Chakhar is a variety of Mongolian spoken in the central region of Inner Mongolia . It is phonologically close to Khalkha and is the basis for the standard pronunciation of Mongolian in Inner Mongolia.
17-747: There are three different definitions of the word Chakhar . First, there is Chakhar proper, spoken in Xilingol League in the Plain Blue Banner , Plain and Bordered White Banner , Bordered Yellow Banner , Taibus Banner in Dolonnuur , and in Ulanqab in Chakhar Right Rear Banner , Chakhar Right Middle Banner , Chakhar Right Front Banner , Shangdu and Huade , with a number of approximately 100,000 speakers. In
34-441: A converb ( abbreviated cvb ) is a nonfinite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination : notions like 'when', 'because', 'after' and 'while'. Other terms that have been used to refer to converbs include adverbial participle , conjunctive participle , gerund , gerundive and verbal adverb (Ylikoski 2003). Converbs are differentiated from coverbs , verbs in complex predicates in languages that have
51-541: A broader definition, the Chakhar group contains the varieties Chakhar proper, Urat, Darkhan, Muumingan, Dörben Küüket, Keshigten of Ulanqab . In a very broad and controversial definition, it also contains the dialects of Xilingol League such as Üjümchin, Sönit, Abaga, and Shilinhot. The Inner Mongolian normative pronunciation is based on the variety of Chakhar proper as spoken in the Shuluun Köke banner. Excluding
68-410: Is based on mining and agriculture. Xilingol borders Mongolia to the north, Chifeng , Tongliao and Hinggan League to the east, Ulanqab to the west and Hebei to the south. This is the only prefecture-level division of Inner Mongolia in whose southern border nomadic culture is still vivid. Some divisions, such as Tongliao, have a much higher percentage of Mongolian population, but agriculture
85-532: Is extensive among Khorchin Mongols there. Xilingol League is also the closest Inner Mongolian prefecture-level division to Beijing; although, among those Inner Mongolian prefecture-level divisions bordering Hebei, the province surrounding Beijing, Xilin Gol is also the most unapproachable one. With a significant population of Chakhar Mongols, who speak a Mongolian dialect closely related to the standard dialect of Mongolia,
102-464: Is to be observed in some words such as /in/ < *ene ‘this’, rather than in /ələ/ 'kite (bird)'. However, long monophthong vowels also include /e/ < *ei. The maximal syllable structure is CVCC. In word-final position, non-phonemic vowels often appear after aspirated and sometimes after unaspirated consonants. They are more frequent in male speech and almost totally disappear in compounds. The consonant phonemes (excluding loanwords) are shown in
119-430: The nominative , while at least in written Khalkha anything but the genitive form <manai> is rare. Chakhar has approximately the same participles as Khalkha, but -mar expresses potentiality, not desire, and consequently -xar functions as its free allomorph. On the other hand, there are some distinctive converbs such as -ba (from Chinese 吧 ba) 'if' and -ja (from 也 yè) 'although' which seem to be allomorphs of
136-497: The phonology of recent loanwords , Chakhar has the pharyngeal vowel phonemes /ɑ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, /ʊ/ and the non-pharyngeal vowel phonemes /ə/, /i/, /o/, /u/ that adhere to vowel harmony . All have long counterparts and some diphthongs exist as well. /ɪ/ has phonemic status only due to its occurrence as word-initial vowel in words like /ˈ ɪlɑ̆x / 'to win' (vs. /ˈ ɑlɑ̆x / 'to kill'), thus /i/ (<*i) does occur in pharyngeal words as well. Through lexical diffusion , /i/ <*e
153-474: The serial verb construction . Converbs can be observed in most Turkic languages , Mongolic languages , as well as in all language families of Siberia such as Tungusic . The term was coined for Khalkha Mongolian by Ramstedt (1902) and until recently, it was used mostly by specialists of Mongolic and Turkic languages to describe non-finite verbs that could be used for both coordination and subordination. Nedjalkov & Nedjalkov (1987) first adopted
170-459: The Chakhar dialect are from Chinese and Manchu . Xilingol League Xilingol League (also transliterated as Xilin Gol or Shiliin Gol ; Chinese : 锡林郭勒盟 ; Mongolian : [REDACTED] , Шилийн Гол аймаг , Shiliin Gol aimag , pronounced [ʃɪ̆ˈɮiŋ ɢɔɮ ˈɛːmə̆k] ) is one of the 3 leagues of Inner Mongolia . The seat is Xilinhot , and the area is 202,580 km (78,220 sq mi). The league 's economy
187-523: The Chinese counting system in powers of 10.000. Collective numerals can be combined with approximative numeral suffixes. So while ɑrwɑd 'about ten' and ɑrwʊl 'as a group of ten' a common in Mongolian, ɑrwɑdʊl 'as a group of about ten' seems to be peculiar to Chakhar. The pronominal system is much like that of Khalkha. The colloquial form of the 1. person singular accusative (in which
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#1732764973205204-733: The alleged murder of a Mongolian herder, Mergen, by a Chinese truck driver who was blocking the way for Chinese coal trucks to pass through his pasture on May 10, 2011. Protests with some thousand protestors broke out in Xilingol. To prevent the spreading of protests, the Chinese government sealed off the Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities in Tongliao and the Nationalities University in Hohhot ,
221-601: The dialect also spoken in Xulun Hoh Banner, Xilin Gol League's variety is chosen as the standard language of Mongolian in China. Nevertheless, the de facto common standard is a mix of Khorchin-Kharchin and Chakhar, due to the extensive presence of Khorchin Mongolian speakers in China. In 2000, there were 975,168 inhabitants: Xilin Gol is divided into two county-level cities, one county and nine banners : After
238-579: The idiosyncratic accusative stem is replaced) can be nadï instead of nadïɡ , and the alternation of i ~ ig does occur with other pronominal stems as well. This does not lead to confusion as the genitive is formed with mid-opened instead of closed front vowels, e.g. the 2. person singular genitive honorific is [tanɛ] in Chakhar and usually [tʰanɪ] in Khalkha. The 3. person stems don't employ any oblique stems. The 1. person plural exclusive man- has an almost complete case paradigm only excluding
255-658: The only two universities where lessons are predominantly taught in Mongolian. In addition, it enforced tight control on the internet and shut down QQ chatrooms. To address the underlying issues, the government provided compensation to the family of the victim, brought forth tougher environmental regulations, and dismissed the Communist Party chief of West Ujimqin. The truck driver was tried, found guilty of murder, and sentenced to death. 43°56′N 116°05′E / 43.93°N 116.09°E / 43.93; 116.09 Converb In theoretical linguistics ,
272-453: The suffixes -bal and -bt͡ʃ of common Mongolian origin. The finite suffix -la might have acquired converbal status. Finally, -xlar ('if ... then ...') has turned into -xnar , and the form -man ~ - mand͡ʒï̆n 'only if', which is absent in Khalkha, sometimes occurs. Chakhar has the same core declarative finite forms as Khalkha, but in addition -xui and -lgui to indicate strong probability. Most loanwords peculiar to
289-546: The table below. Palatalized vowels have phoneme status only in pharyngeal words. The case system of Chakhar has the same number of morphemes as Khalkha with approximately the same forms. There is a peculiar Allative case suffix , -ʊd/-ud , that has developed from *ödö ( Mongolian script <ödege>) 'upwards' and that seems to be a free allomorph of the common -rʊ/-ru . The reflexive-possessive suffixes retain their final -ŋ (thus -ɑŋ <*-ban etc., while Khalkha has -ɑ ). Large numbers are counted according to
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