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36-565: The CPRS was created in response to The Reorganisation of Central Government white paper published in October 1970. It had four directors over its 12-year lifetime; Lord Rothschild (1971–1974), Sir Kenneth Berrill (1974–1980), Sir Robin Ibbs (1980–1982) and John Sparrow (1982–1983). Three of the Directors worked in the commercial sector; Rothschild was head of research at Shell , Ibbs

72-439: A business case, grow email lists, grow audiences, increase sales, or inform and persuade readers. The audiences for a B2B white paper can include prospective customers, channel partners, journalists, analysts, investors, or any other stakeholders. White papers are considered to be a form of content marketing or inbound marketing; in other words, sponsored content available on the web with or without registration, intended to raise

108-640: A clash with the New Labour leadership, but he was later appointed a trustee of the Victoria County History . Donoghue is a climate change denialist and a trustee of the Global Warming Policy Foundation (a climate denialist think tank ). He is a member of Labour Friends of Israel . In the early 1980s, he was one of the sources inside Whitehall used by the writers of the comedy series Yes Minister ,

144-453: A gift to the bookmakers union. The radical change to the status quo proved a revolution in working people's experience of gaming that would indirectly cause remedial action on payday loans. Donoughue became chairman of the SPRC when it was founded in 2003, and as of 2016 was still in that role. The SPRC is a non-profit organisation operating on a cost recovery basis that is responsible for

180-569: A government with a firm philosophical direction was inevitably a less comfortable environment for a body with a technocratic outlook." Upon its abolition, some of the functions of the CPRS were transferred to the Downing Street policy unit . The most controversial report by the CPRS was The Review of Overseas Representation published in August 1977. The concept of the review was initiated by

216-423: A group which advised ministers collectively, it helped to maintain the cohesion of the government." Harold Wilson had a positive view of the CPRS and he commented in his book The Governance of Britain "It was set up by our predecessors but we have found it very valuable and have continued it." Equally James Callaghan thought well of the unit saying in his autobiography; "To my regret, and I believe to her loss,

252-586: A mixed response from the Foreign Office during the review, the most notable and possibly most critical came from Sir Nicholas Henderson the Ambassador to France, although Anthony Parsons in Tehran was more supportive of the CPRS's work. Its conclusions and recommendations were radical and on publication met with a barrage of criticism from supporters of the various organisations being reviewed. There

288-415: A numbered list may be combined with either other type, it is not workable to combine a backgrounder with a problem/solution white paper. While a backgrounder looks inward at the details of one particular product or service, a problem/solution looks outward at an industry-wide problem. This is rather like the difference between looking through a microscope and looking through a telescope. Several variations on

324-600: A white paper tests public opinion on controversial policy issues and helps the government gauge its probable impact. By contrast, green papers , which are issued much more frequently, are more open-ended. Also known as consultation documents , green papers may merely propose a strategy to implement in the details of other legislation, or they may set out proposals on which the government wishes to obtain public views and opinion. Examples of governmental white papers include, in Australia, Full Employment in Australia and, in

360-503: The British Horse Industry Confederation in 1999 and was a Consultant Member until 2003. This coincided with appointment that September with co-option onto the joint Lords and Commons committee tasked with the responsibility of drafting a new Gambling bill. The outcome would be the licensing of so-called Big Casinos and a general release of universal internet betting rights. On 22 Dec 2015 he declared

396-907: The United Kingdom , the White Paper of 1939 and the 1966 Defence White Paper . In Israeli history, the British White Paper of 1939  – marking a sharp turn against Zionism in British policy and at the time greeted with great anger by the Jewish Yishuv community in Mandatory Palestine ;– is remembered as " The White Paper" (in Hebrew Ha'Sefer Ha'Lavan הספר הלבן  – literally "The White Book"). Since

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432-573: The 1920s to mean a type of position paper or industry report published by a department of the UK government. The term white paper originated with the British government , with the Churchill White Paper of 1922 being an early example. In the British government, a white paper is usually the less extensive version of the so-called blue book , both terms being derived from the colour of

468-614: The CPRS in late 1975 and was taken up by the Foreign Secretary , James Callaghan , who asked for the review to be extended to the BBC and the British Council . Callaghan also asked the CPRS to undertake the review. However, according to Joe Haines (Press Secretary to Prime Minister Harold Wilson ) even before the proposals were shown to Callaghan the Foreign Office intervened: "the document he eventually saw, and approved,

504-717: The Countryside Alliance against New Labour's policy on Hunting with Dogs, and the Foot-and-mouth disease outbreak . From November 1995, shortly after the Eurosceptics had been defeated by the Major government, Donoughue, still a staunchly Labour peer, was appointed to the Lords Works of Arts committee. He was not removed from this duty when a different civil dispensation came to power in 1997, until

540-479: The FCO (Foreign and Commonwealth Office) had got the editor ( Andrew Knight ) of The Economist to 'doctor' an article so it was savagely critical of the (still unfinished!) CPRS report on the FCO. The machine is absolutely unprincipled in defending its interests." White paper A white paper is a report or guide that informs readers concisely about a complex issue and presents the issuing body's philosophy on

576-707: The Labour party were helpless to resist the changes from opposition. At the time he lived in Hampstead & Highgate where John McDonnell was the party's candidate for a seat won by the Conservatives in the 'landslide' election of 1983. For a long time a lecturer close to young people, he was asked by the Wilson government to join the founding Sports Council, an advisory body to harness amateur physical recreation. Twenty years later he would make his first speech in

612-504: The Lords on Sporting Events (controls) bill. Wilson took notice of Donoughue's communication skills, displayed in his career at the LSE and in his journalism, when he was appointed head of the policy research unit in 1974. Two years before that, there had been a flurry of questions in both houses about whether these unaccredited "political" advisers were paid from public funds. Wilson expanded

648-785: The University of Oxford, first at Lincoln College , where he obtained 1st class honours in Modern History in 1957, then at Nuffield College , where he graduated with a D.Phil. on the American Revolution. The early stages of his research were pursued as Charles and Julia Henry Fellow at Harvard. Donoughue moved into an academic career at the London School of Economics (LSE) (Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, and Reader: 1963–1974). Donoughue went into politics to be "associated with Labour governments which defended

684-476: The colour theme exist: Two others are much less well established: Bernard Donoughue Bernard Donoughue, Baron Donoughue (born 8 September 1934) is a British Labour Party politician, academic, businessman and author. According to his autobiography, Donoughue was born into poverty. He is the son of Thomas Joseph Donoughue and Maud Violet Andrews. He was educated at Campbell Secondary Modern School and Northampton Grammar School . He studied at

720-726: The department in No.10, and it had a profound influence on policy formation. For the first time the Official Report published the salaries; and as being part of the Civil Service department. He continued to head the policy research unit under Wilson's successor, James Callaghan , and he held the office until the defeat of the Labour Party in 1979. He was an admirer and close friend of Callaghan, whose relaxed 'beer and sandwiches' approach to political interaction contrasted to

756-451: The document's cover. White papers are a "tool of participatory democracy ... not [an] unalterable policy commitment". "White papers have tried to perform the dual role of presenting firm government policies while at the same time inviting opinions upon them." In Canada , a white paper is "a policy document, approved by Cabinet , tabled in the House of Commons and made available to

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792-506: The early 1990s, the terms "white paper" or "whitepaper" have been applied to documents used as marketing or sales tools in business. These white papers are long-form content designed to promote the products or services from a specific company. As a marketing tool, these papers use selected facts and logical arguments to build a case favorable to the company sponsoring the document. B2B (business-to-business) white papers are often used to generate sales leads, establish thought leadership , make

828-410: The general public". The "provision of policy information through the use of white and green papers can help to create an awareness of policy issues among parliamentarians and the public and to encourage an exchange of information and analysis. They can also serve as educational techniques." White papers are a way the government can present policy preferences before it introduces legislation. Publishing

864-548: The integrity of the starting price (SP). The majority of bets on British horseracing struck with bookmakers in betting shops and other off-course outlets are paid out according to the SP. The job of the Commission is to ensure that the returned price accurately reflects the price available on-course at the off. He is an honorary fellow of the LSE, and was a visiting professor of Government there from 2000 to 2011/2012. Donoughue

900-591: The intensity of successive prime ministerial conceited wisdom that demanded heavy studying. On 21 May 1985, he was created a life peer as Baron Donoughue , of Ashton in the County of Northampton . Donoghue was an Opposition Labour spokesman for Energy, Heritage and Treasury matters from 1991 to 1992. In 1997, Tony Blair appointed him a junior minister at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food , in which role he served until 1999. He later joined

936-499: The interests of working people and underprivileged people." Always at the centre of London, the capital and of politics, education and business, Donoughue was a member of the editorial staff of The Economist in 1959 and 1960 when a young Labour activist supporting Hugh Gaitskell . He was senior research officer of the Political and Economic Planning Institute between 1960 and 1963. Out of government from 1979 to 1981, Donoughue

972-443: The matter. It is meant to help readers understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision. Since the 1990s, this type of document has proliferated in business. Today, a business-to-business (B2B) white paper is closer to a marketing presentation, a form of content meant to persuade customers and partners and promote a certain product or viewpoint. That makes B2B white papers a type of grey literature . The term originated in

1008-493: The media mogul responsible for what he dubs "a diminution in the values of our society". News International were in the throes of a business revolution in Fleet Street : at its hub was the end of a closed shop for the skilled craftsmen of the print 'chapters' who zealously guarded their trade secrets. Murdoch's actions broke up the old union grip on the news print media; former journalists like Tony Benn were incensed but

1044-454: The other one being Baroness Falkender . He was head of research and investment policy of Grieveson Grant and Co Stockbrokers from 1982 to 1986 and head of international research and director of Kleinwort Grieveson Securities Ltd from 1986 to 1988, a branch arm of the investment bank. Following this, Donoughue was executive vice-chair of LBI from 1988 to 1991 and director of Towcester Racecourse Ltd from 1992 to 1997. Donoughue helped found

1080-486: The unit was disbanded by Mrs Thatcher." Margaret Thatcher had a rather different view of the CPRS by 1983. "The CPRS had originally been set up by Ted Heath as a source of long-term policy advice for the Government at a time when there were fewer private think-tanks, fewer special advisers in government and a widespread belief that the great questions of the day could be resolved by specialized technical analysis. But

1116-488: The visibility of the sponsor in search engine results and build web traffic. Many B2B white papers argue that one particular technology , product , ideology, or methodology is superior to all others for solving a specific business problem. They may also present research findings, list a set of questions or tips about a certain business issue, or highlight a particular product or service from a vendor. There are, essentially, three main types of commercial white papers: While

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1152-839: Was a debate in the House of Lords in November 1977 with contributions from members with connections to the British Council, the BBC as well as the Foreign Office. A House of Commons Select Committee also investigated the review and published their findings. The orchestration of a critical campaign against the Review and the CPRS by the Foreign Office had started before its publication and is indicated by Bernard Donoughue in his diary entry for 7 February 1977: "Had lunch with The Economist journalist Richard Leonard – who told me that somebody from

1188-455: Was a director of Imperial Chemical Industries and Sparrow was a banker at Morgan Grenfell . Berrill had spent twenty years as an academic economist at Cambridge University before working for the Treasury. The unit was always small, intentionally, never being more than 20 in number plus support staff. The average secondment was two years although a small number stayed longer. Its composition

1224-419: Was a mix of academic, Whitehall civil servants and business (particularly the oil business, all from Shell or BP) Three of the four Prime Ministers served by the CPRS felt it did a worthwhile job. Edward Heath believed the CPRS was an important part of his government. "Their work was invariably thoroughly researched and well presented. I regard the CPRS as one of the best innovations of my years at No. 10. As

1260-683: Was development director of the Economist Intelligence Unit , and in 1982-83 was assistant editor of The Times until his dismissal by a new right-wing owner Rupert Murdoch . He gave his opinion in an interview with the New Statesman : I’m very proud of that fact I was sacked by Murdoch. That’s an honour! There are quite a number of us with that honour, of course. Donoughue was at the Times during Rupert Murdoch's takeover and in his first year as proprietor, and he holds

1296-487: Was modified – or doctored – on the way to his desk. The original proposals were not acceptable to senior F.C.O. officials, and the head of the C.P.R.S., Sir Kenneth Berrill, was asked to make deletions before it was put to the Secretary of State. That was agreed. The document placed before Jim Callaghan was not the original one." The report was written by June 1977, shown to Ministers and published in August. There had been

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