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60-678: The structure of the management board and the personnel in post remained the same as the BEA with the exception of the removal of representation by the chairman of the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board . There was a reduction from 14 to 12 of the number of area electricity boards – the South East Scotland Electricity Board and South West Scotland Electricity Board were removed from the CEA's management. The functions of

120-603: A capacity of 7.1 GWh. There were two steam power stations in 1958. There were nine diesel fuelled power stations in 1958. The supply of electricity was through the Highland Grid operating at 132 kV. In 1958 this comprised 1,630 circuit miles with 31 substations. The total length of all mains was 17,369 circuit miles. By April 1989 there were 1,053 miles (1,694 km) of 275 kV lines; 2,115 miles (3,403 km) of 132 kV lines; and 27,550 miles (44,340 km) of lines operating at less than 132 kV. Supply to customers

180-482: A capacity of four million units (kilowatt-hours per year) to huge schemes such as that at Glen Affric, with a capacity of 440 million units. The capacity of all the schemes combined was estimated to be 6,274 million units, which was considerably more than the 4,000 million units suggested by the Cooper Committee. MacColl wanted to ensure that no scheme could later be rejected because it had not been included in

240-639: A post in London, asked him to be Secretary of State for Scotland. He agreed, providing that he could form a Council of State consisting of all five of the former Secretaries of State who were still alive. If they could agree on an issue affecting Scotland, Johnston would look to Churchill to support the plan. He also did not want to receive any payment for the post, while the war lasted. Like the Inverness Courier, Johnston did not want private enterprise to be managing national resources, and had voted against

300-606: A private company to build hydro-electric schemes in the Highlands, and its defeat was welcomed by the Inverness Courier , whose editorial proclaimed: The opponents of [the Bill] have been falsely represented as being opposed to the development of water power and the introduction of industry in every shape and form. Nothing could be further from the truth. What we ... maintain is that there shall be no further development of

360-516: The National Trust for Scotland , to make the Board's job more difficult. The final report acknowledged the serious objections to the scheme, and examined them against the public interest. It stated that the scheme must stand or fall as a whole, and that despite some possible damage to amenities, the project should proceed. Following the decision of the tribunal, an order to confirm the scheme

420-598: The UK electricity supply industry was nationalised in 1948, the board took over the assets of the Grampian Electricity Supply Company and other bodies producing electricity in the northern part of Scotland, these were: Campbeltown and Mid-Argyll, Crieff, Dunoon and District, Loch Leven, North of Scotland, Peterhead, Stornoway, Thurso and District, Dundee, Aberdeen, Perth, Inverness, Buckie, Lossiemouth, Branderburgh and Oban Corporations. One of

480-569: The 1943 act because its scope was too limited. The deputy chairman and chief executive was Edward MacColl , an engineer with wide experience of hydro-electric projects and electrical distribution networks. His was the only full-time post. Neil Beaton had previously been a member of the Cooper Committee, Hugh Mackenzie was the Provost of Inverness, and the final member was the Central Electricity Board nominee, Walter Whigham, who

540-483: The 1960s. By 1968 the installed capacity of all conventional hydro-electric power stations operated by North of Scotland Board was 1047.06 MW, and the total average annual output was 2911.4 GWh. See main article: Cruachan Power Station The Cruachan power station (also known as the Cruachan Dam) is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station commissioned in 1965. It can provide 440 MW of power and has

600-751: The Amenity Committee, the Fishery Committee and the Electricity Commissioners, the Loch Sloy scheme was opposed by several county councils and some private individuals, raising the same issues that had prevented development of hydro-electric power in the Highlands for many years. An inquiry, chaired by John Cameron KC, was held in Edinburgh, which lasted for six days. The Board had done themselves no favours by moving

660-457: The BEA/CEA had undertaken their own practical research on the ‘ supergrid ’, and on turbines and boilers. In the mid-1950s the CEA also commissioned research at universities on non-practical applications. These research contracts were placed on the advice of the authority's Research Council. The financial income and expenditure of the CEA over its two full financial operating years (in £ million)

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720-569: The Board to do its job, then they should not set it up in the first place. His amendment was later withdrawn when the Lord Advocate agreed to amend the bill at its committee stage, based on the objections raised during the debate. The bill was received enthusiastically in the House of Lords, where it was presented by Lord Alness. There was widespread support for the measures, and particular praise for Tom Johnson. Lord Airlie stated that speed

780-559: The CEA vetted the designs but relied on the Atomic Energy Authority advice on the nuclear aspects. The CEA were under pressure from government to accept a greater degree of future nuclear development than it thought was feasible. In 1956 the AEA considered that there were insufficient resources to meet 3,400 MW of future nuclear plant, but by the following year considered that 5,975 MW was possible. The CEA were concerned about

840-555: The CEA, in GWh, was as follows: Note: import and export include bulk supplies from South of Scotland. The numbers and types of CEA customers was as follows: There was a total of 180,923 employees in the electricity supply industry 1956, this comprised: In addition to the routine operations of generating and transmitting electricity the Central Electricity Authority dealt with a number of strategic issues. In

900-742: The Caledonian Water Power bill in 1938. When another bill for a hydro-electric scheme in Glen Affric was put forward in September 1941, it was defeated, and Johnston announced that the government had its own plans for water power in the Highlands. In October, the Committee on Hydro-Electric Development in Scotland was set up, although it was generally known as the Cooper Committee, after its chairman Lord Cooper . Other members of

960-539: The Development Scheme. Guthrie Brown, one of the Panel of Technical Advisers, later wrote of his amazement at MacColl's detailed knowledge of so vast an area and its potential for water power. While Johnston was still fighting the political battle to save the Board from Lloyd George's reorganisations, MacColl wanted to begin building a scheme to demonstrate the effectiveness of the Board. He chose Loch Sloy as

1020-531: The Electricity Commissioners approved the scheme on 7 February 1945, but the Amenity Committee and the Fisheries Committee both wanted parts of it omitted. When it was published by the Secretary of State, there were 25 formal objections, with Perthshire County Council, riparian owners and the residents of Pitlochry leading the opposition. Johnston decided that a tribunal was necessary to consider

1080-493: The Highlands. Despite the clear vision of the original report, large numbers of checks were added to the bill, requiring parliamentary approval at every stage of implementation, to the extent that James Henderson-Stewart of East Fife, who represented the Liberal National Party, moved an amendment to attempt to free the Board from such bureaucratic interference, arguing that if Parliament was not going to trust

1140-419: The House of Commons, Johnson stated that the bill was a 'partial remedy' for the malaise of the Highlands, which was 'rapidly bleeding to death' as a result of outward migration. He emphasised that surplus power would be sold to the national grid, to defray the costs of distribution in remote rural areas, and that the new Board would be responsible for economic development and social improvement of large swathes of

1200-741: The Hydro-Electric Board was excluded from them. Some initial work under the act was carried out by civil servants, but the board took office in January 1944, and moved into a permanent office in Rothesay Terrace, Edinburgh a few weeks later. MacColl knew how to build up new organisations, and assembled a group of enthusiastic engineers around him, all of whom were relatively young. It was a fairly small team, and they were always over-worked. MacColl then invited five engineers, drawn from major engineering consultancies, to consider how

1260-614: The Oil Control Board, 1939–1945; as Minister in charge of Petroleum Warfare Department 1940–1945, as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Fuel and Power , 1942–1945; and as Minister of Information in 1945. He was appointed a Privy Counsellor in 1943. He was a Governor of British Broadcasting Corporation , 1946–1949. He returned to Parliament as member for Birmingham King's Norton , 1950–1955, and for Sutton Coldfield from 1955 until February 1974. During this time he

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1320-650: The Opposition ), 1929–1931. He was elected as member of parliament (MP) for Birmingham Ladywood in 1931 with a 14,000 majority, holding the seat until 1945. He was Parliamentary Private Secretary to Stanley Baldwin ( Lord President of the Council ), 1931–1935 and as Prime Minister in 1935. He held office as Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department , 1935–1939; as Secretary for Mines , 1939–1940; as Secretary for Petroleum , 1940–1942; as Chairman of

1380-729: The Scottish Office also worked to understand potential opposition to the scheme, noting that the most likely group to oppose it would be the Coal Owners Association, who had a powerful influence in Parliament. By the time it was put before Parliament, Johnson had obtained cross party support from eight Cabinet Ministers, including the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Kingsley Wood . At its second reading in

1440-660: The aims of the act could be implemented. This constituted the Panel of Technical Advisers, and they became an important and permanent part of the board's activities for fifteen years. The headquarters of the board in Rothesay Terrace, Edinburgh were located outside the board's operating area. The 1943 act specified the management board was to comprise a chairman and not less than four and not more than eight members. The board in 1958 comprised Thomas Johnston (chairman), Sir Hugh Mackenzie (deputy chairman), Sir John Erskine, Sir George McGlashan, A. I. Mackenzie, A. Macrae, I. A. Duncan Millar, William Hughes, and John Jardine. When

1500-658: The board was first constituted it owned only two power stations: the oil-fired stations at Kirkwall on Orkney and Rothesay on the Isle of Bute . The following hydro-electric stations were operational prior to nationalisation. Some were transferred to the South of Scotland Board. The principal schemes constructed by the board were: In 1958 the following hydro-electric stations were in operation: Hydro-electric power stations under construction in 1958 were: The following additional hydro-electric stations were commissioned in

1560-476: The case for the Tummel–;Garry scheme and to explain the way in which the board operated. There were some who felt that there was no need for hydro-electric power at all, because it would soon be superseded by atomic power. In summary, Lord Westwood, the leader of the house, spoke in favour of the Board and Lord Kinnaird's motion was rejected, allowing the Board to continue. Lord Westwood also stated during

1620-499: The coal mining industry on the grounds of competition. There was also opposition from official sources. Plans to build a power station at Kinlochleven for the benefit of the aluminium industry were shelved when Inverness County Council refused to allow water from the River Spey and River Laggan to cross the county border into Argyllshire . In 1938, the Caledonian Water Power bill was defeated in Parliament. This would have allowed

1680-623: The committee were William Douglas Weir , an engineer who had helped to plan Britain's national power grid in the 1920s; Neil Beaton , chairman of the Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society ; James Williamson, a civil engineer who had been involved with hydro-electric schemes in Galloway in the 1930s; and John A. Cameron of the Scottish Land Court . Prior to the committee meeting, Cooper

1740-631: The construction of three dams, the first near Trinafour to create Loch Errochty along the course of a stream called Errochty Water, a tributary of the River Garry . This would feed a power station near the head of Loch Tummel . The second dam would be built across the River Tummel upstream of the Falls of Tummel, and would feed Clunie power station, located below the falls. The level of Loch Tummel would be 17 feet (5.2 m) higher. The third dam

1800-591: The debate that all objections to the Fannich scheme, on the River Conon in Ross-shire , had been withdrawn, and the scheme would therefore proceed. The board's generating capacity was mainly provided by the construction of "schemes" of linked hydro-electric stations, with multiple generators located across one or more catchment area . There were also steam driven and diesel engine driven power stations. When

1860-551: The first constructional scheme. The loch had been the proposed site of a 360 MegaWatt pumped storage scheme in 1935, which had been rejected by Parliament, and the new scheme was for a conventional hydro-electric station with a lower capacity of 130 MW. The plans included two smaller projects, at Loch Morar and Kyle of Lochalsh , which were probably included to demonstrate the Board's commitment to providing power to remote communities, even though on their own these two projects would not have been economically viable. Despite approval by

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1920-430: The first responsibilities was to produce a Development Scheme. This would detail the available water resources in their area of operation, which had the potential to later become 'constructional schemes'. MacColl pressed on at breakneck speed, and within three months they had a list of 102 sites with potential for development. These ranged in size from small, such as one utilising Loch nan Gillean (Plockton) and streams, with

1980-721: The government which enacted the Electricity Act 1957 . This dissolved the Central Electricity Authority (and the Electricity Commissioners ) and established the Electricity Council to oversee the industry and the Central Electricity Generating Board with responsibility for generation and transmission. North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board The North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board (1943–1990)

2040-523: The heavy reactors and have an abundant source of water. Two sites were identified in Bradwell , Essex and Berkeley , Gloucestershire. The Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) had encouraged major manufacturers of equipment – principally boilers and turbo-alternators – to form consortia to supply the nuclear power station contracts. The CEA was reluctant to give turnkey contracts to these consortia as it wished to retain control of design and ordering. Eventually

2100-621: The implications for their coal-fired programme and thought there would be an excessive surplus of coal-fired plant if the 6,000 MW nuclear power programme went ahead. It believed that 3,400 MW was a more realistic target. Nevertheless, in March 1957 the Cabinet approved a 6,000 MW programme of 19 nuclear power stations. The BEA had expanded the Central Electricity Research Laboratories at Leatherhead where

2160-487: The industry and to make recommendations. The Herbert committee reported in January 1956 and found that the Central Electricity Authority’s dual roles of electricity generation and supervision had led to central concentration of responsibility and to duplication between headquarters and divisional staff which led to delays in the commissioning of new stations. The committee's recommendations were accepted by

2220-486: The mid-1950s the National Coal Board estimated that it would be unable to supply the electricity industry’s projected demand for coal in the 1960s. Pressure was put on the CEA by the Ministry of Fuel and Power to adopt dual (coal and oil) firing in a large number of power stations being planned or then being constructed. The CEA believed that the cost of extra equipment and the high price of oil would make

2280-683: The name was later changed to Scottish Hydro-Electric plc . The board was dissolved in March 1990 and privatised in June 1991. The company's head office was moved from Edinburgh to Perth. A further name change to Scottish and Southern Energy plc was made in December 1998 after the merger with Southern Electric plc . The brand name "Scottish Hydro-Electric" continues to be used for the company's Scottish business. Geoffrey Lloyd, Baron Geoffrey-Lloyd Geoffrey William Geoffrey-Lloyd, Baron Geoffrey-Lloyd , PC (17 January 1902 – 12 September 1984),

2340-460: The objections, and John Cameron was joined by Sir Robert Bryce Walker and Major G H M Brown Lindsay. It began on 25 May 1945 and lasted for ten days, with the transcript of the proceedings running to 1,188 pages. MacColl was unable to speak, as he was ill, and Lord Airlie was savaged by those opposing the scheme. In desperation, he asked the question, "Do the people of this country want electricity or do they not?" Lord Airlie recovered his composure for

2400-501: The region. It suggested that the only realistic solution was a new public body called the North of Scotland Hydro-electric Board to initiate and develop schemes, including the distribution of power in areas where there was no existing supply network. Johnson worked hard to ensure that the report would be well received. He talked to many people across the political spectrum, attempting to disarm potential opponents. Civil servants working for

2460-491: The remaining area boards were unchanged. Upon its establishment in April 1955 the chairman of the CEA was Lord Citrine ; the two deputy chairmen were Sir Henry Self and Josiah Eccles. Later appointments to the Central Electricity Authority by rotation between area boards were: The following were appointed to the board in 1956: The following were appointed to the board in 1957: The electricity generated, supplied and sold by

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2520-474: The scheme uneconomic. The CEA limited dual-firing to a small number of stations in the south of the country remote from coal fields. In addition to coal and oil, nuclear power was under development in the 1950s. The newly constituted CEA had urgently needed to find suitable sites for the first nuclear stations. They had to be in the south of England near the major load centres, but away from major population areas. They needed to have good load-bearing properties for

2580-467: The scheme was in the public interest. He stated that the Secretary of State should approve the scheme, and Tom Johnston as Secretary of State did so. No further objections were received while it was before Parliament, and the Loch Sloy scheme was authorised on 28 March 1945. The second constructional scheme was the Tummel–Garry scheme, which included a much smaller project for a power station at Kerry Falls near Gairloch. The main scheme would involve

2640-538: The scheme, and Colonel Errol, the member for Althincham and Sale , was particularly lucid as he proclaimed that the Scottish Lowlands and England were going to pay for cheap power for the Highlands. He also wondered whether those who would no longer visit the River Tummel might be outnumbered by those who came to see the engineering works, and he reminded the house that everyone connected with the scheme

2700-448: The second day of the hearing, and was followed by technical experts, including Thomas Lawrie, who spoke in place of MacColl, and J Guthrie Brown, who spoke eloquently on every aspect of the civil engineering works. The objectors had their say from the end of day six onwards, and predicted that the amenities of the area would be destroyed by the scheme. It also became clear on day nine that a number of riparian owners had donated waterfalls to

2760-433: The site of the dam after the original plans were published, but Cameron was sympathetic to their cause, and handled attempts to scuttle the plans skillfully. Some of the county councils withdrew their opposition during the hearing, but Dumbarton Council persisted with their claim that they needed Loch Sloy for domestic water supply. Cameron decided that their development plans were too optimistic to be achievable, and ruled that

2820-702: The wartime conditions, the committee devoted the first half of 1942 to researching existing documentation and consulting with a wide range of organisations, including the Central Electricity Board , the Electricity Commission , fishery boards, local authorities, estate owners and even the Royal Scottish Automobile Club. The committee published their report on 15 December 1942, and it was quite remarkable, not least for its clarity and lack of ambiguity. It

2880-527: The water power resources of the Highlands until a Committee is set up by the Government to enquire into [how] ... these water resources should be developed for the benefit of the Highlands. When World War II broke out, Tom Johnston , who had been a member of Parliament since the 1920s, was appointed as Regional Commissioner for Civil Defence for Scotland. In 1941, Winston Churchill , who was by then Prime Minister, having failed to convince Johnston to accept

2940-493: Was Scottish. When a vote was taken, annulment of the order was rejected by 248 votes to 63. Lord Kinnaird was persuaded not to introduce a similar motion to annul the order in the House of Lords, and so the Tummel–Garry scheme was authorised on 19 November 1945. However, Lord Kinnaird introduced a debate on the operation of the Hydro-Electric Development Act, at which Lord Airlie was able to put

3000-625: Was a British Conservative politician. The eldest son of G. W. A. Lloyd of Newbury , Lloyd was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge (MA), during which time he was President of the Cambridge Union Society in 1925. Lloyd contested South East Southwark in 1924 without success and Birmingham Ladywood in 1929, when he was defeated by just 11 votes. He was Private Secretary to Sir Samuel Hoare ( Secretary of State for Air ), 1926–1929, then to Stanley Baldwin ( Prime Minister , 1929, subsequently as Leader of

3060-601: Was also a director of the Bank of England . Ill health led to him being replaced by the engineer Sir Duncan Watson soon afterwards. Shortly after the conception of the board, Major Gwilym Lloyd George , the Minister for Fuel and Power, led a committee which considered how electricity supply could be rationalised in Britain. Johnson argued that his proposals would destroy the principles of the 1943 act, and eventually ensured that

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3120-602: Was as follows: The devolution of power exemplified in the Electricity Reorganisation (Scotland) Act 1954 did not satisfy some quarters of the Conservative government who were critical of the over-centralisation in the industry. In July 1954 the Minister of Fuel and Power, Geoffrey Lloyd , appointed a departmental committee, chaired by Sir Edwin Herbert, to examine the efficiency and organisation of

3180-458: Was founded to design, construct and manage hydroelectricity projects in the Highlands of Scotland . It is regarded as one of the major achievements of Scottish politician Thomas Johnston , who chaired the board from 1945 to 1959. In the 1930s several schemes were proposed to develop hydro-electric power in the north of Scotland. These met with opposition by landowners, sporting interest and

3240-572: Was important, as residents were unlikely to remain content with the economic depression of the region for long. Finally, Lord Lovat appealed that when projects were implemented, they should use Scottish workers from the Highland Division when they returned from war, rather than Irish navvies. The necessary legal powers were granted by the Hydro-Electric Development (Scotland) Act 1943 ( 6 & 7 Geo. 6 . c. 32), which

3300-628: Was passed on 5 August 1943. In September 1943, the names of the five board members were announced. Four were jointly appointed by the Secretary of State for Scotland and the Minister of Fuel and Power . The fifth was a nominee of the Central Electricity Board , and a member of that board. The chairman was to be David Ogilvy, the Earl of Airlie . He had worked with Johnson when they had been in charge of civil defence, and had initially been critical of

3360-418: Was placed before Parliament, but unlike previous schemes, there were attempts to annul the order. William Snadden, the member for Perth and Kinross lead the attack, claiming that "the beauty of the heart of Scotland will be forever broken." All of the issues that had been aired at the tribunal were raised again, and there were savage attacks on both the Board and on Lord Airlie. There were however supporters for

3420-523: Was sceptical of its aims, believing that most of the feasible hydro-electric schemes in Scotland had been explored by the Snell Committee, which met between 1918 and 1921. With the exception of the Glen Affric scheme and the West Highland scheme, both of which had failed to gain parliamentary approval, the only schemes left to pursue were small and unlikely to be viable. He initially dismissed the subsequent Hilleary Report as amateurish, but careful study of it convinced him that some action could be taken. Despite

3480-447: Was systematic, analytical and realistic, causing Johnson to tell the House of Commons that it was 'by common consent, a masterly production and a model of terse, constructive and courageous draftsmanship.' It argued that state policy had for over twenty years discouraged or prohibited private enterprise from developing the water resources of the Highlands, and had failed to produce its own strategy, resulting in deepening depression gripping

3540-403: Was through 13 distribution areas. The areas' supply capacity and key data for 1956 were as follows: Key operating data for the North of Scotland Hydro-Electric Board is summarised in the table. The amount of electricity supplied by the board, in GWh, is shown on the graph. North of Scotland Electricity plc was formed in 1989 to acquire the board's assets ahead of privatisation , however

3600-443: Was to be built across the Tummel above Pitlochry , which would supply compensation water to maintain the flow in the river downstream as well as generating power. The Hydro-Electric Board were unsure whether to proceed at the time, because of the opposition to their previous scheme, but MacColl was adamant that they should fight to ensure the principles of the original Act of Parliament were not eroded. The Central Electricity Board and

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