Misplaced Pages

#322677

109-405: There are 18 consonant phonemes, of which / ɧ / and /r/ show considerable variation depending on both social and dialectal context. Finland Swedish has a slightly different phonology . Swedish has nine vowels that, as in many other Germanic languages , exist in pairs of long and short versions. The length covaries with the quality of the vowels, as shown in the table below (long vowels in

218-464: A Pomeranian griffin 's head. To distinguish it from the city's coat of arms the tinctures were changed and the official blazon for the provincial arms is, in English: Or , a griffin's head erased gules , crowned azure and armed azure, when it should be armed. The province was divided in two administrative counties 1719–1996. Coats of arms were created for these entities, also using

327-525: A sea level rise led to the complete drowning of Scania. Subsequently, marine sediments buried old surfaces preserving the rocky shores and hilly terrain of the day. In the Paleogene period southern Sweden was at a lower position relative to sea level but was likely still above it as it was covered by sediments. Rivers flowing over the South Småland peneplain flowed also across Scania which

436-601: A coat of arms had to be created for the newly acquired province, as each province was to be represented by its arms at his royal funeral. After an initiative from Baron Gustaf Bonde , the Lord High Treasurer of Sweden , the coat of arms of the City of Malmö was used as a base for the new provincial arms. The Malmö coat of arms had been granted in 1437, during the Kalmar Union , by Eric of Pomerania and contains

545-465: A considerable degree in the sense that inflectional suffixes can never receive primary stress ( bˈil-ar-na 'the cars'), whereas many derivational suffixes can tent-ˈabel 'examinable'. Disyllabic words with accent 2 like ˈandˌe ‘spirit’, kvˈinnˌa ‘woman’, bˈilˌar 'cars' have secondary stress on the second syllable. In the Swedish Academy's lexicon , these disyllables are transcribed with

654-420: A different shape. All other lakes tend to be round, oval or of more complex shape and also lack any specific cardinal direction. Ringsjön , in the middle of the province, is the largest of such lakes. In the winter, some smaller lakes east of Lund often attract young Eurasian sea eagles ( Haliaeetus albicilla ). Where the sea meets higher parts of the sloping landscape, cliffs emerge. Such cliffs are white if

763-431: A few words and expressions, as a mere [l] . Thus sorl ('murmur') may be pronounced [soːɭ] , but also [soːrl] . In Gothenburg and neighbouring areas (such as Mölndal and Kungälv ) the retroflex consonants are substituted by alveolar ones, with their effects still remaining. For example: /kvɑːrn/ is [kvɑːn] not [kvɑːɳ] , /hoːrd/ is [hoːd] , not [hoːɖ] . However, /rs/ , unlike what many other Swedes believe,

872-569: A fricative that has been said to have two or even three articulatory constrictions (Abercrombie 1967). We do not, however, think it is correct for more than one of these constrictions to be considered a fricative articulation. There is good data available on the Swedish sibilant fricatives (Lindblad 1980) allowing us to consider these sounds in detail. [...] The basic descriptive problem is one of geographical, social, and stylistic variation. [...] The [...] Swedish fricative, usually symbolized by ɧ ,

981-705: A governor ( landshövding ) appointed by the central government of Sweden . When the first local government acts took effect in 1863, each county also got an elected county council ( landsting ). The counties were further divided into municipalities. The local government reform of 1952 reduced the number of municipalities, and a second subdivision reform, carried out between 1968 and 1974, established today's 33 municipalities ( Swedish : kommuner ) in Scania. The municipalities have municipal governments, similar to city commissions , and are further divided into parishes ( församlingar ). The parishes are primarily entities of

1090-600: A grave accent except when it is the definite article that is added. This tonal distinction has been present in Scandinavian dialects at least since Old Norse though a greater number of polysyllables now have an acute accent. These are mostly words that were monosyllabic in Old Norse, but have subsequently become disyllabic, as have many loanwords. For example, Old Norse kømr ('comes') has become kommer in Swedish (with an acute accent). The distinction can be shown with

1199-425: A labial or velar consonant (e.g. glad ('glad')) or after most long vowels. In casual speech, the nasals tend to assimilate to the place of articulation of a following obstruent so that, for example, han kom ('he came') is pronounced [haŋ ˈkʰɔmː] . /v/ and /j/ are pronounced with weak friction and function phonotactically with the sonorants. In Swedish, stress is not fixed. Primary stress can fall on one of

SECTION 10

#1732764776323

1308-544: A palatalized bilabial sound to a velarized palato-alveolar one to a fully velar one. [I]t is not clear that any of the variants is actually a doubly articulated fricative. A sound transcribed with ⟨ ɧ ⟩ is also reported to occur in the Kölsch variety of Ripuarian in Germany , being articulated in positions in words that enveloping Standard German has [ ç ] . The acoustic difference between /ʃ/ and

1417-547: A regional parliament had been introduced by the Social Democratic Party 's local districts in Scania and Västra Götaland already in 1993. When Sweden joined the European Union two years later, the concept " Regions of Europe " came in focus and a more regionalist-friendly approach was adopted in national politics. These factors contributed to the subsequent transformation of Skåne County into one of

1526-437: A rising of the tongue from a central position so that /ʉː/ and /ɑː/ are realized as [eʉ] and [aɑ] respectively. A third type of distinctive diphthongs occur in the dialects of Gotland . The pattern of diphthongs is more complex than those of southern and eastern Sweden; /eː/ , /øː/ and /ʉː/ tend to rise while /ɛː/ and /oː/ fall; /uː/ , /iː/ , /yː/ and /ɑː/ are not diphthongized at all. The table below shows

1635-633: A second one if we used the definite forms of the pair perser/pärser , i.e. perserna/pärserna ). The word pair länder ('countries', plural of land ) and länder ('loins', plural of länd ) could have been included, but this one is controversial. For those speakers who have grave accent in the plural of länd , the definite plural forms will also constitute a three-syllable minimal pair: länderna (acute accent, 'the countries') vs. länderna (grave accent, 'the loins'). Although examples with more than two syllables are very few in Standard Swedish, it

1744-647: A sentence. To some degree prosody may indicate questions , although less so than in English. At a minimum, a stressed syllable must consist of either a long vowel or a short vowel and a long consonant. Like many other Germanic languages, Swedish has a tendency for closed syllables with a relatively large number of consonant clusters in initial as well as final position. Though not as complex as that of most Slavic languages , examples of up to 7 consecutive consonants can occur when adding Swedish inflections to some foreign loanwords or names, and especially when combined with

1853-458: A slightly velarized /ʃ/ . Some phoneticians, such as Georg Sachse  [ de ] of the University of Cologne in his lessons on IPA transcription, suggest that ⟨ ɕ ⟩ is a better symbol for this sound, but this is not established practice, and may need further research. A sound transcribed with ⟨ ɧ ⟩ is also reported word-initially and word-medially in

1962-447: A system with a four-way contrast (that is, VːCː , VC , VːC and VCː were all possible) inherited from Proto-Germanic to a three-way one ( VC , VːC and VCː ), and finally the present two-way one; certain Swedish dialects have not undergone these shifts and exhibit one of the other two phonotactic systems instead. In literature on Swedish phonology, there are a number of ways to transcribe complementary relationship, including: With

2071-565: Is Skåne (formerly spelled Skaane in Danish and Norwegian ). The Latinized form Scania is an exonym in English. Sometimes the endonym Skåne is used in English text, such as in tourist information, even sometimes as Skane with the diacritic omitted. Scania (as also Dalarna ) is one of the few Swedish provinces for which exonyms are widely used in many languages, such as French Scanie , Dutch and German Schonen , Polish Skania , Spanish Escania , Italian Scania , etc. For

2180-462: Is a voiceless fricative phoneme found in the sound system of most dialects of Swedish . It has a variety of realisations, whose precise phonetic characterisation is a matter of debate, but which usually feature distinct labialization . The sound is represented in Swedish orthography by a number of spellings, including the digraph ⟨sj⟩ from which the common Swedish name for

2289-645: Is a Danish land. The names Scania and Scandinavia are considered to have the same etymology. The southernmost tip of what today is Sweden was called Scania by the Romans and thought to be an island. The actual etymology of the word remains dubious and has long been a matter of debate among scholars. The name is possibly derived from the Germanic root *Skaðin-awjã , which appears in Old Norse as Skáney [ˈskɑːnˌœy] . According to some scholars,

SECTION 20

#1732764776323

2398-537: Is a difficult and complex issue debated amongst phoneticians. Though the acoustic properties of its [ɧ] allophones are fairly similar, the realizations can vary considerably according to geography, age, gender as well as social context and are notoriously difficult to describe and transcribe accurately. Most common are various sh -like sounds, with [ʂ] occurring mainly in northern Sweden and [ɕ] in Finland. A voiceless uvular fricative , [χ] , can sometimes be used in

2507-1328: Is a reading of The North Wind and the Sun . The transcriptions are based on the section on Swedish found in The Handbook on the International Phonetic Association , in which a man in his forties from Stockholm is recorded reading out the traditional fable in a manner typical of Central Standard Swedish as spoken in his area. The broad transcription is phonemic, while the narrow is phonetic. /nuːrdanvɪndɛn ɔ suːlɛn tvɪstadɛ ɛn ɡɔŋː ɔm vɛm ɑːv dɔm sɔm vɑːr starkast || jɵst doː kɔm ɛn vandrarɛ vɛːɡɛn fram | ɪnsveːpt iː ɛn varm kapːa || dɔm kɔm doː øːvɛrɛns ɔm | at dɛn sɔm fœrst kɵndɛ foː vandrarɛn at ta ɑːv sɛj kapːan | han skɵlːɛ anseːs vɑːra starkarɛ ɛn dɛn andra || doː bloːstɛ nuːrdanvɪndɛn sɔ hoːrt han nɔnsɪn kɵndɛ | mɛn jʉː hoːrdarɛ han bloːstɛ dɛstʊ tɛːtarɛ sveːptɛ vandrarɛn kapːan ɔm sɛj | ɔ tɪl slʉːt ɡɑːv nuːrdanvɪndɛn ɵpː fœrsøːkɛt || doː lɛːt suːlɛn siːna stroːlar ɧiːna heːlt varmt ɔ jeːnast tuːɡ vandrarɛn ɑːv sɛj kapːan | ɔ soː vɑːr nuːrdanvɪndɛn tvɵŋɛn at eːrɕɛnːa at suːlɛn vɑːr dɛn starkastɛ ɑːv dɔm tvoː/ Sj-sound The sj -sound ( Swedish : sj-ljudet [ˈɧêːˌjʉːdɛt] )

2616-480: Is among the most fertile in the world. The Kullaberg Nature Preserve in northwest Scania is home to several rare species including spring vetchling, Lathyrus sphaericus . [T]he present landscape is a mosaic of landforms shaped during widely different ages. The gross relief of Scania reflects more the preglacial development than the erosion and deposits caused by the Quaternary glaciers . In Swedish

2725-424: Is demonstrated in the nearly 300 pairs of two-syllable words differentiated only by their use of either grave or acute accent. Outside of these pairs, the main tendency for tone is that the acute accent appears in monosyllables (since the grave accent cannot appear in monosyllabic words) while the grave accent appears in polysyllabic words. Polysyllabic forms resulting from declension or derivation also tend to have

2834-422: Is especially frequent in weakly articulated positions such as word-finally and somewhat less frequent in stressed syllable onsets, in particular after other consonants. It may also be an apico-alveolar tap. One of the most distinct features of the southern varieties is the uvular realization of /r/ , which may be a trill [ ʀ ] , a fricative [ ʁ ] or an approximant [ ʁ̞ ] . In Finland, /r/

2943-471: Is especially true for the long allophone. Also, the [ ɶː ] allophone is sometimes difficult to distinguish from the long /ɑː/ . In some pronunciations, traditionally characteristic of the varieties spoken around Gothenburg and in Östergötland , but today more common e.g. in Stockholm and especially in younger speakers, [œ] and [ɵ] merge, most commonly into [ɵ] (especially before [r] and

3052-791: Is generally not mountainous , though a few examples of uncovered cliffs can be found at Hovs Hallar , at Kullaberg , and on the island Hallands Väderö . With the exception of the lake-rich and densely forested northern parts ( Göinge ), the rolling hills in the north-west (the Bjäre and Kulla peninsulas) and the beech-wood-clad areas extending from the slopes of the horsts, a sizeable portion of Scania's terrain consists of plains . Its low profile and open landscape distinguish Scania from most other geographical regions of Sweden which consist mainly of waterway-rich, cool, mixed coniferous forests , boreal taiga and alpine tundra . The province has several lakes but there are relatively few compared to Småland ,

3161-494: Is higher than in any other region in Sweden. The Scanian plains are an important resource for Sweden since 25–95% of the total production of various types of cereals come from the region. Almost all Swedish sugar beet comes from Scania; the plant needs a long vegetation period . The same applies also to maize , peas and rape (grown for its oil), although these plants are less imperative in comparison with sugar beets. The soil

3270-605: Is longer after short vowels, in lexically stressed syllables, as well as in pre-pausal position. /s/ is dental [ s̪ ] in Central Standard Swedish, but retracted alveolar [ s̠ ] in Blekinge , Bohuslän , Halland and Scania . The Swedish fricatives /ɕ/ and /ɧ/ are often considered to be the most difficult aspects of Swedish pronunciation for foreign students. The combination of occasionally similar and rather unusual sounds as well as

3379-452: Is not [s] but [ʃ] , i.e. /fɛrs/ is [fæʃː] , not [fæsː] . As the adjacent table shows, this process is not limited by word boundaries, though there is still some sensitivity to the type of boundary between the /r/ and the dental in that retroflexion is less likely with boundaries higher up in the prosodic hierarchy. In the southern varieties, which use a uvular /r/ , retroflex realizations do not occur. For example, /ˈkɑ̂ːrta/ ('map')

Swedish phonology - Misplaced Pages Continue

3488-404: Is not attested, and phoneticians doubt that such a realization actually occurs in any language. Other descriptive labels include: The closest sound found in English, as well as many other languages, is the voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ] (Swedish words with the sound often correspond to English words with "sh", such as "shield", "shoot"), although usually the closest audible approximation

3597-713: Is part of the pinewood vegetation zone, in which spruce grows naturally. Within the larger part, pine may grow together with birch on sandy soil. The most common tree is beech . Other common trees are willow , oak , ash , alder and elm (which until the 1970s formed a few forests but now is heavily infected by the elm disease ). Also rather southern trees like walnut tree , chestnut and hornbeam can be found. In parks horse chestnut , lime and maple are commonly planted as well. Common fruit trees planted in commercial orchards and private gardens include several varieties of apple , pear , cherry and plum ; strawberries are commercially cultivated in many locations across

3706-498: Is possible to find other three-syllable pairs in regional dialects, such as Värmländska : hunnera (acute, 'the Huns') vs. hunnera (grave, 'the dogs'), ändera/ännera (acute, 'the mallards') vs. ändera/ännera (grave, 'the ends'), etc. Prosody in Swedish often varies substantially between different dialects including the spoken varieties of Standard Swedish . As in most languages, stress can be applied to emphasize certain words in

3815-418: Is realized as [kʰɑ̂ːʈa] , /nuːrd/ ('north') as [nuːɖ] , /ˈvɛ̂ːnern/ (' Vänern ') as [ˈvɛ̂ːnɛɳ] , and /fɛrsk/ ('fresh') as [fæʂːk] . The process of retroflexion is not limited to just one dental, and e.g. först is pronounced [fœ̞ʂʈ] . The combination of /r/ and /l/ does not uniformly cause retroflexion, so that it may also be pronounced with two separate consonants [rl] , and even, occasionally in

3924-571: Is realized as [ˈkʰɑ̌ʁta] (note that Tone 2 in Malmö sounds like Tone 1 in Stockholm), etc. An /r/ spelled ⟨rr⟩ usually will not trigger retroflexion so that spärrnät /ˈspæ̂rˌnɛːt/ ('anti-sub net') is pronounced [ˈspæ̂rːˌnɛːt] . Retroflexion also does not usually occur in Finland. Variations of /l/ are not as common, though some phonetic variation exists, such as a retroflex flap [ɽ] that exists as an allophone in proximity to

4033-408: Is the voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] found in some English dialects. Regionally, it varies from being more [ ʍ ] -like in the standard speech, to being more [ ʃ ] -like in northern Sweden and Finland. The tj -sound (which often corresponds to English words with "ch", such as "chicken", "church") remains distinct, varying from more [ ʃ ] -like (i.e., / ɕ / ) in

4142-463: Is the main artery through the western part of Scania all the way from Trelleborg to the provincial border towards neighbouring Halland . It continues along the Swedish west coast to Gothenburg and most of the way to the Norwegian border. There are also several other motorways, especially around Malmö . Since 2000, the economic focus of the region has changed, with the opening of a road link across

4251-460: Is the most interesting. Lindblad describes two common variants of Swedish ɧ . The first, for which he uses a different symbol, he calls a highly rounded, labiodental, velar or velarized fricative. [...] Lindblad suggests that the source of frication is between the lower lip and the upper teeth, and it certainly appears to be so from his x-ray. He also demonstrates that the upper lip is considerably protruded in comparison with its position with that in

4360-402: Is the only one of its kind using a heraldic coat of arms. It is also the same as the province's and the county's, but with a golden griffin's head on a blue shield. The 33 municipalities within the county also have coats of arms. The Scania Griffin has become a well-known symbol for the province and is also used by commercial enterprises. It is, for instance, included in the logotypes of

4469-660: Is the primary way of distinguishing /ʉː, ɵ/ from /yː, œ/ , especially in Central Standard Swedish. /ɛː/ , /ɛ/ (in stressed syllables), /øː/ (with a few exceptions) and /œ/ are lowered to [ æː ] , [ æ ] , [ œ̞ː ] and [ œ̞ ] , respectively, when preceding /r/ . The low allophones are becoming unmarked in younger speakers of Stockholm Swedish, so that läsa ('to read') and köpa ('to buy') are pronounced [ˈlæ̂ːsa] and [ˈɕœ̂ːpa] instead of standard [ˈlɛ̂ːsa] and [ˈɕø̂ːpa] . These speakers often also pronounce pre-rhotic /øː/ and /œ/ even lower, i.e. [ ɶː ] and [ ɶ ] . This

Swedish phonology - Misplaced Pages Continue

4578-466: Is the southernmost of the historical provinces ( landskap ) of Sweden . Located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland , the province is roughly conterminous with Skåne County , created in 1997. Like the other historical provinces of Sweden, Scania still features in colloquial speech and in cultural references, and can therefore not be regarded as an archaic concept. Within Scania there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within

4687-413: Is usual. Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson describe this vowel as being pronounced "by slightly lowering the body of the tongue while simultaneously raising the blade of the tongue (...) Acoustically this pronunciation is characterized by having a very high F3, and an F2 which is lower than that in /eː/ ." They suggest that this may be the usual Stockholm pronunciation of /iː/ . There is some variation in

4796-401: Is usually an apical trill [r] , and may be an approximant [ɹ] postvocalically. In most varieties of Swedish that use an alveolar /r/ (in particular, the central and northern forms), the combination of /r/ with dental consonants ( /t, d, n, l, s/ ) produces retroflex consonant realizations ( [ʈ, ɖ, ɳ, ɭ, ʂ] ), a recursive sandhi process called "retroflexion". Thus, /ˈkɑ̂ːrta/ ('map')

4905-653: The Church of Sweden , but they also serve as a divisioning measure for the Swedish population registration and other statistical uses. In 1999, the county council areas were amalgamated, forming Skåne Regional Council ( Region Skåne ), responsible mainly for public healthcare, public transport and regional planning and culture. During the Danish era, the province had no coat of arms . In Sweden, however, every province had been represented by heraldic arms since 1560. When Charles X Gustav of Sweden suddenly died in 1660

5014-659: The Danish Copenhagen region at north-east Zealand , on the other side of Øresund Sea, is even more densely populated. The north-east part of Zealand (or the Danish Region Hovedstaden without the Baltic island of Bornholm ) has a population density of 878 inhabitants/km , most of Greater Copenhagen included. By adding the population of western Scania to the same of Metropolitan area of Copenhagen , then close to 3 million people live around

5123-826: The Great Belt . Regardless of counting a smaller area with higher population density or a larger one, the Øresund Strait is located in the largest metropolitan area in Scandinavia with Finland . In 1658 , the following ten places in Scania were chartered and held town rights : Lund (since approximately 990), Helsingborg (1085), Falsterbo (approximately 1200), Ystad (approximately 1200), Skanör (approximately 1200), Malmö (approximately 1250), Simrishamn (approximately 1300), Landskrona (1413), and Kristianstad (1622). Others had existed earlier, but lost their privileges. Ängelholm got new privileges in 1767, and in 1754, Falsterbo and Skanör were merged. The concept of municipalities

5232-593: The Jurassic and Cretaceous epochs led to the formation of hundreds of small volcanoes in central Scania . Remnants of the volcanoes are still visible today. Parallel with volcanism a hilly peneplain formed in northeastern Scania due to weathering and erosion of basement rocks . The kaolinite formed by this weathering can be observed at Ivö Klack . In the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous

5341-676: The Quaternary glaciations . The vast majority of Scania belongs to the European hardwood vegetation zone, a considerable part of which is now agricultural rather than the original forest. This zone covers Europe west of Poland and north of the Alps , and includes the British Isles , northern and central France and the countries and regions to the south and southeast of the North Sea up to Denmark. A smaller north-eastern part of Scania

5450-643: The Skåne Regional Council . Scania's largest city , Malmö , is the third-largest city in Sweden, as well as the fifth-largest in Scandinavia . To the north, Scania borders the former provinces of Halland and Småland , to the northeast Blekinge , to the east and south the Baltic Sea , and to the west Öresund . Since 2000, a road and railway bridge, the Öresund Bridge , bridges the Sound and connects Scania with Denmark. Scania forms part of

5559-592: The Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, when all Danish lands east of Öresund were ceded to Sweden. Denmark regained control of the province (1676–1679) during the Scanian War and again briefly in 1711 during the Great Northern War . In July 1720, a peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark again confirmed the status of Scania as part of Sweden. The endonym used in Swedish and other North Germanic languages

SECTION 50

#1732764776323

5668-576: The Wutun language , where it is described simply as a "velar glide", which would be [ɰ]. The symbol is also used in describing a sound in the Bahing language of Nepal. Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced , to the left are voiceless . Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. Legend: unrounded  •  rounded Scania Scania , also known by its native name of Skåne ( Swedish: [ˈskôːnɛ] ),

5777-468: The 1710 Battle of Helsingborg . In 1719, the province was subdivided in two counties and administered in the same way as the rest of Sweden . In July 1720, a peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark again confirmed the status of Scania as part of Sweden. On 28 November 2017, it was ruled that the Scanian flag would become the official regional flag of Scania. During Sweden's financial crisis in

5886-415: The Germanic stem can be reconstructed as * Skaðan- meaning "danger" or "damage" (English scathing , German Schaden , Swedish skada ). Skanör in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem ( skan ) combined with - ör , which means "sandbanks". Between 1719 and 1996, the province was subdivided in two administrative counties ( län ), Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County , each under

5995-463: The Kölsch /ɧ/ is difficult to perceive but the articulation is clearly distinct. Whether or not there is a relation between Swedish /ɧ/ and the Kölsch /ɧ/ is not known. While none seems to have been established, comments suggest that the choice of ⟨ ɧ ⟩ might well have been based upon a misunderstanding. Certainly, the Kölsch /ɧ/ is not doubly articulated and even contrasts with

6104-542: The Scandinavian Peninsula and formed the eastern part of the kingdom of Denmark. This geographical position made it the focal point of the frequent Dano-Swedish wars for hundreds of years. By the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, all Danish lands east of Öresund were ceded to Sweden. First placed under a Governor-General , the province was eventually integrated into the kingdom of Sweden. The last Danish attempt to regain its lost provinces failed after

6213-614: The Scanian Pågatåg trains serve Markaryd in Småland. There are basically three ticket systems: Skånetrafiken tickets can be purchased for all regional traffic including to Denmark, while the Danish Rejsekort system can only be used at stations served by Øresundståg and equipped with special card readers. Additionally, Swedish national SJ-tickets are available for longer trips to the north. The E6 motorway

6322-442: The Swedish consonant phonemes in spoken Standard Swedish . /t, l/ are dental [ t̪ , l̪ ] , but /n, d, s/ can be either dental [ n̪ , d̪ , s̪ ] or alveolar [ n , d , s ] . If /d/ is alveolar, then /n/ is also alveolar. Dental realization of /n, d/ is the predominant one in Central Standard Swedish. Initial fortis stops ( /p, t, k/ ) are aspirated in stressed position, but unaspirated when preceded by /s/ within

6431-430: The Swedish of Stockholm, preaspiration is often realized as a fricative subject to the character of surrounding vowels or consonants so that it may be labial , velar , or dental ; it may also surface as extra length of the preceding vowel. In the province of Härjedalen , though, it resembles [h] or [x] . The duration of preaspiration is highest in the dialects of Vemdalen and Arjeplog. Helgason notes that preaspiration

6540-401: The Swedish segment that has been described as a doubly articulated voiceless palato-alveolo-velar fricative, i.e., ʃ͡x . The IPA even goes so far as to provide a separate symbol for this sound on its chart, namely ɧ . The sound in question is one variant of the pronunciation of the phonological element ʃ , which is highly variable in Swedish dialects, receiving pronunciations ranging from

6649-409: The adjective suffix -sk and the neuter suffix -t . Central Standard Swedish and most other Swedish dialects feature a rare "complementary quantity" feature wherein a phonologically short consonant follows a long vowel and a long consonant follows a short vowel; this is true only for stressed syllables and all segments are short in unstressed syllables. This arose from the historical shift away from

SECTION 60

#1732764776323

6758-399: The automotive manufacturer Scania AB and the airline Malmö Aviation . [REDACTED] Kingdom of Denmark 811?-1658 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Sweden 1658-present Scania was first mentioned in written texts in the 9th century. It came under Danish king Harald Bluetooth in the middle of the 10th century. It was then a region that included Blekinge and Halland , situated on

6867-535: The average of the temperature taken throughout both day and night unlike the more usual daily maximum or minimum average. This is done for specific measured periods of thirty years. The last period began at 1 January 1961 and ended at 31 December 1990. The current such period started at 1 January 1991 and will end by 31 December 2020. At that time it will be possible to with a high degree of mathematical certainty to measure possible climate changes, by comparing two separate periods of 30 years with each other. All three of

6976-403: The central Swedish dialect of Stockholm, accent 1 is characterized by a low tone at the beginning of the stressed syllable ( fìsken 'the fish') and accent 2, by a high tone at the beginning of the stressed syllable ( mátta 'mat'). When the word is in a prominent/focused position, a high tone often occurs following the word accent ( fìskén ). In accent 2 words, this results in two high tones within

7085-511: The consonant phonemes, /ŋ/ , can occur at the beginning of a morpheme, though there are only 6 possible three-consonant combinations, all of which begin with /s/ , and a total of 31 initial two-consonant combinations. All consonants except for /h/ and /ɕ/ can occur finally, and the total number of possible final two-consonant clusters is 62. In some cases this can result in very complex combinations, such as in västkustskt /ˈvɛ̂stˌkɵstskt/ , consisting of västkust ('west coast') with

7194-468: The contrast between short /ɛ/ and /e/ is lost. The loss of this contrast has the effect that hetta ('heat') and hätta ('cap') are pronounced the same. In Central Standard Swedish, long /ɑː/ is weakly rounded [ ɒ̜ː ] . The rounding is stronger in Gothenburg and weaker in most North Swedish dialects. One of the varieties of /iː/ is made with a constriction that is more forward than

7303-486: The conventional assumption that medial long consonants are ambisyllabic (that is, penna ('pen'), is syllabified as [ˈpɛ̂n.na] ), all stressed syllables are thus " heavy ". In unstressed syllables, the distinction is lost between /u/ and /o/ or between /e/ /ɛ/ . With each successive post-stress syllable, the number of contrasting vowels decreases gradually with distance from the point of stress; at three syllables from stress, only [a] and [ɛ] occur. The sample text

7412-409: The devoicing of preceding sonorants, is common, though its length and normativity varies from dialect to dialect, being optional (and idiolectal ) in Central Standard Swedish but obligatory in, for example, the Swedish dialects of Gräsö , Vemdalen and Arjeplog . In Gräsö, preaspiration is blocked in certain environments (such as an /s/ following the fortis consonant or a morpheme boundary between

7521-548: The early and mid-1990s, Scania, Västra Götaland and Norrbotten were among the hardest hit in the country, with high unemployment rates as a result. In response to the crisis, the County Governors were given a task by the government in September 1996 to co-ordinate various measures in the counties to increase economic growth and employment by bringing in regional actors. The first proposal for regional autonomy and

7630-416: The first "trial regions" in Sweden in 1999, established as the country's first "regional experiment". The relatively strong regional identity in Scania is often referred to in order to explain the general support in the province for the decentralization efforts introduced by the Swedish government. On the basis of large scale interview investigations about Region Skåne in Scania, scholars have found that

7739-408: The first column, short in the second), with short variants being more centered and lax. The length is generally viewed as the primary distinction, with quality being secondary. No short vowels appear in open stressed syllables. The front vowels appear in rounded-unrounded pairs: /ʏ/ – /ɪ/ , /yː/ – /iː/ , /œ/ – /ɛ/ and /øː/ – /eː/ . Rounded vowels have two types of rounding: Type of rounding

7848-400: The forest-dominated province of Småland . While the landscape typically has a slightly sloping profile, in some places, such as north of Malmö, the terrain is almost completely flat. The narrow lakes with a long north to south extent, which are very common further north, are lacking in Scania. The largest lake, Ivösjön in the north-east, has similarities with the lakes further north, but has

7957-419: The genitive forms of the words as well, thereby creating another word pair, but this has been avoided. A few word pairs where one of the words is a plural form with the suffix -or have been included. This is due to the fact that many Swedish-speakers in all parts of Sweden pronounce the suffix -or the same way as -er. Note that karaten/karaten is the only pair with more than two syllables (although we would get

8066-467: The gesture of i . In addition to these anterior gestures, Lindblad notes that the "tongue body is raised and retracted towards the velum to form a fairly narrow constriction. (The presence of this constriction is constant, but not its width or location, which vary considerably.)" The posterior constriction in this variety of ɧ is not great enough to be itself a source of turbulence, so that, although this sound may have three notable constrictions, one in

8175-638: The grave accent, the second fall in pitch is distributed across the second and third syllables: The position of the tone is dependent upon stress: The first stressed syllable has a high or falling tone, as does the following syllable(s) in grave-accented words. In most Finland-Swedish varieties, however, the distinction between grave and acute accent is missing. A reasonably complete list of uncontroversial so-called minimal pairs can be seen below. The two words in each pair are distinguished solely by having different tone (acute vs. grave). In those cases where both words are nouns it would have been possible to list

8284-500: The griffin motif. The new Skåne County, operative from 1 January 1997, got a coat of arms that is the same as the province's, but with reversed tinctures. When the county arms is shown with a Swedish royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of central government authority. In 1999 the two county councils ( landsting ) were amalgamated forming Region Skåne . It

8393-496: The interpretations of vowel length's phonemicity. Elert (1964) , for example, treats vowel quantity as its own separate phoneme (a "prosodeme") so that long and short vowels are allophones of a single vowel phoneme. Patterns of diphthongs of long vowels occur in three major dialect groups. In Central Standard Swedish, the high vowels /iː/ , /yː/ , /ʉː/ and /uː/ are realized as narrow closing diphthongs with fully close ending points: [ɪ̝i ʏ̝y ɵ̝˖ʉ̟ ʊ̝u] . According to Engstrand,

8502-400: The labiodental ɧ and the more velar ɧ , "there are a number of intermediate types with various jaw and lip positions, including some with both anterior and posterior sound sources." [W]e doubt that it is possible to produce turbulence at two points in mouth simultaneously for ordinary linguistic purposes. [...] The most well-known case [of a possible multiply articulated fricative] is

8611-492: The large variety of partly overlapping allophones of /ɧ/ often presents difficulties for non-natives in telling the two apart. The existence of a third sibilant in the form of /s/ tends to confuse matters even more, and in some cases realizations that are labiodental can also be confused with /f/ . In Finland Swedish, /ɕ/ is an affricate : [t͡ɕ] or [t͡ʃ] . The Swedish phoneme /ɧ/ (the "sje-sound" or voiceless postalveolar-velar fricative ) and its alleged coarticulation

8720-657: The last three syllables in a word’s stem. This can lead to surface contrasts based solely on difference in position of stress: Primary stressed syllables are always metrically heavy, i.e. contain either a long vowel or a short vowel followed by a consonant. In phonological analyses of Swedish, stressed syllables in underived forms are assumed to be associated with a basic moraic trochaic foot [μ μ] σ , e.g. bˈil 'car' (stress marked as (ˈ)). More whole-word based analyses of metrical structure where affixes are included also assume other foot types, in particular, syllabic trochaic feet [σ σ] Ft , bˈil-ar 'cars'. Affixes affect stress to

8829-591: The latter pronunciation is commonly found in Southern Swedish . Therefore, begå 'to commit' is pronounced [bɛ̠ˈɡoː] in Central Standard Swedish and [bəˈɡoː] in Southern Swedish. Before /r/ , southerners may use a back vowel [ ɔ ] . In Central Standard Swedish, a true schwa [ə] is commonly found as a vocalic release of word-final lenis stops, as in e.g. bädd [ˈbɛdːə] 'bed'. In many central and eastern areas (including Stockholm),

8938-408: The lowest ever recorded is −34 °C (−29 °F) ( Stehag , 26 January 1942) Temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F) are relatively rare even at night, while summer temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) occurs once in a while every summer. Precipitation is spread fairly evenly, both across the province and during the year. Slightly more precipitation falls during July and August than during

9047-423: The minimal pair anden 'the mallard' (tone 1) and anden 'the spirit' (tone 2). The exact realization of the tones also depends on the syllable's position in an utterance. For instance, at the beginning of an utterance, the acute accent may have a rising rather than slightly falling pitch on the first syllable. Also, these are word tones that are spread across the syllables of the word. In trisyllabic words with

9156-422: The more usual velar fricative x is that the latter "is formed with low frequency irregular vibrations in the saliva at the constriction" (Lindblad 1980, our translation). We infer from his descriptions and diagrams that this variant of ɧ has less frication, and may be slightly further forward than the velar fricative x commonly found in other languages. Lindblad claims that between the extreme positions of

9265-533: The northern locations are at low altitude and fairly close to the Baltic Sea. Compared with locations further north, the Scanian climate differs primary by being far less cold during the winter and in having longer springs and autumns. While the July temperatures does not differ much (see table above). The highest temperature ever recorded in the province is 36.0 °C (97 °F) ( Ängelholm , 30 July 1947) and

9374-400: The other months. Scania is divided into 33 municipalities with population and land surface as the table below shows. There is a large population difference between the western Scania, that is located by, or close to Øresund sea compared to the middle and eastern parts of the province. A small part of Båstad municipality is located within the neighbouring province of Halland , this includes

9483-448: The prevailing trend among the inhabitants of Scania is to "[look] upon their region with more positive eyes and a firm reliance that it would deliver the goods in terms of increased democracy and constructive results out of economic planning". Electrified dual track railroad exists from the border with Denmark at the Øresund Bridge to Malmö and onwards to Lund . The latter part is consists of four tracks since October 2023. In Lund,

9592-475: The province directly to the north. Stretching from the north-western to the south-eastern parts of Scania is a belt of deciduous forests following the Linderödsåsen ridge and previously marking the border between Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County. The much denser fir forests — typical of the greater part of Sweden — are only found in the north-eastern Göinge parts of Scania along the border with

9701-612: The province's modern administrative counterpart, Skåne län , the endonym Skåne is used in English. In the Alfredian translation of Orosius 's and Wulfstan 's travel accounts, the Old English form Sconeg appears. Frankish sources mention a place called Sconaowe ; Æthelweard , an Anglo-Saxon historian, wrote about Scani ; and in Beowulf 's fictional account, the names Scedenige and Scedeland appear as names for what

9810-579: The province. Examples of wild berries grown in domesticated form are blackberry , raspberry , cloudberry (in the north-east), blueberry , wild strawberry and loganberry . Three of the 29 National parks of Sweden are situated in Scania. Scania has the mildest climate in Sweden, but there are some local differences. The table shows average temperatures in degrees Celsius at ten Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) weather stations in Scania and three stations further north for comparison issues. Average temperature in this case means

9919-469: The retroflex consonants). Words like fördömande ('judging', pronounced /fœrˈdœ̌mandɛ/ in Standard Swedish) and fördummande ('dumbing', pronounced /fœrˈdɵmandɛ/ in Standard Swedish) are then often pronounced similarly or identically, as [fɵˈɖɵmːandɛ] . In Central Standard Swedish, unstressed /ɛ/ is slightly retracted [ɛ̠] , but is still a front vowel rather than central [ə] . However,

10028-417: The same morpheme. Hence ko ('cow') is [kʰuː] , but sko ('shoe') becomes [skuː] . Compare English [kʰuːɫ] ('cool') vs [skuːɫ] ('school'). In Finland Swedish, aspiration does not occur and initial lenis stops /b, d, ɡ/ are usually voiced throughout. Word-medial lenis stops are sometimes voiceless in Finland, a likely influence from Finnish. Preaspiration of medial and final fortis stops, including

10137-472: The second element is so close as to become a palatal or bilabial fricative: [ɪ̝ʝ ʏ̝ʝʷ ɵ̝˖βʲ ʊ̝β] . Elsewhere in the article, the broad transcription ⟨ iː yː ʉː uː ⟩ is used. In Central Standard Swedish, /eː/ , /øː/ and /oː/ are often realized as centering diphthongs [eə] , [øə] and [oə] . In Southern Swedish dialects, particularly in Scania and Blekinge , the diphthongs are preceded by

10246-450: The soil has a high content of chalk. Good examples of such coastlines exist at the southern side of Ven , between the towns of Helsingborg and Landskrona , and in parts of the south and south-east coasts. In other Swedish provinces, steep coastlines usually reveal primary rock instead. The two major plains, Söderslätt in the south-west and Österlen in the south-east, consist of highly fertile agricultural land. The yield per unit area

10355-619: The sound is derived, as well as ⟨stj⟩ , ⟨skj⟩ , and (before front vowels ) ⟨sk⟩ . The sound should not be confused with the Swedish tj -sound / ɕ / , often spelled ⟨tj⟩ , ⟨kj⟩ , or (before front vowels) ⟨k⟩ . These sounds are transcribed ⟨ ɧ ⟩ in the International Phonetic Alphabet . The International Phonetic Association (IPA) describes them as "simultaneous [ ʃ ] and [ x ] ", but this realization

10464-463: The standard speech to more [ tʃ ] -like in northern Sweden and Finland. Features of the sj -sound: This sound has been reported in certain dialects of Swedish , where it is most often known as the sj -sound. Its place of articulation varies over Swedish regions and is not agreed upon. It has been variously found to be the following: Consider the following comments by Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson : Some dialects of Swedish have

10573-686: The stress pattern 3 2, e.g. kvina where () stands for primary stressed syllable with accent 2 and () represents a ‘secondary stressed’ syllable in words with accent 2). This secondary stress is assumed to have existed in Old Norse (see and references therein). Compound words have primary stress on the first element and secondary stress on the last element bˈil-dels-butˌiken 'car-part shop' (secondary stress marked as (ˌ)). Stressed syllables carry one of two different tones, often described as pitch accents, or tonal word accents. They are called acute and grave accent, accent 1 and accent 2. The actual realization of these two tones varies from dialect to dialect. In

10682-498: The tendency of Swedish to make long compound nouns. The syllable structure of Swedish can therefore be described with the following formula: This means that a Swedish one-syllable morpheme can have up to three consonants preceding the vowel that forms the nucleus of the syllable, and three consonants following it. Examples: skrämts /skrɛmts/ (verb 'scare' past participle , passive voice ) or sprängts /sprɛŋts/ (verb 'explode' past participle , passive voice ). All but one of

10791-529: The tracks split into two directions. The dual tracks going towards Gothenburg end at Helsingborg , while the other branch continues beyond the provincial border to neighbouring Småland , close to Killeberg . This latter dual track continues to mid-Sweden. There are also a few single track railroads connecting cities like Trelleborg , Ystad and Kristianstad. Just as five Scanian stations are served partly ( Hässleholm and Osby ) or entirely ( Ballingslöv , Hästveda and Killeberg ) by Småland local trains,

10900-399: The transnational Øresund Region . From north to south Scania is around 130 km; it covers less than 3% of Sweden's total area. The population is over 1,418,000. It represents 13% of the country's population. With 121/km (310/sq mi), Scania is the second most densely populated province in Sweden. Historically, Scania formed part of the kingdom of Denmark until the signing of

11009-459: The varieties influenced by major immigrant languages like Arabic and Kurdish . The different realizations can be divided roughly into the following categories: /r/ has distinct variations in Standard Swedish. For most speakers, the realization as an alveolar trill occurs only in contexts where emphatic stress is used. In Central Swedish, it is often pronounced as a fricative (transcribed as [ʐ] ) or approximant (transcribed as [ɹ] ), which

11118-406: The velar region, one labiodental, and a lesser one between the two lips, only the labiodental constriction is a source of friction. The second common variant of Swedish ɧ [...] is described by Lindblad as a "dorsovelar voiceless fricative" pronounced with the jaw more open and without the lip protrusion that occurs in the other variety. Lindblad suggests that the difference between this sound and

11227-478: The village Östra Karup and some area around it, around 500 people live in Båstad municipality, but beyond the historical boundaries of the Scanian province. These figures can be compared with around to 21 inhabitants per km for entire Sweden . Western Scania has a high population density, not only by Scandinavian standards but also by average European standards, at close to 300 inhabitants per square kilometre. But

11336-434: The vowel and the consonant), while it is a general feature of fortis medial consonants in Central Standard Swedish. When not preaspirated, medial and final fortis stops are simply unaspirated. In clusters of fortis stops, the second "presonorant" stop is unaspirated and the former patterns with other medial final stops (that is, it is either unaspirated or is preaspirated). The phonetic attributes of preaspiration also vary. In

11445-560: The word ås commonly refers to eskers , but major landmarks in Scania, such as Söderåsen , are horsts formed by tectonic inversion along the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone in the late Cretaceous . The Scanian horsts run in a north-west to south-east direction, marking the southwest border of Fennoscandia . Tectonic activity of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone during the break-up of Pangaea in

11554-407: The word (e.g. máttá ), hence the term "two-peaked" for this dialect. In southern Swedish, a "one-peaked" dialect, accent 1 is realized as a high tone at the beginning of the stressed syllable ( físken ) and accent 2, by a low tone ( màtta ). Generally, the grave accent is characterized by a later timing of the word accent pattern as compared with the acute accent. The phonemicity of this tonal system

11663-518: The Øresund Bridge to Denmark . The car ferry service between Helsingborg and Helsingør has 70 departures in each direction daily as of 2014 . There are three minor airports in Sturup , Ängelholm and Kristianstad . The nearby Copenhagen Airport , which is the largest international airport in the Nordic countries , also serves the province. Unlike some regions of Sweden, the Scanian landscape

11772-422: The Øresund sea, within a maximum distance from Øresund of 25 to 30 kilometres, at a land surface of approx. 6100 km (approx 460 inhabitants/km ). This is in many ways a better measurement of describing the area around Øresund than what the far wider Øresund Region constitutes, as the latter includes also eastern Scania (whose beaches are Baltic Sea ones and is far less populated) as well as all Denmark east of

11881-456: Was at the time covered by thick sediments. As the relative sea level sank and much of Scania lost its sedimentary cover antecedent rivers begun to incise the Söderåsen horst forming valleys. During deglaciation these valleys likely evacuated large amounts of melt-water. The relief of Scania's south-western landscape was formed by the accumulation of thick Quaternary sediments during

#322677