Misplaced Pages

#489510

36-431: See text Centrarchidae , better known as sunfishes , is a family of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the order Centrarchiformes , native only to North America . There are eight universally included genera within the centrarchid family: Lepomis (true sunfishes), Micropterus (black basses), Pomoxis ( crappies ), Enneacanthus (banded sunfishes), Centrarchus ( type genus , consisting solely of

72-511: A given body mass. As a consequence, endotherms generally rely on higher food consumption, and commonly on food of higher energy content. Such requirements may limit the carrying capacity of a given environment for endotherms as compared to its carrying capacity for ectotherms. Because ectotherms depend on environmental conditions for body temperature regulation, as a rule, they are more sluggish at night and in early mornings. When they emerge from shelter, many diurnal ectotherms need to heat up in

108-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called

144-744: A season, or even for years, depending on the species and circumstances. Owners of reptiles may use an ultraviolet light system to assist their pets' basking. Ectotherms rely largely on external heat sources such as sunlight to achieve their optimal body temperature for various bodily activities. Accordingly, they depend on ambient conditions to reach operational body temperatures. In contrast, endothermic animals maintain nearly constant high operational body temperatures largely by reliance on internal heat produced by metabolically active organs (liver, kidney, heart, brain, muscle) or even by specialized heat producing organs like brown adipose tissue . Ectotherms typically have lower metabolic rates than endotherms at

180-411: A single nest. Larger males usually attract more mates and also take better care of their offspring. Male parental care includes nest building, nest guarding, guarding of eggs and fry, and nest fanning (aerating eggs). Males unsuccessful at courtship may exhibit a cheater strategy where they sneak fertilizations of female's eggs by various behavioral methods. This is commonly seen with smaller males in

216-408: A useful extent. To warm up, reptiles and many insects find sunny places and adopt positions that maximise their exposure; at harmfully high temperatures they seek shade or cooler water. In cold weather, honey bees huddle together to retain heat. Butterflies and moths may orient their wings to maximize exposure to solar radiation in order to build up heat before take-off. Gregarious caterpillars, such as

252-490: A whole host of other behavioral thermoregulation mechanisms. In contrast to ectotherms, endotherms rely largely, even predominantly, on heat from internal metabolic processes, and mesotherms use an intermediate strategy. As there are more than two categories of temperature control utilized by animals, the terms warm-blooded and cold-blooded have been deprecated as scientific terms. Various patterns of behavior enable certain ectotherms to regulate body temperature to

288-499: Is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to

324-602: Is determined by many abiotic factors, with air temperature being one of the most significant contributors. As in other ectotherms , many physiological processes and behaviors in Centrarchidae, such as feeding and reproduction, are heavily impacted by the temperature in their environment. All species in the family Centrarchidae are considered warmwater adapted species. In general, warmwater adapted species are characterized as being larger at higher temperatures and lower latitudes. The optimal temperature range of most species in

360-566: Is mostly due to the high popularity of the family (especially from the genera Micropterus ) as freshwater game fish that are frequently stocked for recreational fishing all around Europe. Across the globe, invasive and introduced centrarchids pose a great threat to native species in the areas they invade. There are multiple confirmed instances of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) severely altering and reducing native fish populations in Italy, South Africa, Japan, and Madagascar and even causing

396-485: Is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae , but that family

SECTION 10

#1732797191490

432-440: Is typical of regions of the abyssal ocean and hence can be regarded as homeothermic ectotherms. In contrast, in places where temperature varies so widely as to limit the physiological activities of other kinds of ectotherms, many species habitually seek out external sources of heat or shelter from heat; for example, many reptiles regulate their body temperature by basking in the sun, or seeking shade when necessary in addition to

468-517: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Ectotherm Some of these animals live in environments where temperatures are practically constant, as

504-432: The flier C. macropterus ), Archoplites ( Sacramento perch ), Ambloplites (rock basses), and Acantharchus ( mud sunfish ). A genetic study in 2012 suggests that the highly distinct pygmy sunfishes of the genus Elassoma are also centrarchids. The centrarchid family comprises 38 identified species , 34 of which are extant . It includes many popular game fishes familiar to North American anglers , such as

540-642: The forest tent caterpillar and fall webworm , benefit from basking in large groups for thermoregulation. Many flying insects, such as honey bees and bumble bees, also raise their internal temperatures endothermally prior to flight, by vibrating their flight muscles without violent movement of the wings. Such endothermal activity is an example of the difficulty of consistent application of terms such as poikilothermy and homeothermy . In addition to behavioral adaptations, physiological adaptations help ectotherms regulate temperature. Diving reptiles conserve heat by heat exchange mechanisms, whereby cold blood from

576-715: The largemouth bass , rock bass , bluegill , pumpkinseed , green sunfish and crappies . Most sunfish are highly valued panfish for sport fishing , and have been introduced in many areas outside their native ranges , sometimes becoming invasive species . While edible, they are not commercially marketed as food fish . Family members are distinguished by having a laterally compressed body shape, 6 to 9 anal spines, and 2 dorsal fins (spinous first dorsal and rayed second dorsal) which are fused. The number of dorsal spines varies from 6 to 13. All species in Micropterus and Lepomis have 3 anal spines, which distinguishes them from

612-479: The body temperature. Such variation in body temperature is called poikilothermy , though the concept is not widely satisfactory and the use of the term is declining. In small aquatic creatures such as Rotifera , poikilothermy is practically absolute, but other creatures (like crabs ) have wider physiological options at their disposal, and they can move to preferred temperatures, avoid ambient temperature changes, or moderate their effects. Ectotherms can also display

648-456: The early sunlight before they can begin their daily activities. In cool weather the foraging activity of such species is therefore restricted to the day time in most vertebrate ectotherms, and in cold climates most cannot survive at all. In lizards, for instance, most nocturnal species are geckos specialising in "sit and wait" foraging strategies. Such strategies do not require as much energy as active foraging and do not require hunting activity of

684-495: The edge of the sunfish range varies widely within the family. Largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) have no cold acclimation ability as seen through the strict maintenance of the northern boundary of the species range. Other species like smallmouth bass ( Micropterus dolomieu ) and green sunfish ( Lepomis cyanellus ) have exhibited signs of minor cold-water adaptation and have even experienced slight range expansions into colder habitats. If air temperatures continue to rise in

720-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and

756-498: The family diverge from the aforementioned habitat list, the Sacramento perch can survive in habitats with unusually high alkalinity, salinity, and temperatures. Centrarchids can be found in various locations within the water column and their exact preference is species specific. For instance, bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus ) mainly inhabit the deeper littoral zones, while green sunfish ( Lepomis cyanellus ) prefer habitats near

SECTION 20

#1732797191490

792-402: The family is 28 °C(82 °F) to 32 °C(90 °F), although they can survive and reproduce in temperatures that are outside of this optimum range. Increases in temperature outside the optimal range for centrarchids can have negative effects, such as speeding up reproductive maturity or increasing mortality after the first reproductive event. The lethal temperature range varies widely in

828-504: The family, but some species have been seen to survive water temperatures as low as 1 °C(33 °F) or as high as 41 °C(106 °F). Centrarchids generally spawn in the spring, and juveniles emerge in the late spring to early summer. The transition from winter to spring conditions (i.e. melting of ice-cover, increase in day length, and increased food availability) is the main cue for centrarchids to begin preparing for reproduction. All species within Centrarchidae, except for those in

864-579: The genera Lepomis are defined by a deep or more round body shape, smaller mouths, and obtaining food through suction feeding . Species in the genera Micropterus are defined by a more streamlined body shape, larger mouths, and consuming prey primarily by ram feeding methods. Centrarchids prefer clear, warm, and slower-moving water, and are commonly found in habitats such as lakes, ponds, medium to low flow streams and rivers, and swamps. They also prefer to live in and around aquatic vegetation so they can get adequate coverage from predators. While few species in

900-622: The genus Lepomis . The native range of Centrarchidae is confined within North America, covering most of the United States and stopping in southern Canada. The northern edge of the native range is heavily bound by temperature due to reduced foraging ability and growth in cold weather and subsequent starvation in winter months. As a result, centrarchid distributions and range in any place they are found will be restricted by cold temperatures. The ability to adapt to cold temperatures at

936-426: The genus Micropterus, develop breeding coloration in both males and females (although less defined in females) during the breeding season. The process of courtship and reproduction is nearly identical for all species in the family, which is a major reason for the high levels of hybridization within Centrarchidae. With that said, there are some mechanisms in place to prevent hybridization, such as intricate morphology of

972-483: The local extinction of any species of the family Cyprinodontidae within the waterbodies they have invaded in Mexico. The earliest fossils of Centrarchidae are from latest Eocene to early Oligocene deposits from Montana and South Dakota , belonging to several as yet undescribed species and the two extinct genera † Plioplarchus and † Boreocentrarchus . Both Plioplarchus and Boreocentrarchus are classified in

1008-708: The next 50 to 100 years as predicted, warmwater species like centrarchids will likely experience range expansions northward and see an overall increase in occupiable habitat. This range expansion can have grave consequences for other freshwater fishes however, as many centrarchids are dominant top predators which can severely alter the community structure of non-native ecosystems and drive the extinction of other native predators. While centrarchids are native to only North America, they can be found worldwide due to introductions on multiple continents, including Europe, South America, Africa, and Asia. At least 18 species of Centrarchidae are North American exports. Its multi-continental spread

1044-466: The operculum in Lepomis, which assists in recognition of conspecific mates. To initiate reproduction, males dig a deep circular depression in the substrate with their caudal fins to create a nest, which they will aggressively defend from intruding males. Males and females then undergo a courtship dancing ritual before the female deposits her eggs into the male's nest. Multiple females may deposit eggs in

1080-452: The other genera in the family. The pseudobranch is small and concealed. Body size varies widely within the family with the black-banded sunfish at just 8 cm (3.1 in) in length, while the largemouth bass is reported to reach almost 1 m (3.3 ft) in extreme cases. Many of the species within Centrarchidae can be separated into two main groups based on the two most common genera ( Micropterus and Lepomis ). Species in

1116-532: The same intensity. From another point of view, sit-and-wait predation may require very long periods of unproductive waiting. Endotherms cannot, in general, afford such long periods without food, but suitably adapted ectotherms can wait without expending much energy. Endothermic vertebrate species are therefore less dependent on the environmental conditions and have developed a higher variability (both within and between species) in their daily patterns of activity. In ectotherms, fluctuating ambient temperatures may affect

Centrarchidae - Misplaced Pages Continue

1152-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted

1188-404: The shoreline and shallower areas. Suction feeders within the family (i.e. Lepomis ) generally feed off the bottom of their habitat, while ram feeders (i.e. Micropterus ) generally feed in more open areas known as the limnetic zone . Centrarchids diet consists of macro-invertebrates (e.g. insects, snails and crayfish) and other fish found in their habitat. In freshwater systems, water temperature

1224-461: The skin picks up heat from blood moving outward from the body core, re-using and thereby conserving some of the heat that otherwise would have been wasted. The skin of bullfrogs secretes more mucus when it is hot, allowing more cooling by evaporation. During periods of cold, some ectotherms enter a state of torpor , in which their metabolism slows or, in some cases, such as the wood frog , effectively stops. The torpor might last overnight or last for

1260-1398: The subfamily Centrarchinae, because these species possess more than three anal fin spines. Recent genetic evidence suggests the following taxonomy of the centrarchid genera and species: Acantharchus pomotis [REDACTED] Centrarchus macropterus [REDACTED] Enneacanthus chaetodon Enneacanthus gloriosus Enneacanthus obesus Pomoxis annularis [REDACTED] Pomoxis nigromaculatus [REDACTED] Archoplites interruptus Ambloplites ariommus Ambloplites rupestris [REDACTED] Ambloplites cavifrons Ambloplites constellatus Micropterus dolomieu [REDACTED] Micropterus punctulatus Micropterus cataractae Micropterus coosae Micropterus notius [REDACTED] Micropterus treculi Micropterus salmoides [REDACTED] Micropterus floridanus Lepomis humilis [REDACTED] Lepomis macrochirus [REDACTED] Lepomis gulosus [REDACTED] Lepomis symmetricus Lepomis cyanellus [REDACTED] Lepomis auritus [REDACTED] Lepomis marginatus Lepomis peltastes Lepomis megalotis [REDACTED] Lepomis gibbosus [REDACTED] Lepomis microlophus [REDACTED] Lepomis punctatus Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae )

1296-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,

#489510