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70-609: Its affiliation with the Universal Postal Union (UPU) began in 1914, but ended in 1972 when it was replaced by China Post shortly after China's seat in the United Nations was handed over to the People's Republic of China . International reply coupons are not available to Taiwan, and mail is not delivered to or sent directly from Taiwan, but rather routed through third-party countries, with Japan Post as

140-579: A gold franc (0.163 SDR ) per kilogram. Also since 1969, it announces the annual best postal services on 9 October, the World Post Day . Once terminal dues had been established, they became a topic of discussion at every future Postal Union Congress. The 1974 Congress tripled the terminal dues to 1.5 gold francs, and the 1979 Congress tripled them again to 4.5 gold francs. The 1984 Congress increased terminal dues by another 45%. The system of terminal dues also created new winners and losers. Since

210-399: A 28.6 km railroad connecting the cities of Keelung and Taipei (see Taiwan Railways Administration ) became the earliest railroad system of China when it came into operation with nine Europe-made steam locomotives in 1891. An undersea telegraph line between Tamsui and Fuzhou was laid during his tenure. He sponsored the exploitation of coal using new technologies in northern Taiwan and

280-529: A Franco-German compromise to allow self-declared terminal dues of up to 70% of the domestic postage rate and increase the UPU terminal dues by 119–164%, phasing in both changes from 2021 to 2025. In addition, countries receiving more than 75,000 tonnes of mail—currently only the United States—could opt in to accelerated self-declared terminal dues on 1 July 2020 in return for an $ 8 million annual "contribution" to

350-407: A body, the .post group (DPG) , to oversee the development of that platform. 46°56′20″N 7°28′24″E  /  46.93889°N 7.47333°E  / 46.93889; 7.47333 Liu Ming-chuan Liu Mingchuan ( traditional Chinese : 劉銘傳 ; ; pinyin : Liú Míngchuán ) (1836–1896), courtesy name Xingsan , was a Chinese military general and politician during

420-492: A legislative election victory and the election of Ma Ying-jeou to the presidency. Following his election, Ma Ying-jeou publicly stated that he did not wish his inauguration commemoration stamps to be marked "Taiwan Post", because the name change was illegal. The postal service marked the inauguration stamps with Chinese characters for the "Republic of China", as well as "Republic of China (Taiwan)" in English . On 1 August 2008,

490-715: A lower rate to developing countries. In 2010, the United States was a net sender because it was mailing goods to other countries. That year, the United States Postal Service made a $ 275 million surplus on international mail. In addition, the UPU system was only available to state-run postal services. Low terminal dues gave the United States Postal Service an advantage over private postal services such as DHL and FedEx . To protect its profits on sending international mail,

560-676: A major route facility for incoming mail sent from the Americas region. Under the name " Chinese Taipei ", Taiwan is a member of the Fédération Internationale de Philatélie and the Inter-Asian Philatelic Federation. It also provides savings account , debit card and life insurance services. Chunghwa Post delivers standard letters, registered mail , parcels, and express mail throughout Taiwan. There are twenty-three large offices throughout

630-441: A massive modernization programme that included setting up defenses, developing transportation, taxation, farming, public security, commercial enterprises, financial affairs, and education. Construction works including telegram, railway, army machinery, telegram schools, Western schools, and modern forts, in addition to purchasing modern artillery and rifles. Liu promoted a series of Western-style architectural developments, including

700-753: A mob of land-owning farmers and militia revolted ( 施九緞事件 ) in Changhua County , attacking Qing officials led by Li Jiatang ( 李嘉棠 ), a county magistrate who had threatened to use capital punishment when carrying out the land census. A longtime animosity between the Xiang and the Huai Armies is believed to be another factor in Liu's eventual political frustration. Liu Ao ( 劉璈 ), a Xiang Army veteran officer and Superintendent of Military Affairs in Taiwan ( 臺灣兵備道 ),

770-636: A net deficit on international mail for the first time. The deficits increased to $ 80 million in 2017. The UPU established a new remuneration system in 2016, a move that the United States Department of State said would "dramatically improv[e] USPS's cost coverage for the delivery of ... packets from China and other developing countries." However, the Chairman of the Postal Regulatory Commission disagreed. With

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840-713: A postal treaty in July 1874, just three months before the Universal Postal Union made the treaty unnecessary. An exasperated Washburne complained, "There is no nation in the world more difficult to make treaties with than France." Faced with such difficulties in exchanging mail with Europe, the United States had already taken the lead in calling for improvements to international mail arrangements. United States Postmaster General Montgomery Blair called for an International Postal Congress in 1863. Meeting in Paris,

910-507: A separate province on Taiwan as a priority; rather, he emphasized the urgency of upgrading the defense industry in Taiwan and having a naval unit stationed in the ports around the island. Having never gotten full support from the mainland's Imperial court and the navy presence he wanted, Liu is instead remembered for his efforts to lay the foundation of modern infrastructure in Taiwan as its first provincial governor. He continued and enlarged Shen Baozhen 's ideals for managing Taiwan, and started

980-754: A single UPU member, as are the entire British overseas territories . These members were originally listed separately as "Colonies, Protectorates, etc." in the Universal Postal Convention and they were grandfathered in when membership was restricted to sovereign states. Palestine is an observer state in the UN, and it was granted special observer status to the UPU in 1999. In 2008 Israel agreed for Palestine's mail to be routed through Jordan, although this had not been implemented as of November 2012. Palestine began receiving direct mail in 2016. In November 2018, Palestine signed papers of accession to

1050-817: A uniform postal rate and equal treatment between domestic and foreign mail. The organization adopted its current name in 1878. It operated independently before being incorporated into the UN in 1948. The UPU contains four bodies: the Congress, the Council of Administration (CA), the Postal Operations Council (POC) and the International Bureau (IB). It also oversees the Telematics and Express Mail Service (EMS) cooperatives, which provide international express mail delivery. Pursuant to

1120-815: A variety of bodies such as the Field Command postal service, and after 1924, the Letters Department of the Ministry of Transport. Taiwan was taken over by the Republic of China in 1945. In 1946, the Republic of China government incorporated the postal service in Taiwan with the Directorate General of Posts. In 1949, the Republic of China lost control of mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party , which founded

1190-610: Is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies among member nations and facilitates a uniform worldwide postal system . It has 192 member states and is headquartered in Bern , Switzerland. Established in 1874 as the General Postal Union , the UPU is among the oldest extant intergovernmental organizations . It sought to standardize international mail delivery by establishing

1260-570: Is greatly remembered in both mainland China and Taiwan. In Mainland China, the name of the township where Liu was born in Feixi County was changed to his name in 2006. Hefei No. 8 High School has a campus named after him in this township. In Taiwan, Ming Chuan University and several elementary and middle schools were named after him. There is also a road named after him in Keelung . The first Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate purchased from

1330-507: Is remembered for his efforts in modernizing Taiwan during his tenure as governor, and several institutions have been given his name, including Ming Chuan University in Taipei . Liu was born into a poor family of farmers at Hefei , Anhui Province . His father died when Liu was 11 years old. At age 18, Liu joined a local gang of bandits in the mountains, and at 20 he took part in the early Nien Rebellion . At 23 he changed his mind and joined

1400-673: The Austro-German Postal Union . Negotiations for postal treaties could drag on for years. The United States drafted a postal treaty with France in 1852, but the two countries disagreed on how to divide the inland postage, and a treaty was not signed until 1857. However, the treaty was allowed to expire. Elihu Washburne , the new US Minister to France , arrived in Paris in 1869 to find "the singular spectacle ... of no postal arrangements between two countries connected by so many business and social relations." The United States and France finally exchanged ratifications of

1470-633: The Huai Army enabled the Sinos to match up against the French forces in combat. The French returned to northern Formosa in October 1884. On 1 October, 1,800 French marine infantry went ashore at Keelung and captured the town, supported by naval gunfire from French ships in the harbor. Liu Mingchuan attempted to defend Keelung with a Qing division of 2,000 troops, but was forced to retreat. Anticipating that

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1540-660: The Huai Army , beginning his loyalty to the Qing Empire . In 1859, during the Taiping Rebellion , he built his hometown's army, encouraged people to join, and suppressed several rebellions of the Taiping Army. In 1861, he led about 500 men to join Li Hongzhang 's Huai Army . He was made the head of Ming Jhi Camp ( 銘字營 ), and went with Li to Shanghai to aid Charles George Gordon 's army in defeating

1610-622: The Republic of China was established, replacing the Qing dynasty . The Great Qing Post changed its name to the Chunghwa Post "Chunghwa" is a transliteration of one of the names of China ( 中華 ), which connotes the multi-ethnic nation under a unified culture of "China". Alternatively spelled "Zhonghua" (in pinyin transliteration), this term is part of the Chinese language name of both

1680-464: The battle of Tamsui were light, but as a result of this reversal French control over Formosa was limited to the town of Keelung. This achievement fell far short of what had been hoped for, and condemned the French to a long and frustrating campaign around Keelung . By a decision of the Qing court, Taiwan Province was declared an independent province in 1887. Liu Mingchuan did not see the creation of

1750-471: The French would follow up their success with a landing at Tamsui , he left half of his force in strong defensive positions around Lok-tao ( 六堵 ), astride the road to Tamsui, and retreated to Taipei with the rest on 3 October. It was rumoured that he intended to flee south to Tek-cham (modern-day Hsinchu ), and his arrival in Taipei was greeted with rioting. Several of his bodyguards were killed and he himself

1820-649: The Huai faction or not—illustrates the financial difficulties China's early modernizers faced while the empire's fiscal resources were spent on the creation of the Beiyang Fleet and the renovation of the Summer Palace . After leaving Taiwan, Liu Mingchuan received no further official commissions and in 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan by the Treaty of Shimonoseki . Liu died in his hometown of Hefei in 1896, and

1890-557: The People's Republic of China. Soon after, postal service was restricted to Taiwan, several surrounding islands, and a few islands off the coast of mainland China still under the control of the Republic of China government. In 2003, the Directorate General of Posts of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications was restructured from a government department to a government-owned corporation , and renamed Chunghwa Post Co., Ltd. In February 2007, ROC President Chen Shui-bian announced that

1960-497: The Qing court, the governor resorted to a series of radical means of funding his projects. These included forcefully seizing control of some areas traditional inhabited by aboriginal tribes in the northern part of the island province and imposing a land census on the island's landowning class to expand camphor and tea production and increase tax revenues. Some of the repercussions of these measures would work to suffocate Liu's plans for Taiwan and his political career. On 6 October 1888

2030-598: The Republic of China and the People's Republic of China . Chunghwa post had contracted with aviation groups such as China National Aviation Corporation and China Airways Federal to deliver airmail on the Shanghai-Hankou, Nanjing-Beijing, and the Hankou-Canton routes in early 1929. It was on the Nanjing-Beijing route, where renown early-20th century poet Xu Zhimo caught a flight, but died as

2100-468: The Taiping Army. There he learned the use of Western firearms. In 1864 Huai Army commander Li Hongzhang and vice commander Liu attacked Changzhou to recover the city. Major General Liu was promoted to Colonel General and appointed to defend the capital at Beijing . The Qing government promoted him to be the local provincial head. He followed Zeng Guofan to suppress the bandits around Anhui and Hupei. The bandits were suppressed after four years, and he

2170-726: The UPU are the Vatican City and every UN member except Andorra, Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau. These four states have their mail delivered through another UPU member (France and Spain for Andorra, and the United States for the Compact of Free Association states). The overseas constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten ) are represented as

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2240-614: The UPU does not allow direct deliveries. The Universal Postal Congress is the most important body of the UPU. The main purpose of the quadrennial Congress is to examine proposals to amend the acts of the UPU, including the UPU Constitution, General Regulations, Convention and Postal Payment Services Agreement. The Congress also serves as a forum for participating member countries to discuss a broad range of issues impacting international postal services, such as market trends, regulation and other strategic issues. The first UPU Congress

2310-541: The UPU for five years. Trump adviser Peter Navarro declared that the agreement "more than achieved the President's goal," but he denied that the United States was "buying" the deal with its "contribution". UPU Director Siva Somasundram hailed the agreement as "a landmark decision for multilateralism and the Union." The UPU's Standards Board develops and maintains a growing number of international standards to improve

2380-472: The UPU in one year and self-declare the rates it charged to other postal services. The Universal Postal Union responded in May 2019 by calling, for only the third time in its history, an Extraordinary Congress for 24–26 September 2019. The members voted down a proposal submitted by the United States and Canada, which would have allowed immediate self-declaration of terminal dues. The UPU then unanimously passed

2450-499: The UPU introduced a system of terminal dues. When two countries had imbalanced mail flows, the country that sent more mail would have to pay a fee to the country that received more mail. The amount was based on the difference in the weight of mail sent and received. Since the Executive Council had been unable to come up with a cost-based compensation scheme after five years of study, terminal dues were set arbitrarily at half

2520-535: The UPU's documents and publications—including its flagship magazine, Union Postale —are available in the United Nations' six official languages : French, English, Arabic, Chinese, Russian, and Spanish. Toward the end of the 19th century, the UPU issued rules concerning stamp design, intended to ensure maximum efficiency in handling international mail. One rule specified that stamp values be given in numerals, as denominations written out in letters were not universally comprehensible. Another required member nations to use

2590-425: The UPU's mission, each member state agrees to the same terms for conducting international postal duties. Before the establishment of the UPU, every pair of countries that exchanged mail had to negotiate a postal treaty with each other. In the absence of a treaty providing for direct delivery of letters, mail had to be forwarded through an intermediate country. Postal arrangements were complex and overlapping. In 1853,

2660-502: The UPU. However, its bid for membership was defeated in September 2019 by a vote of 56 in support, 23 abstaining, 7 countries in opposition, and 106 countries not responding to the request to vote (which, according to UPU rules, led them to be tallied as abstentions)—leaving the bid substantially short of the required two-thirds majority of UPU members. States with limited recognition must route their mail through third parties, since

2730-441: The United States had a postal treaty with Prussia , but some states in southern Germany were sending their US-bound mail through France instead. Since there was no postal treaty between the United States and France, the mail had to travel on a British or a Belgian ship. US Postmaster-General James Campbell doubted "whether ... the arrangement can be safely continued," but he saw hope in a postal treaty with Bremen that also covered

2800-544: The United States voted with the developing countries to keep terminal dues low. They were opposed by the German Post and the Norwegian Post , which wanted to increase terminal dues. However, the low terminal dues backfired on the United States due to shifts in mail flows. With the growth of e-commerce , the United States began to import more goods through the mail. In 2015, the United States Postal Service made

2870-499: The age of 56, and returned to his hometown in Anhui . Most of the modernization projects initiated by Liu came to a halt shortly after his resignation and were never restarted throughout the rest of the Qing reign over the island. This has led to speculation that Liu's resignation was actually due to political opposition in the Qing court to his work. Whether or not this is true, the policy reversal adopted by Liu's successors—affiliated with

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2940-645: The airmail-carrier plane operated by China Airways Federal under contract, crashed in rough weather. In 1888, Liu Mingchuan , Qing Governor of Taiwan Province , established the Taiwan General Post Office (GPO) of the Great Qing Postal service ( 大清郵政官局 ). However, in 1895, Taiwan was ceded to Japan following the First Sino-Japanese War . The Taiwan GPO was abolished, with postal service in Taiwan conducted by

3010-532: The board of directors resolved to change the name of the corporation to Taiwan Post Co. ( 台灣郵政 ) after a delay of several hours due to protests from unions. However, a bill to recognize the change of law was blocked by the KMT-dominated legislature. As a result, the law still mandated the postal monopoly for "Chunghwa Post" despite the name change. In 2008, the Kuomintang took power in Taiwan following

3080-401: The company resolved to reverse the name change and restored the name "Chunghwa Post". The Board of Directors, as well as resolving to restore the name of the corporation, also resolved to re-hire the chief executive dismissed in 2007, and to withdraw defamation proceedings against him. Universal Postal Union The Universal Postal Union ( UPU , French: Union postale universelle )

3150-564: The country which supervises some 1,300 smaller post offices . The direct ancestor of Chunghwa Post is the Customs Post Office of the Qing Empire , established in 1878 by Li Hongzhang at the suggestion of the foreign powers, with branch offices in five major trading cities. On 20 March 1896, the Customs Post Office became the Great Qing Post, which in 1911 became independent of the customs service. On 1 January 1912,

3220-472: The creation of a modern postal service. Liu's governance saw China's earliest nighttime electrical illumination when the walled prefecture city of Taipei was lightened up with street lamps in 1887. However, those lights would be turned off after the initial trial period due to a lack of operating funds. Despite that these projects were limited in scope and scale, they were carried out against strong opposition and plagued with financial difficulties. Unassisted by

3290-477: The delegates agreed to all of von Stephan's proposals. The Treaty of Bern was signed on 9 October 1874, establishing what was then known as the General Postal Union . The treaty provided that: One important result of the Treaty was that it was no longer necessary to affix postage stamps of countries that a mailpiece passed through in transit. The UPU provides that stamps from member nations are accepted along

3360-696: The delegates laid down some general principles for postal cooperation but failed to come to an agreement. The German victory in the Franco-Prussian War cleared away the obstacles to a postal union. After defeating Napoleon III in 1870, the North German Confederation and the South German states united to form the German Empire . The German Reichspost established a uniform set of postage rates and regulations for

3430-501: The entire international route. The Treaty of Bern had been signed by 21 countries, 19 of which were European. After the General Postal Union was established, its membership grew rapidly as other countries joined. At the second Postal Union Congress in 1878, it was renamed the Universal Postal Union. French was the sole official language of the UPU until English was added as a working language in 1994. The majority of

3500-510: The exchange of postal-related information between postal operators. It also promotes the compatibility of UPU and international postal initiatives. The organization works closely with postal handling organizations, customers, suppliers and other partners, including various international organizations. The Standards Board ensures that coherent regulations are developed in areas such as electronic data interchange (EDI), mail encoding, postal forms and meters. UPU standards are drafted in accordance with

3570-626: The headquarters of Taiwan's Telegraphy (辦理臺灣水路電報總局, 1892), Taipei Machinery Car Repair Factory ( 臺北機關車修理廠 ), an iron bridge, Western Supervising Dormitory ( 洋監督宿舍 ), and Western School (西學堂, 1890). In 1886, under the support of German military engineer Max E. Hecht, he built nine modern Western-style forts, including Keelung Sheliao Fort ( 基隆社寮砲臺 ), Uhrshawan Battery , Hobe Fort , Daping Mountain Fort (旗後大平山炮台, destroyed), Penghu West Castle Fort ( 湖西大城北砲臺 ), Penghu West-Islet Fort ( 西嶼砲臺 ), Penghu Mazu Fort ( 金龜頭砲臺 ), and Anping Fort . Under Liu's auspices,

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3640-440: The intermediate postal service to bear the costs of transport to the final destination. Remailing was banned in 1924, but the UPU took no action on imbalanced flows until 1969. The problem of imbalanced flows became acute after decolonization , as dozens of former European colonies entered the UPU as independent states. The developing countries received more mail than they sent, so they wanted to be paid for delivery. In 1969,

3710-520: The late Qing dynasty. He was born in Hefei , Anhui . Liu became involved in the suppression of the Taiping Rebellion at an early age, and worked closely with Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang as he emerged as an important Huai Army officer. In the aftermath of the Sino-French War , succeeding Ding Richang he was appointed the first governor of the newly established Taiwan Province . Today he

3780-487: The name of the postal service would be changed to Taiwan Post , with sign changes occurring at branches in Taiwan on February 12. Media reports noted that "Taiwan Post" was more consistent with the name Governor Liu Ming-chuan used when he founded the Taiwan Post Administration in 1888. Furthermore, Taiwan Post began printing "Taiwan" instead of "Republic of China" on postage stamps. On February 9,

3850-532: The new country, but the uniformity ended at the German border. Different amounts of postage were required to mail a letter from Berlin to New York, depending on which ship carried the letter across the Atlantic Ocean. To bring order to the system of international mail, German Postmaster-General Heinrich von Stephan called for another International Postal Congress in 1874. Meeting in Bern , Switzerland,

3920-587: The originating country to keep all of the postage revenue, without compensating the destination country for delivery. The idea was that each letter would generate a reply, so the postal flows would be in balance. However, other classes of mail had imbalanced flows. In 1906, the Italian postal service was delivering 325,000 periodicals mailed from other countries to Italy, while Italian publishers were mailing no periodicals to other countries. The system also encouraged countries to remail through another country, forcing

3990-411: The outbreak of the China–United States trade war in 2018, the issue of terminal dues was pushed into the forefront. Americans complained that mailing a package from China to the United States cost less than mailing the same package within the United States. At the time, the UPU's Postal Development Indicator scale was used to classify countries into four groups from richest to poorest. The United States

4060-506: The rules given in Part V of the "General information on UPU Standards" and are published by the UPU International Bureau in accordance with Part VII of that publication. All United Nations member states are allowed to become members of the UPU. A non-member state of the United Nations may also become a member if two-thirds of the UPU member countries approve its request. The UPU currently has 192 members (190 states and two joint memberships of dependent territories groups). Member states of

4130-443: The same colors on their stamps issued for post cards (green), normal letters (red) and international mail (blue), a system that remained in use for several decades. After the foundation of the United Nations, the UPU became a specialized agency of the UN in 1948. It is currently the third oldest intergovernmental organization after the Rhine Commission and the International Telecommunication Union . The 1874 treaty provided for

4200-462: The system of terminal dues. In 1988 a per-item charge was included in terminal dues to drive up the cost of remailing, an old scourge that had returned. To resolve the problem with periodicals, the UPU adopted a "threshold" system in 1991 that set separate letter and periodical rates for countries which receive at least 150 tonnes of mail annually. The 1999 Postal Congress established "country-specific" terminal dues for industrialized countries, offering

4270-434: The terminal dues were fixed, low-cost countries that were net recipients would turn a profit on delivering international mail. Developing countries were low-cost recipients, but so were developed countries like the United States and the United Kingdom. Since the dues were payable based on weight, periodicals would be assessed much higher terminal dues than letters. The continuing fiscal imbalances required repeated changes to

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4340-514: Was Liu Mingchuan's arch opponent when he took office. Although Liu Mingchuan succeeded in purging Liu Ao from his jurisdiction by accusing the latter of various misdeeds, which led to the latter's exile as a guarded prisoner to Heilongjiang in 1885, the governor himself was never free from targeted attacks as a representative figure of the Huai faction in the government and as an important associate of Li Hongzhang. In June 1891, Liu Mingchuan resigned his post as governor of Taiwan for health reasons at

4410-415: Was a Group I country, while China was a Group III country, alongside countries like Mexico and Turkey that had similar GDP per capita . As a result, China paid lower terminal dues than the United States. The Presidency of Donald Trump complained that it was "being forced to heavily subsidize small parcels coming into our country." On 17 October 2018, the United States announced that it would withdraw from

4480-422: Was an International Telegraph Bureau, based in Bern, akin to the UPU. The International Telecommunication Union currently facilitates international electronic communication. In order to integrate postal services and the Internet, the UPU sponsors .post . Developing their own standards, the UPU expects to unveil a whole new range of international digital postal services, including e-post . They have appointed

4550-499: Was appointed imperial commissioner for the defense of Taiwan against a threatened French invasion. On 5 August 1884 Rear Admiral Sébastien Lespès destroyed three Formosan shore batteries in the port of Keelung in north Taiwan by naval bombardment. The French put a landing force ashore to occupy Keelung and the nearby coal mines at Pei-tao (Pa-tou), but on 6 August were counterattacked by a strong Qing force under Liu Mingchuan's command and forced to re-embark. Liu's leadership over

4620-407: Was arrested and held for several days in the city's Lungshan temple . Meanwhile, after an ineffective naval bombardment on 2 October, Admiral Lespès attacked the Formosan defenses at Tamsui with 600 sailors from the Far East squadron's landing companies on 8 October, and was decisively repulsed by forces under the command of General Sun Kaihua , a veteran Xiang Army officer. French casualties in

4690-419: Was given the title of Grand Protector of the Crowned Prince ( 太子太保 ) and the posthumous name Zhuang Su ( 壯粛 ). Permission was granted to build a temple and have his biography written. Before his death, he had mentioned Taiwan, looking to the East, where Taiwan lay. He cried: " Blue sky! Give me back Taiwan! ", in sorrow for the victory of Japan over China and the colonisation of Taiwan by Japan. Liu Mingchuan

4760-410: Was held in Bern, Switzerland in 1874. Delegates from 22 countries participated. UPU Congresses are held every four years and delegates often receive special philatelic albums produced by member countries covering the period since the previous Congress. The Universal Postal Union, in conjunction with the World Association for the Development of Philately , developed the WADP Numbering System (WNS). It

4830-423: Was launched on 1 January 2002. The website displays entries for 160 countries and issuing postal entities, with over 25,000 stamps registered since 2002. Many of them have images, which generally remain copyrighted by the issuing country, but the UPU and WADP permit them to be downloaded. In some countries, telegraph and later telephones came under the same government department as the postal system. Similarly there

4900-457: Was promoted to Baron First Class. Apart from providing occasional support to the military, he then resigned from his position due to illness. In 1884, France and the Qing triggered the Sino-French war over the possession of Vietnam . That same year, Liu arrived in Taiwan as Imperial Inspector Minister on Military Affairs. He planned and supervised the construction of forts at Courbet Harbor, An-Ling Tun, Tsien Tung, and others. In June 1884, Liu

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