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38-508: After the department of Amazonas was created, by law of November 21, 1832, it became a province of the Amazonas region, and the city of Chachapoyas remained a regional capital. Its principal quarters are: A big part of the province is constituted by soils of puna , located between 4,000 and 5,000 metres (13,000 and 16,000 ft) in the oriental districts of Chiliquín , Quinjalca and Granada . Two principal rivers cover its territory:

76-557: A Magdalena 's district, there are many calcareous caverns, which stalactites and stalagmites formations serve as habitat to diverse night birds. La Jalca has the privilege of being the first Spanish city that has been founded in the region: in effect, captain Alonso de Alvarado , conqueror of the Amazonas , on September 5, 1538 founded there the first city of San Juan de la Frontera de los Chachapoyas , which then would be moved to

114-466: A modest and worthily way and they devoted themselves to agriculture and mining . Many settlers achieved a loose economic position, keeping, nevertheless, the austerity of the customs that was one of the highlight points of Chachapoyas' social life. With time the settlers were spreading to other zones of the region, such as Luya , city that was established in 1569 by the governor Lope García de Castro , ratified later in its administrative organization by

152-443: A place called Jalca , which apparently did not have the demanded conditions. This was the reason why the location of the flaming city was changed several times. According to the papers of the epoch, the last time that a change was made was in 1544, but it is unknown when the city was established in its current place. The same day of Chachapoyas' foundation, the members of the first cabildo were elected, turning out to be designated

190-437: A second expedition, this time with instructions to take possession of the zone, delivering Alvarado a provision so he would be able to found the city of San Juan de la Frontera de los Chachapoyas . But this time Pizarro's envoy met the bellicose resistance of a curaca called Huamán , whom they had to defeat before coming to their destination, where they founded the mentioned city on September 5, 1538. Alvarado had chosen

228-481: Is located at 2,144 m. This is the lowest pass of the whole Peruvian Andes to arrive to the Pan-American road system. The vast and deep Marañón valley which constitutes one of the most important morphologic features of the region. The Marañón valley crosses a big part of its territory and expands itself from south to north. It reaches its greatest width in the province of Bagua . It narrows when it crosses

266-920: Is longitudinally developed up to the Marañón River, in which it flowed at 400 m. This zone is the principal center of production and human groups location. It is developed in four very pronounced sectors: The principal tributaries of the Utkupampa are the Chiriaco , the Nieva , the Santiago (that is born in Ecuador ) and the Cenepa , that is born in the north zone of the Cordillera del Cóndor . The Cenepa River receives in its trip numerous tributaries like

304-581: The Comaina . It flowed in the Marañon river , located near Orellana ( Condorcanqui Province ). The Utkupampa valley which is born in the high jalcas of the Chachapoyas Province and which runs from southeast to northwest to mix with the waters of the Marañón River, forms the immense plain of Bagua . This plain has a warm climate, which temperature can reach a maximum of 40 °C, being

342-554: The Cordillera Oriental ( Spanish for "eastern mountain range") in its most violent route towards the east, towards the lowest part of the Amazon . It crosses those wonderful canyons and natural porches called punkus , a Quechua word that means doors. The Utkupampa valley which is the real axis of the department of Amazonas is located between 5° and 6° of south latitude and 78° and 79° of west longitude. It

380-758: The Sociedad Amantes del País (Lovers of the Country Society), founder and collaborator of the newspaper Mercurio Peruano , deputy of the Spanish Parliament and congressman of the first Constituent Congress , in which the majority of its members were his disciples. The department of Amazonas was created by a law issued by the government of the marshal Agustín Gamarra , promulgated on November 21, 1832. The initiative belonged to two illustrious children of Chachapoyas: Modesto de la Vega and José Braulio de Camporredondo . Camporredondo

418-633: The Utcubamba , which runs from south to north and which right margin is dedicated to the agriculture in diverse form; and the Sonche , which runs from east to west and it is born from the meeting of several creeks that go down the heights of Molino Pampa district . This river flows into the Utcubamba along with the Huancachaca . It has a short trip, its beaches are narrow and its areas are unusable because its slopes are rocky and steep. In Shihual ,

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456-513: The councillors Gómez de Alvarado , Alonso de Chávez , Gonzalo de Trujillo , Gonzalo de Guzmán , Luis Valera (father of the chronicler Blas Valera ), Pedro Romero , Bernardino de Anaya and Francisco de Fuentes . According to the Spanish custom, the layout of the city was made by means of rectilinear design streets. A few years after its foundation, the prosperity of the region began to demonstrate itself in magnificent constructions in

494-448: The viceroy Francisco de Toledo . There it bloomed an agriculture of varied production and the upbringing of dairy , sheep and equine cattle. In one of his pastoral visits, Saint Toribio de Mogrovejo visited the principal populations of this department in this epoch. The inhabitants of Chachapoyas became involved in the movement for independence. In April 1821, helping the action of San Martin's liberating army, they ignored

532-857: The 16th century, the Chachapoya were among the many nations incorporated into the Inca Empire . Their incorporation to the Inca Empire had not been easy, due to the sprouts of resistance that the chachapoyas offered repeatedly to the Inca's troops. The chronicler Pedro Cieza de León offers some notes about the Chachapoyas: "They are the whitest and most handsome of all the people that I have seen in Indies , and their wives were so beautiful that because of their gentleness, many of them deserved to be

570-595: The Amazonas Region and it only includes 27.07% of its whole territorial surface. One of the factors that help to give big importance to its geography is not only that the big valleys and plains of its rainforest zone are the closest to the Pacific Ocean , but also its connections with the routes of the coast are the lowest. This is because they use the Paso de Porculla (the mountain pass of Porculla) that

608-511: The Incas' wives and to also be taken to the Sun Temple (...) The women and their husbands always dressed in woolen clothes and in their heads they wear their llautos , which are a sign they wear to be known everywhere." Cieza adds that, after the annexation to the Inca Empire, the Chachapoya apparently adopted the customs imposed by the people from the department of Cuzco . The meaning of

646-604: The Pre- Hispanic cultures that became prosperous in the area are still a mystery due to the lack of research. Deep in the interior, Kuélap's Fortress is an ancient walled city and archeological site in the mountains. The largest stone complex in South America, it is located 3,000 meters above sea level, higher than the site of Machu Picchu. It is located above the Amazon River , where it bends before entering

684-508: The Spanish authorities, exiling the subdelegate Francisco Baquedano and the bishop of Maynas Hipólito Sánchez , who were fighting openly against independence . Noted patriots born in Amazonas include: The military chief of Moyobamba , colonel José Matos , organized an army of 600 men, who confronted the patriots on June 6, 1821, in Higos Urco pampa . Although the latter lacked training, military knowledge or discipline, they faced

722-545: The broad lowland basin. A huge construction of military architecture, Kuélap's Fortress includes the ruins of some 450 houses. The Chachapoyas culture developed during the Inca age; these people strongly opposed the Incan conquest and repelled the first Inca attempts to incorporate the region to their empire in the 15th century. The Spanish colonial region's capital, Chachapoyas, was founded in 1538 by Alonso de Alvarado . During

760-406: The city of Chachapoyas, with big courts , wide lounges and architectural characteristics adapted to the zone. The colonial aspect of Chachapoyas stays almost intact until now, and it is one of the most attractive characteristics of this old city. A refined religious feeling was one of the characteristics that distinguished the settlers of this region during the colonial period. In the same year of

798-406: The coast, or by the rivers from the region of the east. Such situation continue until 1960, date in which the highway arrived to Chachapoyas, although it had been already preceded by air transport. Later, during the last government of the doctor Manuel Prado , there was constructed and inaugurated the highway that joins Chachapoyas with the big route of penetration Olmos-Marañon. With this, Amazonas

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836-506: The following dates: The colonial splendour of Chachapoyas , almost a complete city, was disappearing during the Republic because it had been imposed in the country new means of transport that were turning it in a cloistered and outlying city from the rest of the country. Chachapoyas remained this way during more than one century in the Republic. Without highways of access, the route had to be done on horse, in long and painful caravans from

874-509: The foundation of Chachapoyas, the first church was built. Its first priest was Hernando Gutiérrez Palacios . Later the churches of Santa Ana , San Lázaro and Señor de Burgos were built. Three religious convents were also established: San Francisco, La Merced and that of the betlehemitas. The majority of the persons who settled in Chachapoyas from the time of its foundation were people with nobility , but poor. They were living in

912-407: The mid-16th century. It is one of Peru's major archeological sites. The department of Amazonas consists of regions covered by rainforests and mountain ranges . The rainforest zone predominates (72.93%) and it extends to the north over its oriental slope, up to the border with Ecuador in the summits of the Cordillera del Cóndor . The mountain range zone is located in the southern provinces of

950-432: The minimum one 21 °C. Like in the whole high jungle region of Peru –head of mountain-, its water regimen is irregular and sometimes without rains. Some of the important places inside this route are the touristic corridor of the Utkupampa and the lake Pumaqucha . Some excavation of archaeological sites covered over by the rain forest have attested to the presence of humans in the area since ancient times. Most of

988-409: The north and west, Cajamarca on the west, La Libertad on the south, and Loreto and San Martín on the east. Its capital is the city of Chachapoyas . With a landscape of steep river gorges and mountains, Amazonas is the location of Kuelap , a huge stone fortress enclosing more than 400 stone structures; it was built on a mountain about 3,000 meters high, starting about 500 AD and was occupied to

1026-412: The others, for more adventurous spirits, can take in average 15 days. Chachapoyas is divided into twenty-one districts , which are: 6°20′S 77°48′W  /  6.333°S 77.800°W  / -6.333; -77.800 Amazonas (Peruvian department) Amazonas ( Spanish pronunciation: [amaˈsonas] ) is a department and region in northern Peru bordered by Ecuador on

1064-442: The place that it occupies now. For Peter Lerche, an anthropologist, in la Jalca there is the legitimate Andean pre-Hispanic indigenous Peruvian culture , with traditional towns like Conila , Levanto , Colcamar , Luya . Fruit of his investigations initiated in 1980, he has published "Chachapoyas, travelers' guide". In this book he proposes some tourist circuits. The first one of them, the shortest, can take in average 5 days, and

1102-546: The realistas determined to give their lives in defense of the proclaimed freedom. Matea Rimachi was an Amazonas woman renowned as a heroine of Higos Urco . Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza , a professor , politician , philosopher and jurist , was one of the most important patriot leaders of the Amazonas. He signed the record of national independence in Lima . He was the rector of the Convictorio de San Carlos , member of

1140-408: The regions of Pataz , Chachapoyas and Maynas will stay inside the limits of the Amazonas Region. Salaverry tried futilely to annul the creation of this department that, later, according to diverse demarcating dispositions was diminishing in its area. Most of its territory was dismembered in 1866, when the department of Loreto was created. The creation of its current provinces was realized in

1178-603: The same year, its first church was built. Later the Santa Ana, San Lázaro and Señor de Burgos churches were built. In April 1821, the city's inhabitants expelled the Spaniards and ignored their rule, following the steps taken by the San Martín liberating army as Peru gained independence from Spain. The area of the Amazonas Region was strongly linked to the movement for independence. The cleric Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza

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1216-476: The second-level administrative subdivisions of the country. They are divided into districts (Spanish: distritos ). There are 196 provinces in Peru , grouped into 25 regions , except for Lima Province which does not belong to any region. This makes an average of seven provinces per region. The region with the fewest provinces is Callao (one) and the region with the most is Ancash (twenty). While provinces in

1254-495: The sparsely populated Amazon rainforest of eastern Peru tend to be larger, there is a large concentration of them in the north-central area of the country. The province with the fewest districts is Purús Province , with just one district. The province with the most districts is Lima Province , with 43 districts. The most common number of districts per province is eight; a total of 29 provinces share this number of districts. The table below shows all provinces with their capitals and

1292-569: The word chachapoya is unknown. If it is in the Quechua language , it may have been derived from sacha-p-collas , meaning the "colla people who live in the woods" ( sacha = wild p = of the colla = nation in which Aimara is spoken). Provinces of Peru Supreme Court of the Republic President Javier Arévalo Vela  [ es ] The provinces of Peru ( Spanish : provincias ) are

1330-565: Was an excellent agricultural region where the people possessed a lot of gold and silver. The conquistador did not lose time and formed an expedition of 20 men, putting captain Alonso de Alvarado in charge of it, with the express order to found a Christian city at Chachapoyas. The chroniclers say that, when the Spanish arrived to the region, the Chachapoyas people gave big parties in their honor and gave them many rich gifts willingly, also numerous examples of appreciation, including showing some interest to become Christians. Pizarro decided to send

1368-472: Was in charge of the presidency of the republic, in absence of the marshall Gamarra . Four years later, a department of the same name was established alongside the Peru–Bolivian Confederation . The same law contained a series of norms to promote the economic development of the new Hindu network including exonerations of rights in its commerce with Ecuador or Brazil. In accordance with this law,

1406-618: Was its most outstanding representative, encouraging the patriots of this era and signing the National Act of Independence. The Cordillera del Condor , located in this region, was the scene of the border war between Peru and Ecuador in 1981. The natives of the region received in a jubilant and cordial way the first Spanish who came into Amazonas. They knew about their arrival in Peru by the news that they had received from Cajamarca . Those people had told Francisco Pizarro that Chachapoyas

1444-541: Was put in direct communication with Lima and the rest of the Republic. The department of Amazonas possesses a great past that is still precariously evaluated and spread. On its borders, there are fabulous archaeological testimonies like Cuélap , the most extensive monument of the Peruvian ancestral past. Cuélap was the main city of the Chachapoyas culture in their peak years. When the Spanish arrived in Peru in

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