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42-671: Chatkal Range is a range in the Western Tian Shan that borders Ferghana Valley from northwest. It departs from Talas range and spreads out to south-west to the right bank of Angren (river) . The length of the range is 225 km (140 mi), and it is up to 30 km (19 mi) wide. The highest elevations of the Chatkal Range are located in its north-east part. The ridge is crowned by pointed peaks with elevations of 4,300 to 4,500 m (14,100 to 14,800 ft) with Avletim peak - 4,503 m (14,774 ft) being

84-502: A plateau glacier during glacial times. The only remaining interglacial remnant of this glaciation is the 61 km long South Inylschek glacier. The outlet glacier tongues of the plateau glacier flowed northward down to Lake Issyk Kul , calving in this 160 km long lake. Similarly, strong glaciation was present in the high mountain area of the Kungey Alatau , which stretches for 230 km north of Issyk Kul and connects to

126-438: A problem. The turnover of individual trees is likewise conducive to the rapid evolution of a tree species, as is the fact that sweet apples are now, at least for all practical purposes, self-incompatible—that is, they cannot pollinate themselves. Therefore each apple tree within the forest and even each pip, usually five, within each individual fruit will be different. There are many apples on a mature tree, so natural selection has

168-456: A rich and diverse population upon which to work. Birds, of course, eat all manner of fruit. But most birds eat seeds—a dietary feature not conducive either to the selection or spread of a fruit tree. Sweet apples are often eviscerated by birds, but the seeds are frequently left in the empty shell of the pome. The reason is that apple (and pear and quince) seeds are rich in cyanoglycosides, which are highly repellent, particularly to birds... Moreover,

210-467: Is composed by primarily of limestone , granite , and schist . The axial line of the range is composed of limestone of Lower Carboniferous and Upper Devonian . This Kyrgyzstan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tian Shan The Tian Shan is sacred in Tengrism . Its second-highest peak is known as Khan Tengri , which can be translated as "Lord of

252-649: Is located on the northern margin of the Tarim basin between the Kokshaal-Tau mountain chain to the south and the Terskey Alatau mountain chain to the north. The Kokshaal-Tau extends for 570 km from Pik Dankowa in the west to Pik Pobeda in the east-northeast. This mountain chain, along with the parallel Terskey Alatau and the Tian Shan plateau in between, were covered by connected ice-stream-networks and

294-409: Is the highest point of Kazakhstan . Mountaineers class these as the two northernmost peaks surpassing 7,000 metres (23,000 ft) in the world. The Torugart Pass , at 3,752 metres (12,310 ft), marks the border between Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang . The lower-altitude, forested Alatau ranges in the northern Tian Shan is home to Turkic -speaking pastoral tribes. The Tian Shan is separated from

336-800: The Aral Sea the "Sea of Sïr," or Sïr Tengizi . The important evidence is the etymology of the name of the Syr-Darya River mentioned by the Ancient authors – '''Yaksart''', established by V. A. Livshits (2003: 10). It means ‘'''flowing’, ‘streaming’.''' The word belongs to the Sogdian dialect that had emerged from the Saka language group. When the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great reached

378-613: The Bogda Shan in the east, as defined by both Western and Chinese cartography. The Tian Shan's highest peak is Jengish Chokusu (also known as Victory Peak) , shared by Kyrgyzstan and China. At 7,439 metres (24,406 ft) high, it is the highest point in Kyrgyzstan . The Tian Shan's second highest peak, Khan Tengri (King Heaven), straddles the Kazakhstan - Kyrgyzstan - China tripoint and at 7,010 metres (23,000 ft),

420-695: The Central Asian nations have failed to reinstate it. Inadequate infrastructure, poor water-management, and outdated irrigation methods all exacerbate the issue. In 2012, the Syrdarya–Turkestan State Regional Natural Park was opened in the Kazakhstan, in hopes of protecting the river plain ecosystems, archaeological sites, and historical-cultural monuments, as well as plants and animal species, some of which are rare or endangered. The river rises in two headstreams in

462-688: The Jaxartes ( / dʒ æ k ˈ s ɑːr t iː z / jak- SAR -teez , Ancient Greek : Ἰαξάρτης ), is a river in Central Asia . The name, which is Persian , literally means Syr Sea or Syr River . It originates in the Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan and flows for 2,256.25 kilometres (1,401.97 mi) west and north-west through Uzbekistan, Sughd province of Tajikistan, and southern Kazakhstan to

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504-650: The Qarlik Tagh and the Barkol Mountains . Then the Bogda Shan (god mountains) run from 350 to 40 kilometres (217 to 25 mi) east of Ürümqi. Then there is a low area between Ürümqi and the Turfan Depression . The Borohoro Mountains start just south of Ürümqi and run west-northwest 450 kilometres (280 mi) separating Dzungaria from the Ili River basin. Their north end abuts on

546-578: The Soviet era, a resource-sharing system was instituted in which Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan shared water originating from the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers with Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , and Uzbekistan in summer. In return, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan received Kazakh, Turkmen, and Uzbek coal, gas, and electricity in winter. After the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union , this system disintegrated and

588-777: The Tarim Basin from the Fergana Valley . The Fergana Range runs northeast towards the Talas Ala-Too and separates the upper Naryn basin from Fergana proper. The southern side of these mountains merge into the Pamirs in Tajikistan ( Alay Mountains and Trans-Alay Range ). West of this is the Turkestan Range , which continues almost to Samarkand. The Tian Shan plateau, stretching 100 to 120 km wide,

630-739: The Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan —the Naryn River and the Kara Darya which come together in the Uzbek part of the Fergana Valley —and flows for some 2,212 kilometres (1,374 mi) west and north-west through Uzbekistan and southern Kazakhstan to the remains of the Aral Sea. The Syr Darya drains an area of over 800,000 square kilometres (310,000 sq mi), but no more than 200,000 square kilometres (77,000 sq mi) actually contribute significant flow to

672-815: The Tibetan Plateau by the Taklimakan Desert and the Tarim Basin to the south. The Syr Darya , Ili River and Tarim River that originate in the Tian Shan. The Aksu Canyon is a prominent feature in the mountain range's northwestern section. Continuous permafrost typically forms in the Tian Shan at elevations above 3,500-3,700 meters. Discontinuous permafrost can be found as low as 2,000 meters in specific locations influenced by unique topographical and climatic conditions, though it generally occurs between 2,700-3,300 meters altitude. The Tian Shan's glaciers are rapidly receding, losing 27% or 5.4 billion tons of ice annually since 1961— nearly four times

714-678: The Xiongnu word Qilian ( traditional Chinese : 祁連 ; simplified Chinese : 祁连 ; pinyin : Qílián ), which, according to Tang commentator Yan Shigu , is the Xiongnu word for "sky" or "heaven". Sima Qian , in the Records of the Grand Historian , mentioned Qilian in relation to the homeland of the Yuezhi , and the term is believed to refer to the Tian Shan rather than

756-471: The northern remnants of the Aral Sea . It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the endorheic basin of the Aral Sea, the other being the Amu Darya (Jayhun, also known by its classical name the Oxus ). In the Soviet era, extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers, diverting their water into farmland and causing, during the post-Soviet era, the virtual disappearance of

798-583: The 17th and early 18th century, but the Khanate of Kokand rebuilt many in the 19th century, primarily along the Upper and Middle Syr Darya. Massive expansion of irrigation canals in Middle and Lower Syr Darya during the Soviet period to water cotton and rice fields caused ecological damage to the area. The amount of water taken from the river was such that in some periods of the year, no water at all reached

840-611: The 200 kilometres (120 mi) Dzungarian Alatau which runs east northeast along Sino-Kazakh border. They start 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Taldykorgan in Kazakhstan and end at the Dzungarian Gate . The Dzungarian Alatau in the north, the Borohoro Mountains in the middle and the Ketmen Ridge in the south make a reversed Z or S, the northeast enclosing part of Dzungaria and the southwest enclosing

882-544: The Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake. The point at which the river flows from Tajikistan into Uzbekistan is, at 300 m (980 ft) above sea level, the lowest elevation in Tajikistan. The second part of the name ( darya , دریا ) means "lake" or "sea" in Persian and "river" in the Central Asian Persian . The current name dates only from the 18th century. The earliest recorded name

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924-636: The Jaxartes in 329 BC, after travelling through Bactria and Sogdia without encountering any opposition, they met with the first instances of native resistance to their presence. In October 329 BC the Macedonians fought the Battle of Jaxartes against the Saka , killing some 1,200 combatants including the leader of the nomads. Alexander was forced to retire south to deal with a revolt in Sogdia . Alexander

966-672: The Spirits". At the 2013 Conference on World Heritage , the eastern portion of Tian Shan in western China's Xinjiang Region was listed as a World Heritage Site . The western portion in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan was then listed in 2016. The Tian Shan range is located north and west of the Taklamakan Desert and directly north of the Tarim Basin . It straddles the border regions of Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan and Xinjiang in Northwest China . To

1008-736: The Tian Shan Mountains. The plant then made its way to Turkey via the Silk Road and became a symbol of the Ottoman Empire . Ancestors of important crop vegetation were established and thrived in the area, among them: apricots ( Prunus armeniaca ), pears ( Pyrus spp.), pomegranates ( Punica granatum ), figs ( Ficus ), cherries ( Prunus avium ) and mulberries ( Morus ). The Tian Shan region also included important animals like bears, deer, and wild boar, which helped to spread seeds and expand ecological diversity. Among

1050-424: The Tian Shan, spreading along the Silk Road and killing half of Europe's population in the mid 1300s. Tian Shan has an alpine climate ( Köppen climate classification ETH ). In Tengrism , Khan Tengri , is the lord of all spirits and the religion's supreme deity, and it is the name given to the second highest peak of Tian Shan. One of the earliest historical references to these mountains may be related to

1092-708: The furthest"—in 329 BC. For most of its history since at least the Muslim conquest of Central Asia in the 7th to 8th centuries AD, the name of this city (in present-day Tajikistan ) has been Khujand . In the mid-19th century, during the Russian conquest of Turkestan , the Russian Empire introduced steam navigation to the Syr Darya, initially from Fort Raim but with an important river port at Kazalinsk ( Kazaly ) from 1847 to 1882, when service ceased. During

1134-459: The global average of 7%. By 2050, half of the remaining ice is projected to disappear. Russian explorer Peter Semenov was one of the first European to extensively document the Tian Shan in the 1850s. The Tian Shan have a number of named ranges which are often mentioned separately (all distances are approximate). In China the Tian Shan starts from about 600 to 400 kilometres (370 to 250 mi) east of Ürümqi , north of Kumul City (Hami) with

1176-445: The highest point. Between peaks are saddles and mountain passes: Avletim - 3,447 m (11,309 ft), Shaar - 3,809 m (12,497 ft), Semiz-Bel - 3,570 m (11,710 ft), Chanach - 3,401 m (11,158 ft), Tush-Atu - 3,595 m (11,795 ft), Chapchyma - 2,841 m (9,321 ft), and Chaykyldy - 3,264 m (10,709 ft). Northern slopes are steep and short, while southern ones are gentle. The range

1218-734: The lake is the Terskey Alatau and the north side the Kyungey Ala-Too (shady and sunny Ala-Too). North of the Kyungey Ala-Too and parallel to it is the Trans-Ili Alatau in Kazakhstan just south of Almaty . West of the eye, the range continues 400 kilometres (250 mi) as the Kyrgyz Ala-Too , separating Chüy Region from Naryn Region and then Kazakhstan from the upper valley of the river Talas ,

1260-553: The last ice age than it is today. This would result in a depression of the average annual temperature of 7.2 to 8.4 °C for the Last Glacial Maximum compared with today, assuming a comparable precipitation ratio. The Tian Shan holds important forests of Schrenk's spruce ( Picea schrenkiana ) at altitudes of over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft); the lower slopes have unique natural forests of wild walnuts and apples . The Tian Shan in its immediate geological past

1302-587: The mountain foreland near Alma Ata. The glacial glaciers from the Kungey Alatau also calved into Lake Issyk Kul, with the Ak-Sai valley glacier developing a mountain foreland glacier. The Chon-Kemin valley was glaciated up to its inflow into the Chu valley. Altogether, the glacial Tian Shan glaciation occupied an area of approximately 118,000 square kilometers. The glacier snowline was about 1200m lower during

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1344-462: The placenta of the apple fruit, the womb, contains inhibitory substances that prevent the germination of the apple seed in situ. This is a commonly observed phenomenon in fruits as Michael Evenari showed in 1949. So what then does, or did, distribute the original apple seed? The bear... The strain of Y. pestis which caused the bubonic plague now know as the Black Death may have originated in

1386-580: The range 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) further east now known as the Qilian Mountains . The name of the Tannu-Ola mountains in Tuva has the same meaning. The Chinese name Tian Shan is most likely a direct translation of the traditional Kyrgyz name for the mountains, Teñir Too. Syr Darya The Syr Darya / ˌ s ɪər ˈ d ɑːr j ə / SEER - DAR -yə , historically known as

1428-730: The river: indeed, two of the largest rivers in its basin, the Talas and the Chu , dry up before reaching it. Its annual flow is a very modest 37 cubic kilometres (30,000,000  acre⋅ft ) per year—half that of its sister river, the Amu Darya . Along its course, the Syr Darya irrigates the most productive agricultural regions in all of Central Asia , together with the towns of Kokand , Khujand , Kyzylorda and Turkestan . Various local governments throughout history have built and maintained an extensive system of canals . These canals are of central importance in this arid region. Many fell into disuse in

1470-605: The south side of which is the 200 kilometres (120 mi) Talas Ala-Too Range ('Ala-too' is a Kyrgyz spelling of Alatau). At the east end of the Talas Alatau the Suusamyr Too range runs southeast enclosing the Suusamyr Valley or plateau. As for the area south of the Fergana Valley there is an 800 kilometres (500 mi) group of mountains that curves west-southwest from south of Issyk Kul Lake separating

1512-692: The south, it connects with the Pamir Mountains , while to north and east, it meets the Altai Mountains of Mongolia . The Tian Shan range extends eastwards for approximately 2,900 kilometers from Tashkent , Uzbekistan. It forms part of the Himalayan orogenic belt , resulting from the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates during the Cenozoic era. The range encompasses

1554-514: The time of the Arab conquest, the Yinçü , or "Pearl river", from Middle Chinese 眞珠 * t͡ɕiɪn-t͡ɕɨo . Tang Chinese also recorded this name as Yaosha River 藥殺水 ( MC : * jɨɐk-ʃˠɛt ) and later Ye River 葉河 (MC: * jiɛp ). The current local name of the river, Syr ( Sïr ), does not appear before the 16th century. In the 17th century, Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur Khan, historian and ruler of Khiva , called

1596-574: The upper Ili valley. In Kyrgyzstan the mainline of the Tian Shan continues as Narat Range from the base of the Borohoros west 570 kilometres (350 mi) to the point where China, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan meet. Here is the highest part of the range – the Central Tian Shan, with Peak Pobeda ( Kakshaal Too range) and Khan Tengri . West of this, the Tian Shan split into an 'eye', with Issyk Kul Lake in its center. The south side of

1638-526: The vegetation colonizing the Tian Shan came, likely via birds from the east, the ancestors of what we know as the "sweet" apple. The fruit probably then looked like a tiny, long-stalked, bitter apple something like Malus baccata , the Siberian crab. The pips may have been carried in a bird's crop or clotted onto feet or feathers. What natural features of the unique Tian Shan might have contributed to this rigorous selection program? Time is, as we have seen, not

1680-415: Was Jaxartes or Iaxartes ( Ἰαξάρτης ) in Ancient Greek , consist of two morpheme Iaxa and artes , found in several sources, including those relating to Alexander the Great . The Greek name hearkens back to the Old Persian name Yakhsha Arta ("True Pearl"), perhaps a reference to the color of its glacially-fed water. More evidence for the Persian etymology comes from the river's Turkic name up to

1722-434: Was kept from glaciation due to the "protecting" warm influence of the Indian Ocean monsoon climate. This defined its ecological features which could sustain its distinctive ecosphere. The mountains were subjected to constant geological changes with constantly evolving drainage systems which affected the patterns of vegetation, as well as exposing fertile soil for newly emerging seedlings to thrive in. Tulips originated in

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1764-503: Was wounded in the fighting that ensued and the native tribes took to attacking the Macedonian garrisons stationed in their towns. As the revolt against Alexander intensified it spread through Sogdia, plunging it into two years of warfare, the intensity of which surpassed any other conflict of the Anabasis Alexandri . On the shores of the Syr Darya, Alexander placed a garrison in the City of Cyrus ( Cyropolis in Greek), which he then renamed after himself Alexandria Eschate —"Alexandria

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