Chivor is a town and municipality in the Eastern Boyacá Province , part of the Colombian department of Boyacá . The mean temperature of the village in the Tenza Valley is 18 °C (64 °F) and Chivor is located at 215 kilometres (134 mi) from the department capital Tunja . Economic activity includes emerald mining.
16-454: Bordered to the north with the municipality of Macanal ; to the south with Ubalá , Cundinamarca , on the east with the municipality of Santa María , and the west by the municipality of Almeida . Chivor comes from Chibcha and means "Our farmfields - our mother" or "Green and rich land". The latter refers to the rich emerald deposits. Chivor was inhabited by the Muisca in the times before
32-895: A loose confederation of different rulers of the Muisca . The zaque of Hunza ruled over Macanal. Modern Macanal was founded on May 4, 1807. The Macanal Formation , an organic shale , outcrops near and has been named after Macanal. Main economical activities of Macanal are agriculture ; coffee ( Coffea arabica ), bananas , maize , beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris ), yuca , sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum ), arracacha ( Arracacia xanthorrhiza ), avocadoes , papayas , mangoes , guayaba and cucumbers ( Cucumis sativus and Cyclanthera pedata ), livestock farming and mining ( gypsum and emeralds ). 4°58′19″N 73°19′10″W / 4.97194°N 73.31944°W / 4.97194; -73.31944 Macanal Formation The Macanal Formation or Macanal Shale ( Spanish : (Formación) Lutitas de Macanal , Kilm, K1m)
48-735: Is a fossiliferous geological formation of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes . The predominantly organic shale formation dates to the Early Cretaceous period; Berriasian to Valanginian epochs and has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft). The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves , ammonites and fossil flora have been found in
64-591: Is a source rock for oil and gas. In the vicinity of Macanal, the formation provides emeralds . The Macanal Formation, a unit of the Cáqueza Group , concordantly overlies the Guavio , Santa Rosa , Ubalá , Chivor and Batá Formations , and is concordantly overlain by the Las Juntas Formation . The age has been estimated to be Berriasian to Valanginian . Stratigraphically, the formation
80-713: Is governed from Chivor, Macanal and Almeida. Chivor has a subtropical highland climate (Cfb) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round. Macanal Macanal is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Boyacá , part of the subregion of the Neira Province . The urban centre is located in the Tenza Valley in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes at an elevation of 1,680.3 metres (5,513 ft) but parts of
96-655: Is time equivalent with the Mercedes , Tambor , Rosablanca , Murca and La Naveta Formations . The formation has been deposited in a shallow marine environment in an enclosed basin, with as provenance areas the Santander High and the Guiana Shield . The Macanal Formation is part of the syn-rift sequence of eastern Colombia. The Macanal Formation contains numerous levels of fossiliferous abundances. Bivalves , ammonites and flora have been found in
112-912: The Fómeque Formation to the east of Lake Tota , and the Chámeza Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of the overlying Las Juntas Formation around Chámeza , Casanare . The Ubaque Fault forms the contact between the Fómeque Formation and the Macanal Formation, while the Las Mercedes Fault puts the Quetame Group in contact with the Macanal Formation near Quetame , as does the San Juanito Fault . The Servitá Fault forms
128-600: The Macana palm tree. The Macanal Formation has a maximum thickness of 2,935 metres (9,629 ft), and is characterised by a sequence of micaceous organic shales , with calcite veins and gypsum occurrences intercalated in the formation. The Macanal Formation contains high values of TOC . In the Eastern Cordillera Basin and the adjacent foothills of the Llanos Basin , the Macanal Formation
144-628: The Spanish conquest . The Muisca were organized in their loose Muisca Confederation with northern ruler the zaque of Hunza and the southern zipa in Bacatá . Already in those times the rich emerald deposits were known and mined by the Muisca. The emeralds functioned as offer pieces in the Muisca religion , as decoration and as money . The emerald deposits of Chivor were discovered by Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada in 1537 but
160-780: The deformation registered in ammonite fossils has helped in understanding the tectonic history of the Llanos foothills of the Eastern Ranges. The Macanal Formation is apart from its type locality in the Batá River canyon, found in the Cravo Sur anticline, east of the Ocetá Páramo , in the Desespero Synclinal in the southern and northern parts of Labranzagrande , around Páez and Campohermoso , in
176-545: The eastern part of Gama , bordering the Guavio Reservoir , and in the Servitá Synclinal, west of Villavicencio . The Macanal Formation crops out along the road between Bogotá and Villavicencio and is there heavily fractured and folded. The Macanal Formation is the most extensive formation around Cáqueza , and Gachalá , Cundinamarca. The Pajarito Fault thrusts the Macanal Formation on top of
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#1732772963150192-561: The formation. The formation is a source rock for oil and gas in the Eastern Cordillera Basin and adjacent Llanos Basin foothills and provides emeralds in the vicinity of Macanal , after which the formation is named. The formation was defined and named in 1979 by Rodríguez and Ulloa after Macanal , Cundinamarca . The name Macanal is either derived from the Muysccubun word Macana , meaning garrote , or from
208-535: The formation. Ammonites of Substeueroceras cf. mutabile , Sarasinella cf. hondana , Subalpinites sp. , Berriasela sp. , Neocomites cf. wichmanni , Olcostephanus sp. , Olcostephanus cf. atherstoni , Favrella cf. colombiana , Acanthodiscus sp. have been registered in the formation, as well as bivalves of Corbis (Sphaera) cf. corrugata , Trigonia cf. hondana , Trigonia (Buchotrigonia) cf. abrupta , Trigonia (Notoscabrotrigonia) cf. tocaimaana , and Exogyra cf. boussingaulti . Analysis of
224-559: The mines were abandoned until 1886. Modern Chivor was not founded until December 16, 1930, by Florencio Novoa. Main economical activities of Chivor are agriculture ( maize , yuca , bananas , sugarcane , beans , chayote , coffee and fruits such as papayas , blackberries and the typical Colombian fruits lulo and tree tomatoes ) and especially the emerald mining. In 2014 emeralds worth 30 million US dollars were extracted in Boyacá. The rich deposits have led to numerous conflicts in
240-585: The municipality reach elevations of 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). It borders Campohermoso in the east, Almeida in the west, Garagoa in the north and in the south Santa María and Chivor . The name Macanal is either derived from the Chibcha word Macana , meaning garrote , or from the Macana palm tree ( Wettinia kalbreyeri ). The area of Macanal was part of the Muisca Confederation ,
256-654: The region, including in Chivor. The Gran Esmeralda de Moctezuma ("Great Emerald of Moctezuma ") is a mineral of 21 centimetres (8.3 in) high, 17 centimetres (6.7 in) long and 16 centimetres (6.3 in) thick and has been found in Chivor. Currently the emerald is in Vienna , Austria . Other grand emeralds from Chivor are Patricia weighing 632 carats (126.4 grams (4.46 oz)), and La Magnífica of 1225 carats (245 grams (8.6 oz)). The Embalse la Esmeralda ("Emerald reservoir") producing hydroelectric energy
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