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33-788: The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparis in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuris in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Toupeh, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholades pertaining to the Chimila . The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Peter Vadillo, but German Ambrose Alfinger savagely conquered

66-710: A Cantón of the Province of Santa Marta . By Law 15 of 1850, Valledupar was segregated from Santa Marta becoming the Province of Valledupar. In 1857 became a province of the State of Magdalena and by Law of December 29, 1864 became the Department of Valledupar pertaining to State of Magdalena. On December 21, 1967 the Department of Cesar was created officially. From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in

99-494: A cemetery at Los Robles La Paz . The first European to explore the area was Spanish Captain Pedro de Vadillo, but German Ambrosio Alfínger savagely conquered the region in 1531. In 1550 the village of Valle de Upar was founded by Hernando de Santana and Juan de Castellanos .< In 1813, María de la Concepción Loperena proclaimed the independence of Valledupar and donated 300 horses to Simón Bolívar . In 1829 Valledupar became

132-694: A total area of 22,905 km. The majority of the Department is flat in 57% of the total area and 43% mountainous mainly in the Serranía del Perijá and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain ranges. The Department of Cesar contains five Ecoregions ; the Serranía del Perijá mountain range, the valley of the Cesar River , the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the valley of

165-462: A year. The region was first inhabited by indigenous peoples known as Euparíes in the Valley of Upar and Guatapuríes in the Valley of the Cesar river, among these were the Orejones pertaining to the Tupe, Acanayutos pertaining to the Motilon and Alcoholados pertaining to the Chimila . Spanish chronicles describe the tribes as being part of a federation of tribes led by a single chief ( Cacique ), with

198-588: Is born on the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, including the Guatapuri , Badillo, Ariguani , Cesarito, Los Clavos, Garupal and Rio Seco rivers. The mountains are within the boundaries of the municipalities of Pueblo Bello, Valledupar, El Copey and Bosconia. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta was declared by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve on October 29, 1993. Ciénaga de Zapatosa Climate in the Department of Cesar presents variations in climate depending on altitude, as well as rainfall precipitations. Mountain climate in

231-552: Is how Spanish-speaking Colombians and Venezuelans refer to them. In the 16th century, Alonso de Ojeda of Spain sailed to South Caribbean coasts and reached the Maracaibo Basin . The Spaniards believed that the area's frequent lightning strikes turned stone into gold, and so they began settling the region extensively. The Barí fought the Spaniards back from their territory, defeating five royal expeditions sent to pacify

264-431: Is how Spanish-speaking Colombians and Venezuelans refer to them. In the 16th century, Alonso de Ojeda of Spain sailed to South Caribbean coasts and reached the Maracaibo Basin . The Spaniards believed that the area's frequent lightning strikes turned stone into gold, and so they began settling the region extensively. The Barí fought the Spaniards back from their territory, defeating five royal expeditions sent to pacify

297-414: Is sustained by the agricultural sector, secondly by a services industry following with commercial industry and mining. Cattle raising is exploited extensively (using large farms), and for this reason large portions of forests have been chopped off to create corrals . In agriculture , plantations of cotton , rice , sugar cane , oil palm , cassava and plantain . Services are centered on commerce and

330-1377: Is the major coal-producing region of Colombia. [REDACTED]   Amazonas [REDACTED]   Antioquia [REDACTED]   Arauca [REDACTED]   Atlántico [REDACTED]   Bolívar [REDACTED]   Boyacá [REDACTED]   Caldas [REDACTED]   Caquetá [REDACTED]   Casanare [REDACTED]   Cauca [REDACTED]   Cesar [REDACTED]   Chocó [REDACTED]   Córdoba [REDACTED]   Cundinamarca [REDACTED]   Guainía [REDACTED]   Guaviare [REDACTED]   Huila [REDACTED]   La Guajira [REDACTED]   Magdalena [REDACTED]   Meta [REDACTED]   Nariño [REDACTED]   N. Santander [REDACTED]   Putumayo [REDACTED]   Quindío [REDACTED]   Risaralda [REDACTED]   San Andrés [REDACTED]   Santander [REDACTED]   Sucre [REDACTED]   Tolima [REDACTED]   Valle del Cauca [REDACTED]   Vaupés [REDACTED]   Vichada Capital district: [REDACTED]   Bogotá Motilon people The Motilones-Barí , sometimes also called Barís , Motilones (or for its singular: Motilón ) or Dobocubis , are an indigenous people who live in

363-846: The Catatumbo River basin in Norte de Santander Department in Colombia in South America and who speak the Barí language . They are descendants of the Tairona culture concentrated in northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela. Although the Barí and Yukpa peoples are commonly referred to as "Motilones," this is not how they refer to themselves. "Motilones" means "shaved heads" in Spanish, and

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396-407: The Catatumbo River basin in Norte de Santander Department in Colombia in South America and who speak the Barí language . They are descendants of the Tairona culture concentrated in northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela. Although the Barí and Yukpa peoples are commonly referred to as "Motilones," this is not how they refer to themselves. "Motilones" means "shaved heads" in Spanish, and

429-620: The Magdalena River and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes complex. The Serranía del Perijá mountain range covers most of the eastern side of the Department of Cesar between its border with Venezuela and the Department of North Santander , approximately 300 km in length penetrating into the Department of La Guajira to the north and covering 27% of the total area of Cesar. The Serranía del Perijá covers, partially or totally

462-500: The Bari have shifted their production to the gardening of cash crops in order to acquire Western goods which are becoming increasingly integrated into their culture. The Barí people's chief economic activity is the growing of Theobroma cacao , the plant from which chocolate is made. They export the cacao and use the proceeds to help maintain their network of schools, community centers, and health clinics, all started after large numbers of

495-449: The Bari have shifted their production to the gardening of cash crops in order to acquire Western goods which are becoming increasingly integrated into their culture. The Barí people's chief economic activity is the growing of Theobroma cacao , the plant from which chocolate is made. They export the cacao and use the proceeds to help maintain their network of schools, community centers, and health clinics, all started after large numbers of

528-493: The Bari in 1962, and he says that he became the "blood brother" of a chieftain's son. According to Olson, he is part of what he refers to as the "Motilone Miracle", which involves indigenously run schools, literacy programs, medical clinics, as well as an effort of the Motilone Bari to introduce Christianity to surrounding tribes. Since the initial contact in 1650, Bari land has been reduced to 7% of its original mass and

561-430: The Bari in 1962, and he says that he became the "blood brother" of a chieftain's son. According to Olson, he is part of what he refers to as the "Motilone Miracle", which involves indigenously run schools, literacy programs, medical clinics, as well as an effort of the Motilone Bari to introduce Christianity to surrounding tribes. Since the initial contact in 1650, Bari land has been reduced to 7% of its original mass and

594-494: The Barí (notably the chieftain, "Bobby") converted to Christianity, which resulted in a significant cultural shift. The Barí speak the Barí language, part of the Chibchan language family . Current estimates are that 95% of the Barí people are Catholics. Motilon people The Motilones-Barí , sometimes also called Barís , Motilones (or for its singular: Motilón ) or Dobocubis , are an indigenous people who live in

627-554: The Cesar mining region. Prodeco, a subsidiary of Glencore , and the US Drummond Company collaborated with the paramilitaries in order to continue coal mining. The Department of Cesar is formed by 25 municipalities, some 171 corregimientos, 990 veredas and 10 indigenous reserves. For administrative reasons the Department of Cesar is subdivided into 4 strategic regions: The economy of the César Department

660-580: The Indians. It was the Spaniards who first named the Barí "Motilones," or "people of the short hair." In 1530 Ambrosius Ehinger , commissioned by German banker family ( Welser of Augsburg ), looted a large amount of gold from the Kalina people on the western coast of South America, and attempted to transport the gold over the Bobalí Mountains . Barí men ambushed and destroyed the expedition, and

693-407: The Indians. It was the Spaniards who first named the Barí "Motilones," or "people of the short hair." In 1530 Ambrosius Ehinger , commissioned by German banker family ( Welser of Augsburg ), looted a large amount of gold from the Kalina people on the western coast of South America, and attempted to transport the gold over the Bobalí Mountains . Barí men ambushed and destroyed the expedition, and

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726-522: The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Serranía del Perijá become cooler with higher altitude, reaching freezing low temperatures on the snowy peaks. Lowlands average a temperature throughout the year of 28 °C or 82.4 °F. These lower lands present a hot and drier climate, with annual precipitation less than 1,300 millimetres or 51 inches a year. The mountainous regions are characterized by low temperatures with snow on high altitude peaks and precipitation reaching more than 2,000 millimetres or 79 inches

759-592: The area of 17 municipalities in the Department of Cesar; Aguachica, Codazzi, Becerril, Chimichagua, Chiriguana, Curumani, Gonzalez, La Gloria, La Jagua de Ibirico, Los Robles La Paz, Manaure, Pailitas, Pelaya, Rio de Oro, San Alberto, San Diego and San Martin. There are also the indigenous reserves pertaining to the Yukpas people; Iroka, Socorpa and Menkue-Misaya-La Pista; and to the Wiwas people; Caño Padilla, El Rosario-Bella Vista-Yucatán and Campoalegre. Approximately 70% of

792-529: The department. The department of Cesar was created in 1967 by decree and the name officially adopted. The department of Cesar is located in northern Colombia bordering to the north with the department of La Guajira , to the east with the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , to the west with the department of Magdalena , to the southwest with the Department of Bolivar and to the south with the departments of North Santander and Santander covering

825-634: The ethnobotany of the Bari, who possess a vast knowledge of the biodiversity in Amazonia and use 80% of the plants around them. They have been the subject of the French ethnologist Robert Jaulin , and they were among the peoples depicted in the 1921 documentary Blandt Syd-Amerikas urskovsindianere (Among the Primeval Forest Indians of South America). The missionary Bruce Olson relates in his book, Bruchko , that he began living with

858-449: The ethnobotany of the Bari, who possess a vast knowledge of the biodiversity in Amazonia and use 80% of the plants around them. They have been the subject of the French ethnologist Robert Jaulin , and they were among the peoples depicted in the 1921 documentary Blandt Syd-Amerikas urskovsindianere (Among the Primeval Forest Indians of South America). The missionary Bruce Olson relates in his book, Bruchko , that he began living with

891-480: The gold was lost, never to be found again. In the 20th century, oil was discovered in Barí territory, and as oil companies moved in, their land has been subjected to oil drilling from 1913 to 1926 and from 1996 to 2001. The first peaceful contact that was made with the Bari was by Roberto Lizarralde in 1960. Lizarralde conducted research among the Bari for 44 years and his research was carried on by his son, Manuel Lizarralde . The focus of their research has been on

924-480: The gold was lost, never to be found again. In the 20th century, oil was discovered in Barí territory, and as oil companies moved in, their land has been subjected to oil drilling from 1913 to 1926 and from 1996 to 2001. The first peaceful contact that was made with the Bari was by Roberto Lizarralde in 1960. Lizarralde conducted research among the Bari for 44 years and his research was carried on by his son, Manuel Lizarralde . The focus of their research has been on

957-419: The industry is represented by oil products , fats and milk derived products. As one of the biggest water resources areas of Colombia , if not America, part of the Magdalena River crosses the Department and helps create the Cienaga de Zapatosa (Zapatosa Marsh ) along with the Cesar river. It has a great potential to develop a fishing industry also. The area between La Loma and La Jagua de Ibirico

990-518: The mountain range preserves unique flora and fauna and some 20 rivers are born in the mountain range among other minor streams, flowing into the Department of Cesar and feeding the Magdalena and Cesar river basins and the Cienaga de Zapatosa marshes. The Colombian government declared it a National Forest Reserve. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range is an isolated mountain range located in

1023-415: The northwestern region of the Department of Cesar. The mountain range is shared with by Department of La Guajira, which covers the northern area, the Department of Magdalena to the western side and the Department of Cesar which covers the southern face, covering a total area of 16,615 km (1'661,500 ha) of which 380,000 ha pertain to the Department of Cesar. The Cesar River and the western side of its basin

Cesar Department - Misplaced Pages Continue

1056-416: The region in 1532. From 1996 to 2006 paramilitary groups committed gross human rights violations affecting tens of thousands of victims in the Cesar mining region. The "Cesar" name is an adaptation from the Chimila indigenous word Chet-tzar or Zazare ("calm water") into Spanish, in reference to the Cesar River . The valley that its basin covers is also named after the river and extends through most of

1089-679: The village of Eupari as the largest and central to the other villages. These tribes are believed to be related to the Mesoamerican culture, the Caribs and Arawaks , directly associated to the Muisca culture in the Colombian eastern branch of the Andes . Archeological findings has shown that the indigenous in the area worked with stones and wood, including a boomerang shaped weapon found in

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