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56-679: The Board was formally established on 22 April 1942 by a decree of Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring in his capacity as Representative ( Beauftragter ) of the Four Year Plan . The Board initially was composed of: (1) Albert Speer , the Reich Minister of Armaments and Munitions , as well as the General Plenipotentiary for Armament Tasks in the Four Year Plan, (2) Generalfeldmarschall Erhard Milch ,

112-485: A United States Attorney with assistants such as prosecutors and government lawyers and a marshal, appointed by the president , in charge of federal law enforcement. The courts are part of the independent judicial branch of the government, while the marshals and U.S. attorneys are part of the Department of Justice in the executive branch. The U.S. marshal for the district primarily oversees court security and has

168-704: A security police service answerable to the court itself, rather than to the president or attorney general . It handles security for the Supreme Court building and for the justices personally, and undertakes whatever other missions the court may require or assign. In many U.S. states, marshals can be found acting at the state, local or municipal level; marshals can be court bailiffs or process servers , or even fully sworn police officers. In some states, they may be sworn peace officers , however their job is, in certain cases, entirely civil rather than criminal law enforcement. In other states, some communities maintain

224-425: A Town or City Marshal who is responsible for all general law enforcement within the respective jurisdiction, as well as court duties, while others are strictly court officers. This is especially true in communities with both police and marshals. The position of marshal vastly differs from state to state. At least one local railroad servicing company's part-time public safety staff, which are both fire and police trained,

280-460: A ceremony on 19 July 1940 , after winning the Battle of France , Adolf Hitler promoted twelve generals to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall . During the same ceremony, Göring was promoted to the newly created rank of Reichsmarschall to placate his thirst for prestige and to highlight his position as senior to the other Wehrmacht commanders, without giving him any actual authority over them. This

336-430: A city police officer may only enforce city code or a sheriff's deputy, who may only enforce county code. Indiana Code recognizes Town Marshals as Police Officers, therefore it is very common for Indiana Town Marshal's Offices to go simply by "Police Department" . Under Indiana Code IC36-5-7 the marshal is described as "the chief police officer of the town and has the powers of other law enforcement officers in executing

392-535: A compound such as Court Marshal (not related to court martial , therefore usually called Marshal of the Court to prevent confusion) or more rarely Grand Marshal . The function of the Marshal of the Court varies according to national tradition, but frequently he is the chief of staff of the monarch's household (meaning the palace and other domains). Often, the charge includes also the honorary privilege as chief of

448-647: A few exceptions, elsewhere in Georgia, the sheriff's office is responsible for enforcement of these duties, with some sheriffs' offices having an assigned unit or personnel for these duties. Indiana : Indiana Town Marshals are fully-sworn, ILEA certified police officers who act as the chief police officer of a town . General police terms in Indiana vary by what local government one works for; for example: counties have Sheriff's/deputies, cities have Police Departments/Officers and Towns have Marshals/deputies. In Indiana,

504-518: A messenger between parties to signal the impending start of the service or communicate delays. In a church wedding, particularly a nuptial mass, these functions may be assumed by a verger . The wedding marshal is a position of honor and trust, often filled by a close friend or relative. Apart from its military uses, the Polish word marszałek (marshal) also refers to certain political offices: Demonstration marshals, also called stewards , are used by

560-457: A town is managed by a council without an elected mayor , whereas a city has a mayor and, thus, a city police department. Marshals are responsible for all law enforcement in their respective town, and their primary duties are the enforcement of local and state laws or ordinances as well as code enforcement. The Town Marshal may also be the town's humane law enforcement officer . Town marshals are fully sworn state certified police officers though

616-559: A unit of appointed deputies and special deputies. (Other law enforcement operations and the federal prison system are handled by other federal police agencies.) The United States Marshals Service is a professional, civil service unit of federal police , part of the system of marshals, made up of career law enforcement personnel rather than the appointed district marshals. The U.S. Marshals Service assists with court security and prisoner transport, asset forfeiture, serves arrest warrants and seeks fugitives . The Federal Air Marshal Service

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672-583: Is a separate armed federal law enforcement service employed to protect commercial airliners from the threat of aircraft hijacking . These air marshals work for the Transportation Security Administration of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security . The U.S. Supreme Court maintains its own, separate Marshal of the United States Supreme Court , who also controls the U.S. Supreme Court Police ,

728-414: Is a term used in several official titles in various branches of society . As marshals became trusted members of the courts of Medieval Europe, the title grew in reputation. During the last few centuries, it has been used for elevated offices, such as in military rank and civilian law enforcement . In most countries, the rank of Marshal is the highest Army rank (equivalent to a five-star General of

784-412: Is entitled to the same fees prescribed for sheriffs in s. 814.70 for similar services, unless a higher fee is applicable under s. 814.705 (1) (c); for other service rendered the village, compensation as the board fixes. 61.28(2) (2) A village marshal who is given law enforcement duties by the village board, and who meets the definition of a law enforcement officer under s. 165.85 (2) (c), shall comply with

840-472: Is often admiral of the fleet or grand admiral . Marshals are typically, but not exclusively, appointed only in wartime . In many countries, especially in Europe , the special symbol of a marshal is a baton , and their insignia often incorporate batons. In some countries, the term "marshal" is used instead of "general" in the higher air force ranks . The four highest Royal Air Force ranks are marshal of

896-495: Is provided by the city marshal's office. In municipalities that do not have a police department, the city marshal's office sometimes serves as the agency that provides general law enforcement services to residents. Washington State : The city of Seattle employs marshals in their municipal court, with the senior officer holding the title of chief marshal and the subordinate officers known as deputy marshals. Seattle Marshals provide court security and law enforcement services within

952-738: Is still the name for the head officer of some community police forces. Arizona : Cities and towns decide whether to appoint or elect a marshal, or have the board, council, or city manager hire a chief of police as the top criminal law enforcement official for their jurisdiction (as in the town of Tombstone ). Marshals are elected by the trustees to serve a fixed term, and chiefs of police can be fired at will by whoever hired them, just like any other employee. California : Several urban counties (including Los Angeles , San Bernardino County, California , and San Diego ) once maintained separate county marshal's offices, which served as court officers similar to U.S. marshals or constables , but mainly for

1008-404: Is supervised by a chief marshal. American Old West (for example, Arizona Territory and Texas of the 1880s): Marshals, usually called town marshals or city marshals (since the larger cities were often punctilious about their titles), were appointed or elected police officers of small communities, with powers and duties similar to those of a police chief; these powers generally ended at

1064-609: The Koninklijke Marechaussee ("Royal Marshalcy") is a national military police force with civilian competences, similar to the French Gendarmerie nationale . In the United States, marshal is used particularly for various types of law enforcement officers. The federal court system in the United States has 94 federal judicial districts, each with a court (with one or more judges ),

1120-642: The Indiana Law Enforcement Academy , having law enforcement authority statewide; therefore, it is not at all uncommon for Town Marshals to be seen outside of their bailiwicks assisting other police agencies. Some town marshal agencies in Indiana can be quite large. A Town Marshal can appoint any number of unpaid deputy town marshals or reserve officers who may exercise full police powers in the state. Indiana Town Marshals are authorized to enforce not only city/town code, but also county ordinances; this differs from city police departments where

1176-622: The Marshals of France ( Maréchaux de France ), not least under Napoléon I . Another such title was that of Reichsmarschall , bestowed upon Hermann Göring by Adolf Hitler , although it was never a regular title as it had been "invented" for Göring who was the only titleholder in history. In England during the First Barons' War the title " Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church " was bestowed upon Robert Fitzwalter by election. Both

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1232-469: The Soviet Union and Russia have army general as well as "marshal" in their rank system. The following articles discuss the rank of marshal as used by specific countries: These ranks are considered the equivalent to a marshal: The name is also applied to the leader of military police organizations. Usually in monarchies, one or several of the senior dignitaries wear the title of Marshal or

1288-799: The State Secretary in the Reich Ministry of Aviation , and (3) Paul Körner , the State Secretary for the Four Year Plan and a close associate of Göring. In September 1943, (4) Walther Funk , the Reich Minister of Economics, as well as the General Plenipotentiary for the Economy, was added as a fourth member. According to Speer, he and Milch jointly brought the idea for a central planning agency within

1344-438: The fire code . Colorado : Cities, towns and villages decide whether to appoint or elect a marshal, or have the board, council, or city manager hire a chief of police as the top criminal law enforcement for their jurisdiction. Marshals are elected by the trustees to serve a fixed term, and chiefs of police can be fired at will by whoever hired them, just like any other employee. Connecticut : In 2000, Connecticut eliminated

1400-697: The Army in the United States ). "Marshal" is an ancient loanword from Norman French (cf. modern French maréchal ), which in turn is borrowed from Old Frankish * marhskalk (="stable boy, keeper, servant"), being still evident in Middle Dutch maerscalc , marscal , and in modern Dutch maarschalk (="military chief commander"; the meaning influenced by the French use). It is cognate with Old High German mar(ah)-scalc "id.", modern German (Feld-)Marschall (="military chief commander";

1456-514: The Four Year Plan to Göring on 2 April 1942 and Goring approved it, with the caveat that his close associate Körner be included. About its creation, Speer stated: This “Central Planning” soon became the most important institution in our war economy. Actually, it was incomprehensible that a top board of this sort to direct the various programs and priorities had not been established long ago. The Board had supreme authority over procurement and allocation of raw materials and scheduling of production for

1512-410: The French system, maréchal des logis ("marshal-of-lodgings") is a cavalry term equivalent to sergeant . Some historical rulers have used special "marshal" titles to reward certain subjects. Though not strictly military ranks, these honorary titles have been exclusively bestowed upon successful military leaders, such as the famous grand marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre . Most famous are

1568-616: The General Plenipotentiary for the Allocation of Labor. The Board determined the total number of laborers needed for German industry and required Sauckel to produce them, usually by deportation from occupied territories . The Board requisitioned labor with the full knowledge that their demands would be supplied by foreign forced labor. It has been estimated that over 12 million such laborers eventually were brought forcibly to Germany to work, often by brutal coercion. The Board held its first meeting on 27 April 1942. War crimes proceedings after

1624-477: The German war economy, and sought to achieve consolidation of all controls over German war production in a single agency. It determined the labor requirements of industry, agriculture and all other components of the German war economy, and made requisitions for and allocations of that labor. In this, it made use of conscripted foreign forced laborers and prisoners of war by requisitioning labor from Fritz Sauckel ,

1680-583: The Royal Air Force , air chief marshal , air marshal and air vice marshal (although the first named, which has generally been suspended as a peacetime rank, is the only one which can properly be considered a marshal). The five-star rank of marshal of the Air Force is used by some Commonwealth and Middle Eastern air forces. In the French Army and most National Armies modeled upon

1736-407: The United States, many colleges and universities have marshals. In some cases, there is a single "faculty marshal," appointed to the post on a more or less permanent basis. In other cases, there are one or several faculty marshals, and often one or several student marshals appointed for a single occasion. In all cases, the post is one of honor given to a senior faculty member or outstanding student, and

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1792-522: The border of the community. By contrast, federal marshals (U.S. marshals) worked in a larger territory, especially in pioneer country, and this area could potentially overlap with the state or territorial office of county sheriff (who then, as now, policed communities, as well as areas between communities). The word marshal is still used in this sense, especially in the American Southwest . ( See List of Western lawmen .) Town or city marshal

1848-412: The buildings and tourist attractions. Wisconsin :The village marshal shall execute and file an official bond. The marshal shall possess the powers, enjoy the privileges and be subject to the liabilities conferred and imposed by law upon constables, and be taken as included in all writs and papers addressed to constables. The marshal shall obey all lawful written orders of the village board. The marshal

1904-402: The county sheriff system, and replaced it with two types of marshals. State marshals operate out of the executive branch of state government. They are sworn peace officers who perform a wide range of duties, including service of process, seizing money and property under court order, evictions, serving tax warrants, and arresting individuals on bench warrants . Judicial marshals are employed by

1960-590: The court. They handle arrests of out-of-custody defendants within the courthouse and transport in custody defendants to and from court hearings. The King County Sheriff's Office (county seat in Seattle) also employs court marshals, which is a unit under the sheriff's office. In the Old-West themed town of Winthrop , the municipal police force is headed by a town marshal, consistent with the Old West restoration of

2016-401: The endurance competition " Tough Guy ," officials seeing to the observance of the rules are styled marshals. In road running races, in particular, course marshals enforce rules of competition and assist runners as needed. The marshal is the highest playing piece in the board game Stratego . The word Maréchaussée derives from the French word Maréchal (plural Maréchaux ), which was

2072-400: The event Hitler was incapacitated. Nevertheless, on 23 April 1945, when Göring suggested to Hitler that he assume leadership of the crumbling remains of Nazi Germany, Hitler relieved Göring of his duties and named a new successor in his last will and testament , Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . Dönitz's appointment was made on or before the day of Hitler's suicide . Marshal Marshal

2128-643: The following year, reaching a peak in the second half of 1944. At the conclusion of the war , all four members of the Central Planning Board were indicted as war criminals, at least in part due to their involvement with the Board and its use of forced labor. Speer and Funk were indicted by the International Military Tribunal in the trial of the major Nazi war criminals and, on 1 October 1946, they were found guilty. Funk

2184-611: The forerunner of the modern Gendarmerie ) and to an Ancien Régime Court of Justice called the "Tribunal of the Constable and the Marshals of France " which was competent for judging military personnel and civilians alike in cases of petty violations of the law. The term Maréchaussée was also used for the Continental Army 's military police during the American Revolution . In the present-day Netherlands,

2240-400: The functions are generally limited to leading processions or parts of processions during commencement exercises, academic convocations , encaenia and similar events. These marshals often carry maces , staffs or wands of office. A chief usher at a large wedding is sometimes called a wedding marshal . In addition to coordinating other ushers in attending guests, the wedding marshal may be

2296-532: The judicial branch. They are sworn peace officers who perform court security and transport detainees to and from court. Georgia : The marshal is a commissioned armed and uniformed law enforcement officer of the county state courts which have jurisdiction over civil matters and state ordinances. In the Atlanta metro counties, marshal's offices enforce evictions, foreclosures, subpoenas, civil forfeitures, judgements, seizure, liens, repossession, and garnishment. With

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2352-518: The meaning again influenced by the French use). It originally and literally meant "horse servant", from Germanic *marha- "horse" (cf. English mare and modern German Mähre , meaning "horse of bad quality") and *skalk- "servant" (cf. Old Engl. scealc "servant, soldier" and outdated German Schalk , meaning "high-ranking servant"). This "horse servant" origin is retained in the current French name for farrier : maréchal-ferrant . The late Roman and Byzantine title of comes stabuli ("count of

2408-585: The municipal court system. This system was abolished by state law in 2000, when the sheriffs of those counties announced that those counties' marshals would be absorbed into their departments. Therefore, many have been merged into or taken over by the local county sheriff's office, with the exceptions of Shasta County and Trinity County both located in Northern California. As of 2010, the marshal of San Benito County has been disbanded as an independent organization, with its employees becoming part of

2464-499: The orders of the legislative body and enforcing laws. The marshal or his deputy: Maine : The State Marshal Service provides physical security and law enforcement duties to the judicial system, as well as protection of all state judges. Deputy marshals are fully sworn state law enforcement officers with statewide authority. Missouri : There are two types of marshal: Nevada New York : There are two levels of marshals: Ohio : The term village marshal has been used for

2520-432: The organizers of large or controversial demonstrations , rallies and protests , to help ensure the safety of the participants. They are especially important for preventing infiltration by agents provocateurs . In motorsports , such as auto racing , motorcycle racing , and rallying , the track marshals wave the racing flags and assist crashed or broken-down vehicles and their drivers, while pit marshals watch over

2576-422: The procedures in the pits, and fire marshals assist in the event of a fire on the track or in the pit. The FIA provides general rules and recommendations on marshalling. In the 1977 South African Grand Prix , 1977 Japanese Grand Prix , 2000 Italian Grand Prix , 2001 Australian Grand Prix , and 2013 Canadian Grand Prix , track marshals were victims of fatal accidents. In some organized competitions, such as

2632-571: The protocol to announce formally the arrival of VIP guests at audiences, state dinners, and conferences in the monarch's premises. This office was often made hereditary in the high nobility, e.g., the English Earl Marshal , or the Scots Earl Marischal . The term is also used in more ordinary contexts, such as modern pageantry ; for example, the grand marshal of a parade is often an honored guest or dignitary. In

2688-455: The same function, often filled without colleagues, directly under the mayor. Texas : City marshals and deputy city marshals have, by law, the same authority as a municipal (village, town, or city) police officer. However, municipalities (like Fort Worth ), that have both a police force as well as a city marshal's office, often utilize the police as the general law enforcement agency of the municipality, while court security and process service

2744-551: The same year, he died in 1957. Reichsmarschall Reichsmarschall ( German : Reichsmarschall des Großdeutschen Reiches ; lit.   ' Reich Marshal of the Greater German Reich ' ) was a military rank that held the highest position in the office of the Wehrmacht specially created for Hermann Göring during World War II . It was senior to the rank of Generalfeldmarschall , which

2800-612: The second highest military charge in feudal France after Connétable ( Constable ), the military Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Armed Forces until 1627, when the charge of Constable was abolished. The Constable and the Marshals had also jurisdictional powers, at first only over members of the armed forces. The additional conferring of police powers led to the creation of the "Corps of the Maréchaussée " ("Marshalcy";

2856-666: The sheriff's office. California also has fire marshals and deputy fire marshals, who may work for the State of California Fire Marshal's Office, or various county, city or special districts throughout the state. Fire marshals and deputy fire marshals are full-time sworn peace officers throughout the state, with powers of arrest statewide under section 830.37 of the California Penal Code . Their responsibilities include fire and arson investigation, bomb and explosives investigation, general law enforcement, as well as enforcement of

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2912-697: The stables") was a calque of the Germanic, which became Old French con(n)estable and modern connétable , and, borrowed from the Old French, the English word " constable ". Finally, in Byzantium, a marshal with elevated authority, notably a borderlands military command, was also known as an exarch . In many countries, the rank of marshal, cf. field marshal , is the highest army rank, outranking other general officers . The equivalent navy rank

2968-480: The war documented some 58 meetings of the Central Planning Board between its establishment in April 1942 and May 1944, the period of its peak activity. The Board's efforts had a dramatic effect on German industrial output. From 1942 to 1943, ammunition production more than doubled, aircraft production increased from about 14,000 to over 25,000 and production of tanks rose from 5,500 to 12,000. Production continued to rise

3024-616: Was done in order to ensure that the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW), the High Command of the German Armed Forces, which was headed by Hitler, would retain overall control and authority over the German military. Earlier, on the day Germany invaded Poland, Hitler designated Göring as his successor, a status underscored by a 1941 decree that empowered Göring to act as Hitler's deputy with full freedom of action in

3080-581: Was previously the highest rank in the Wehrmacht . It was equivalent to General of the Armies in the United States, or Generalissimo in other countries. Until 1940, the highest rank in the German military was Generalfeldmarschall ( transl.   field marshal ). At the beginning of World War II, the only active holder of that rank was Hermann Göring, Commander-in-Chief of the Luftwaffe . In

3136-644: Was sentenced to life imprisonment but released in 1957 and died in 1960. Speer was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment, released in 1966 and died in 1981. Milch was tried separately by the Nuremberg Military Tribunal , convicted on 17 April 1947, sentenced to life imprisonment (commuted to 15 years in 1951) but released in 1954 and died in 1972. Körner was tried in the Ministries Trial , convicted on 11 April 1949 and sentenced to 15 years imprisonment (reduced to 10 years in 1951). Released

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