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45-683: The Chagrin Shale was identified in 1873 and named for the Chagrin River in 1903. John Strong Newberry , director of the Ohio State Geological Survey , first identified the formation in 1873. He called it the Erie Shale, but it was discovered that the name "Erie Shale" was preoccupied (already in use). Ohio State University professor of geology Charles S. Prosser further described the formation in 1903, and proposed

90-465: A compressive strength anywhere from 5,000 pounds per square inch (34,000 kPa) to 15,000 pounds per square inch (100,000 kPa). The strength of the rock is much lower near soil/rock interface (where there is stress relief), and if there is weathering. The Chagrin Shale is found in north-central and northeastern Ohio, and in northwestern Pennsylvania. The Chagrin Shale reaches a maximum thickness of 1,200 feet (370 m) in eastern Ohio. In Ohio,

135-799: A 30-day period (3.3), average number of poor mental-health days reported in a 30-day period (4.1), and the percentage of births with low birth-weight (10.4%). Among these factors, Cuyahoga did worse than the Ohio average in premature death, poor mental-health days, and low birth-weight. Possible explanations as for why Cuyahoga County is lower in health outcomes than the average Ohio county include behavioral factors, access to clinical care, social and economic factors, and environmental factors. The leading causes of death and disability in Cuyahoga County are chronic diseases such as cancer, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. The cancer mortality rate for Cuyahoga

180-593: A combination of conventional bus, rapid-transit bus, and rail transit services, as well as on-demand services. Several other county agencies also serve Cuyahoga County, mostly through downtown Cleveland. Greyhound , Barons Bus Lines , and Megabus provide public transportation beyond Cuyahoga County to destinations across the United States. The Cleveland Metroparks system serves Cuyahoga County. Its 16 reservations provide more than 21,000 acres (8,500 ha) of green space and recreational amenities. The county

225-558: A single geographic district, with no at-large districts. The elected offices of auditor, clerk of courts, coroner, engineer, recorder, sheriff, and treasurer were abolished. The county executive was given authority to appoint individuals to these offices, which became part of the executive branch of the county. Summit County is the only other Ohio county with this form of government. In the November 2, 2010, election, Lakewood Mayor Ed FitzGerald (D) defeated Matt Dolan (R) to become

270-570: A state level. Like many major urban counties, Cuyahoga County is heavily Democratic. Given its New England heritage and diverse population, plus union and labor involvement, the county often provides the Democratic Party with the largest margins in Ohio. In the 19th century, the Western Reserve, which Cleveland is the economic center of "probably the most intensely antislavery section of the country." It last voted Republican at

315-482: A three-member Board of County Commissioners , which is the default form of county government in the state. In July 2008, Federal Bureau of Investigation agents began raiding the offices of Cuyahoga County Commissioners and those of a wide range of cities, towns, and villages across Cuyahoga County. The investigation revealed extensive bribery and corruption across the area, affecting hundreds of millions of dollars in county contracts and business. The investigation led to

360-426: A wide range of attorneys, building inspectors, consultants, contractors, school district employees, and mid and low level county workers. On November 3, 2009, county voters overwhelmingly approved the adoption of a new county charter, which replaced the three-commissioner form of county government with an elected county executive and county prosecutor, and an 11-member county council . Each council member represents

405-591: Is 192.7 per 100,000 people, the mortality rate due to heart disease is 204.2 per 100,000 people, and the percentage of adult residents who are obese is 26.2%. According to the Fox Chase Cancer Center, a health disparity can be defined as the existence of inequalities that prevent certain members of a population group from benefiting from the same health status as other groups. Cuyahoga County has many health disparities when comparing cities and demographics. The Hough neighborhood of Cleveland and

450-583: Is a black shale that is an important source of local fossils . Cleveland Shale is found in the Chagrin River valley between 800 and 900 feet (270 m) msl. Bedford Shale is found above the Cleveland Shale layer. This material marks the uncertain transition between the Devonian and Pennsylvanian periods in the region and is also an important source of local fossils. This layer is found in

495-493: Is a large urban county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Ohio . The county seat and largest city is Cleveland . As of the 2020 census , its population was 1,264,817, making it the second-most populous county in the state. Cuyahoga County is situated on the southern shore of Lake Erie , across the U.S.–Canada maritime border . The county is bisected by the Cuyahoga River , after which it

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540-498: Is concentrated in the City of Cleveland and suburbs in eastern Cuyahoga County, such as Shaker Heights and Solon. Republican strength is concentrated in the southern Cuyahoga County suburbs, such as Strongsville and North Royalton. Suburbs in western Cuyahoga County, such as North Olmsted and Westlake tend to be more moderate. Since around 2016, formerly Democratic working-class suburbs such as Middleburg Heights and Parma have trended to

585-486: Is interpreted as having accumulated in a shallow marine, offshore to nearshore environment of normal salinity and less than 45 meters water depth. Hydrogen sulfide and (more frequently) methane gas are found in the Chagrin Shale. On some occasions, these pockets of gas have proven quite large, and when reached by drills have vented for several weeks. Water infiltration of the formation on a sustained or large scale

630-580: Is one of 20 municipalities in Ohio with this specific protection. Alongside the new language, the legislation creates a three-person Commission of Human Rights for Cuyahoga County which would support citizens looking to file a discrimination complaint. This legislation evokes the Ohio Fairness Act, a bill currently stalled in the House and Senate which would amend this anti-discrimination legislation on

675-1209: Is rarely seen. Loyalsburg Formation Chagrin River The Chagrin River is located in Northeast Ohio . The river has two branches, the Aurora Branch and East Branch. Of three hypotheses as to the origin of the name, the most probable is that it is a corruption of the name of a Frenchman, Sieur de Seguin, who established a trading post on the river ca. 1742. The Chagrin River runs through suburban areas of Greater Cleveland in Cuyahoga , Geauga , and Portage counties, transects two Cleveland Metroparks reservations, and then meanders into nearby Lake County before emptying into Lake Erie . The East Branch begins in Geauga County, flows north then west through Lake County , largely in Kirtland , and Kirtland Hills . In these communities

720-399: Is the second-largest county in Ohio by area. A portion of Cuyahoga Valley National Park is in the county's southeastern section. As of the 2020 census , there were 1,264,817 people, 555,988 households, and 309,691 families residing in the county. The population density was 2,766.4 inhabitants per square mile (1,068.1/km ). There were 615,825 housing units. The racial makeup of the county

765-568: The American brook lamprey , which is relatively rare in Ohio . Hiking is popular in many areas along the Chagrin River. Some areas are also popular for fishing: ESPN Outdoors recommends the Chagrin River for fishing, especially for finding steelhead . The Daniels Park Dam, a small lowhead dam, was their favorite spot. On December 31, 2004, the Daniels Park Dam failed due to excess pressure from ice and water. The Aurora branch of

810-660: The Cuyahoga Valley National Park by way of their Rockside Station in Independence. Freight rail service is provided by Norfolk Southern , CSX Transportation , Wheeling and Lake Erie Railroad , Cleveland Commercial Railroad , and several other small companies. Norfolk Southern has the largest presence in the county, operating three different lines and several terminal yards. The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority , also known as RTA, provides public transportation to Cuyahoga County through

855-734: The Chagrin River is a class III-IV of whitewater , according to the American Whitewater Association . On the other hand, the Daniels Park section is rated a class I. In 2007, the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency were notified that, in violation of both state law and Federal Regulations, 8,700 feet (2,700 m) of the East Branch of the river was channelized and diked to prevent flooding on agricultural land owned by

900-644: The Chagrin Shale is thin in the west, and thickens as it proceeds east. The Chagrin Shale also extends south into West Virginia. The unit is also present in Kentucky, where it is mapped as the Chagrin Shale tongue of the Ohio Shale. In Ohio, the Chagrin Shale underlies the Cleveland Shale and overlies the Huron Shale. It is a member of the Ohio Shale . The Chagrin Shale grades into and between

945-596: The Cleveland and Huron Shales. The fossils found in the Chagrin Shale include the coelacanth fish Chagrinia , plants, and trace fossils including the ichnogenus Chagrinichnites . The fossils in the Chagrin Shale indicate that the unit is of the Late Devonian period . More precisely, the Chagrin Shale is of the Famennian stage , which is approximately 365 million years old. The Chagrin Shale

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990-690: The East Branch transects the Holden Arboretum , before intersecting the main in Willoughby . The Aurora Branch begins in northwest Portage County, flowing northwest through Aurora and portions of Geauga and Cuyahoga Counties, intersecting the main branch west of Chagrin Falls . The Chagrin River was designated as a state scenic river in 1979. Along its banks and tributaries, Berea sandstone , Bedford shale , Cleveland Shale , and Chagrin Shale bedrock are exposed in layers. The river itself

1035-596: The GOP, while formerly GOP upscale suburbs such as Bay Village and Chagrin Falls have trended Democratic. Cuyahoga County is home to a number of higher-education institutions, including: School districts include: In 2014, Cuyahoga County ranked 65 out of 88 counties in Ohio for health outcomes. This ranking was based on multiple factors, including: premature death (7,975 years per 100,000 population, of potential life lost), adults who reported having poor or fair health (15%), average number of poor physical-health days reported in

1080-578: The Hough neighborhood was around four times that of Lyndhurst residents. The Lyndhurst rate of accidental deaths was nine times higher than the Hough neighborhood. Cuyahoga County is served by international, regional, and county airports, including: Cuyahoga County receives intercity passenger service by Amtrak by way of Lakefront Station in Cleveland, with destinations such as Chicago, New York, Boston, Washington, DC, and many more. The Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad offers scenic excursion service through

1125-597: The Village of Kirtland Hills . This activity was conducted by local developer Jerome T. Osborne Sr., who leased the land from the village. Both the village and Osborne were cited for the activity, which threatened the riparian floodplains and increased the likelihood and severity of downstream flooding in the communities of Willoughby and Eastlake . In 2012, the Ohio Attorney General's Office under Mike DeWine sued Osborne's company for failing to obtain

1170-475: The arrest of county commissioner Jimmy Dimora ; county auditor Frank Russo; MetroHealth vice president John J. Carroll; former Strongsville councilman Patrick Coyne; former Ohio District Courts of Appeals judge Anthony O. Calabrese III; former Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas judge Bridget McCafferty; Cuyahoga County Sheriff Gerald McFaul; former Cleveland City Council member Sabra Pierce Scott; Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas judge Steven Terry; and

1215-595: The county was $ 43,603 for a household and $ 58,631 and for a family. The county's per capita income was $ 26,263. About 10.3% of families, 19.4% of those under age 18, and 9.3% of those age 65 or over, and 13.1% of the population as a whole was living below the poverty line . The Cuyahoga County Council and Executive exercise direct government over unincorporated areas of Cuyahoga County. As of 2012, this consisted of two small areas: Chagrin Falls Township and Olmsted Township . Cuyahoga County had long been led by

1260-440: The county. The population density was 2,800.0 people/sq mi (1,081.1 people/km ). The 621,763 housing units averaged 1,346 units per square mile (520 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 63.6% White, 29.7% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.6% Asian (0.9% Indian, 0.7% Chinese, 0.3% Filipino, 0.2% Korean, 0.2% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese), 1.8% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. About 4.8% of

1305-491: The first Cuyahoga County Executive . The first Cuyahoga County Council was also elected, with Democrats winning eight seats, while Republicans won three. On September 25, 2018, Cuyahoga County passed legislation which specifically protects LGBTQ+ people in their anti-discrimination laws. The protections under the bill specify equal access for the LGBTQ+ community to employment, housing, and public accommodations. The county

1350-722: The land became part of the Connecticut Western Reserve in the Northwest Territory , and it was purchased by the Connecticut Land Company in 1795. Cleveland was established one year later by General Moses Cleaveland near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River. Cuyahoga County was created on June 7, 1807, and organized on May 1, 1810. Cleveland (then known as "Cleaveland") was selected as the county seat in 1809. The county

1395-628: The name "Chagrin Shale" because the shale presented such excellent outcroppings near the Chagrin River. Dr. Prosser's suggested nomenclature was adopted. Details of the type locality and of stratigraphic nomenclature of the Chagrin Shale, as used by the U.S. Geological Survey, are available on-line at the National Geologic Map Database. The Chagrin Shale is a gray or greenish-gray argillaceous shale consisting of gray siltstone, silty gray shale, soft gray clay shale, and (uncommonly) grayish-black shale. The primary minerals in

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1440-469: The nineteenth century it was quarried from the base of Gildersleeve Mountain (in the East Branch watershed). This material was used to build Kirtland Temple and other local structures. Berea sandstone is still used as a local building material According to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources , more than 49 species of fish and 90 bird species live in the Chagrin River watershed , including

1485-534: The population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race (3.1% Puerto Rican, 0.7% Mexican, 0.1% Dominican, 0.1% Guatemalan). Further, 16.5% were of German , 12.8% Irish , 8.8% Italian , 8.1% Polish , 5.9% English , 3.7% Slovak , and 3.1% Hungarian heritage. Sizable numbers of Russians (1.7%), French , (1.4%), Arabs (1.4%), Ukrainians (1.2%), and Greeks (0.7%) were residing in the county; as their first language, 88.4% spoke English , 3.7% Spanish , and 4.9% some other Indo-European language. In addition, 7.3% of

1530-595: The population were foreign-born (of which 44.4% were born in Europe, 36.3% in Asia, and 12.1% in Latin America). Of the 571,457 households, 28.5% had children under 18 living with them, 42.4% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.9% were not families. About 32.8% of all households consisted of single individuals, and 12.1% consisted of someone living alone who

1575-413: The presidential level in 1972, when Richard Nixon carried it with a plurality. The last Republican presidential candidate to win an absolute majority was Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956. However, it has occasionally voted Republican in statewide landslides since then, such as for John Kasich in the 2014 gubernatorial election and for George Voinovich in the 2004 Senate election . Democratic strength

1620-579: The proper permits. In 2016, Lake County Commons Pleas Judge Richard L. Collins Jr. ordered the now-late Osborne estate to pay a civil penalty of $ 404,240 plus interest to the Ohio State treasury. The Ohio Department of Natural Resources later dedicated $ 2.2 million to the restoration of the East Branch, which is ongoing as of 2024. Cuyahoga County, Ohio Cuyahoga County ( / ˌ k aɪ . ə ˈ h ɒ ɡ ə / KY -ə- HOG -ə or / ˌ k aɪ . ə ˈ h oʊ ɡ ə / KY -ə- HOH -gə )

1665-430: The ravines that carry tributaries of the Chagrin River. Bedford shale is a sand shale and is characterized by its roughly 90° cleavage pattern. Pieces of Bedford shale can look as if they were cut by human hands and are found up to about 950 feet (290 m) msl. Berea sandstone is found from around 950 feet (290 m) msl to roughly 1,070 feet (330 m) msl. Berea sandstone is an important local building material. In

1710-416: The shale are chlorite , illite , kaolinite , and quartz . Thin to massive beds of siltstone and sandstone are common. The amount of siltstone increases from west to east, at times forming beds up to 50 feet (15 m) thick. Thin layers of ironstone and marcasite , as well as concentrations of marcasite, occur throughout the shale. The Chagrin Shale is classified as a weak to medium-strong rock, with

1755-540: The suburb of Lyndhurst can be compared to illustrate some of the disparities. The communities are both in Cuyahoga County and are less than 10 miles apart. They also have similar populations, but a different racial breakdown according to the 2010 census. The Hough neighborhood's population was 16,359 (96.1% Black or African American and 2.1% White American) and the Lyndhurst's population was 14,001 (6.4% Black or African American and 90.3% White American). A 24-year disparity

1800-519: Was named . "Cuyahoga" is an Iroquoian word meaning "crooked river". It is the core county of the Cleveland, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area and Cleveland–Akron–Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area . The land that became Cuyahoga County was previously part of the French colony of Canada (New France) , which was ceded in 1763 to Great Britain and renamed Province of Quebec . In the early 1790s,

1845-450: Was 58.2% White , 29.3% African American , 0.2% Native American , 3.5% Asian , 0.0% Pacific Islander , 2.8% from some other races and 5.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.6% of the population. 20.3% of residents were under the age of 18, 5.3% were under 5 years of age, and 19.6% were 65 and older. As of the 2010 census , there were 1,280,122 people, 571,457 households, and 319,996 families were residing in

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1890-430: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 3.06. The age distribution in the county was as follows: 25.0% under 18, 8.0% between 18 and 24, 29.3% between 25 and 44, 22.2% between 45 and 64, and 15.6% who were 65 or older. The median age was 37 years old. For every 100 females, there were 89.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.2 males. The median income in

1935-599: Was cut through the Allegheny Plateau as glaciers receded in the area at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation . The lowest visible bedrock is Chagrin shale . Named for the river and easily found in the river valley. Chagrin shale is blue gray in color, an offshore alluvial, silt shale of the Devonian period. This layer is found below about 800 feet (240 m) msl. The next layer is Cleveland shale. This

1980-524: Was later reduced in size by the creation of Huron , Lake , and Lorain counties. In 1831, future U.S. President James A. Garfield was born in what was at the time Cuyahoga County's Orange Township . According to the United States Census Bureau , the county has an area of 1,246 sq mi (3,230 km ), of which 457 sq mi (1,180 km ) are land and 788 sq mi (2,040 km ) (63%) are water. It

2025-460: Was seen in life expectancy between the communities. Hough neighborhood residents have a life expectancy of 64 years and residents in Lyndhurst have a life expectancy of 88.5 years. The annual median income in the Hough neighborhood is $ 13,630 while it is $ 52,272 in Lyndhurst. Data collected from the Center for Community Solutions indicated from 1990 to 2001, the rate of heart disease for residents of

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