerous rivers greatly increase their flow as a result of the winter rains and the spring melting of the Andean snows, and they contract considerably in the summer. The combination of abundant snow in the Andes and relatively moderate winter temperatures creates excellent conditions for Alpine skiing. The annual mean temperature in Santiago

1632-418: The conditions and parameters in which an economy functions. In other words, the economic domain is a social domain of interrelated human practices and transactions that does not stand alone. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses , organizations , or governments . Economic transactions occur when two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in

1680-748: The first stock exchange was founded in Antwerp . Economy at the time meant primarily trade . The European captures became branches of the European states, the so-called colonies . The rising nation-states Spain , Portugal , France , Great Britain and the Netherlands tried to control the trade through custom duties and mercantilism (from mercator , lat.: merchant ) was a first approach to intermediate between private wealth and public interest . The secularization in Europe allowed states to use

1728-477: The first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The ancient economy was based primarily on subsistence farming . The Shekel are the first to refer to a unit of weight and currency, used by the Semitic peoples . The first usage of the term came from Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC. and referred to a specific mass of barley which related other values in

1776-470: The great conquerors raised what we now call venture capital (from ventura , ital.; risk ) to finance their captures. The capital should be refunded by the goods they would bring up in the New World . The discoveries of Marco Polo (1254–1324), Christopher Columbus (1451–1506) and Vasco da Gama (1469–1524) led to a first global economy. The first enterprises were trading establishments. In 1513,

1824-823: The greater proportion of the economic productivity of the country is concentrated. Its economy is characterized by its diversity and the strongest pillars lie in the use of natural resources, through the copper mining , logging , agriculture and wine producing , fishing , and manufacturing sector. The main cities are: Santiago , Valparaíso , Viña del Mar , Quilpué , Villa Alemana , Quillota , Puente Alto , San Antonio , Melipilla , Rancagua , Curicó , Talca , Linares , Chillán , Concepción , Talcahuano , Coronel and Los Ángeles . 35°20′07″S 70°43′48″W  /  35.33529°S 70.72998°W  / -35.33529; -70.72998 Chilean Central Valley The Central Valley ( Spanish : Valle Central ), Intermediate Depression , or Longitudinal Valley

1872-400: The immense property of the church for the development of towns. The influence of the nobles decreased. The first Secretaries of State for economy started their work. Bankers like Amschel Mayer Rothschild (1773–1855) started to finance national projects such as wars and infrastructure . Economy from then on meant national economy as a topic for the economic activities of the citizens of

1920-436: The north: Santiago Basin and Rancagua Basin. The valley runs an un-interrupted length of 360 km from Angostura de Pelequén in the north to Bío Bío River (37°40' S) in the south. It broadens from 12 km at Molina (35°05' S) in the north to 74 km in the south at Laja (37°15' S) the relief being gently undulating. Conglomerate of Andean provenance cover large swathes of the Central Valley being less common to

1968-431: The range of fields of study examining the economy revolves around the social science of economics, but may also include sociology , history , anthropology , and geography . Practical fields directly related to the human activities involving production , distribution , exchange , and consumption of goods and services as a whole are business , engineering , government , and health care . Macroeconomics

Central Chile - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-489: The south Nothofagus obliqua becomes the dominant tree species. Only Llanquihue Lake and the Puerto Montt area are exceptions to this being respectively dominated by Nothofagus dombeyi – Eucryphia cordifolia and Nothofagus nitida – Podocarpus nubigena . South of Puerto Montt the continuation of the Central Valley is made up of a series of marine basins including Reloncaví Sound , Gulf of Ancud , and

2064-475: The southern half by the Skytanthus acutus – Atriplex deserticola association. The main portion the Central Valley extends from Tiltil (33°05' S) near Santiago to Temuco (38°45' S). The Coast Range and the Andes almost merge in two locations: one between Santiago and Rancagua and another between San Fernando and Rengo . The result is the enclosure of the Central Valley into two smaller basins in

2112-573: The valley continues, flanked by Cordillera Domeyko to east, until it is ends at the latitude of Taltal (25°17' S). It re-appears around Chañaral (26°20' S) as an isolated basin surrounded by mountains and hills. This 250 km long and up to 70 km wide basin is called Pampa Ondulada or Pampa Austral. As the Pampa Ondulada is extinguished at Copiapó River (27°20' S) in the Norte Chico region running south of this river there

2160-522: The valley including Santiago , Temuco , Rancagua , Talca and Chillán . In northernmost Chile the central valley is made up of the Pampitas, a series of small flats dissected by deep valleys. Immediately south of the Pampitas, in Tarapacá Region and northern of Antofagasta Region , the Central Valley is known as Pampa del Tamarugal . Contrary to the Pampitas valleys descending from

2208-535: The west near the Coast Range. Occasionally the valley contains isolated hills and mountains made up of basement rocks. At the latitudes of Temuco the Coast Range is subdued to such degree the Central Valley coalesces with the coastal plains. In the 110 km between Gorbea and Paillaco ( c . 39–40° S) the Central Valley is inexistent as the region is instead crossed by a series of east–west mountainous ridges and broad fluvial valleys. South of this region

2256-706: The world with universal access to education ). The word economy in English is derived from the Middle French 's yconomie , which itself derived from the Medieval Latin 's oeconomia . The Latin word has its origin at the Ancient Greek 's oikonomia or oikonomos . The word's first part oikos means "house", and the second part nemein means "to manage". The most frequently used current sense, denoting "the economic system of

2304-494: Was explored and discussed by Friedrich August von Hayek (1899–1992) and Milton Friedman (1912–2006) who pleaded for a global free trade and are supposed to be the fathers of the so-called neoliberalism . However, the prevailing view was that held by John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946), who argued for a stronger control of the markets by the state. The theory that the state can alleviate economic problems and instigate economic growth through state manipulation of aggregate demand

#514485