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144-579: The Páramo de Ocetá in the times before the Spanish conquest of the Muisca was inhabited by the Muisca , loyal to the iraca of Suamox , who considered the region sacred . Myths and legends exist from pre-Columbian and Spanish colonial times and in the lower part of the páramo the Muisca women gave birth in little man-made pools ( Tortolitas ). The Ocetá Páramo is considered the most beautiful páramo in

288-476: A "death war" against the Spanish and gathered an army of 10,000 guecha warriors. To keep the conquistadores away, he sent a delegation of his people with emeralds , gold and mantles to offer the Spanish with the promise that Tundama would surrender bringing eight more of these. Gaining time, Tundama hid his treasures and prepared the defence of Tundama. On December 15, 1539, another Spanish captain coming from

432-656: A battle to gain control over the area. At that moment, Usaca appeared and resisted against the Spanish conqueror. Legend tells that he dropped his weapons and fell in love with her, eventually marrying the sister of Tisquesusa and they were baptised in Usaquén , meaning "Land of the Sun" in Muysccubun . This formed the start of the construction of a colonial village, today part of the capital and known for its colonial architecture and parks. When Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada found out

576-598: A colony for the Spanish Crown condemned him to pay large sums upon arrival in Hispaniola. This made it impossible for him to perform new expeditions for some years. While De Ojeda was underway to Colombia, his rival Christopher Columbus started his fourth voyage, with thirty ships from Cádiz on May 11, 1502. Columbus landed on the previously unknown island of Martinique on June 15 and he continued his journey northwestward to reach Santo Domingo on June 29. As he

720-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

864-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

1008-411: A raft would jump into the ice cold waters, is represented in the famous Muisca raft . The festivities of this ritual were surrounded with music , singing and dances and accompanied by large quantities of chicha , the indigenous alcoholic beverage made of fermented maize . Also during the construction of the houses, overseen by their god Nencatacoa , the people drank chicha. The golden ritual formed

1152-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

1296-767: A series of sights are present. From most of the route, to the (south)west, a view of the Duitama-Sogamoso Valley, especially the settlements of Tibasosa , Nobsa and Duitama , is visible. From the Mirador de Cóndores and the Cerro de Águilas on clear days it is possible to see the snowy peaks of the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy and even the Llanos Orientales . The Tortolitas (English: "Sweethearts") are oval-shaped depressions that were made by

1440-673: A society based on agriculture on the fertile soils of the valleys of the Altiplano, the result of Pleistocene lacustrine sediments. Called "The Salt People", they were also known as producing salt from halite brines extracted from salt mines in Zipaquirá , Nemocón and Tausa , an activity that was the task of the Muisca women exclusively and had started in the Herrera Period around 250 BCE. Trading of various raw products, such as cotton, that grew in lower altitude terrains to

1584-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

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1728-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

1872-538: A year. The Cerro de Águilas (English: "Eagles Hill") is a hill on the páramo consisting of alternating shales and sandstone formations of the Guadalupe Group. The Mirador de Cóndores (English: "Condor Viewpoint") is the highest point of the páramo and offers a view on the Laguna Negra. Andean condors can be sighted from this viewpoint. Laguna Negra (English: "Black Lake") is a permanent lake on

2016-521: Is August 6, 1538. The foundation was performed by the construction of 12 houses of reed, referring to the Twelve Apostles or to the twelve tribes of Judea , and the construction of a preliminary church, also of reed. Father Juan de las Casas held his first mass in the improvised church. The city was named Santafé de Bogotá, a combination of the Spanish city of Santafé and the Chibcha name of

2160-456: Is a monolith of about 8 metres (26 ft) high, 8 metres (26 ft) wide and 15 metres (49 ft) long. Legend says it is a box of rock with a lid on top where the cacique Sanoha hid a fifteen-year-old girl inside, who during a night in April exited naked. The monolith contains an upper part where a natural fractured zone has been excavated more by humans. The rock is also a viewpoint for

2304-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

2448-811: Is found within Colombian territories. Boyacá is the department where 18.3% of the national total area is located. The Ocetá Páramo is situated in the Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes at altitudes between 2,950 metres (9,680 ft) and 3,950 metres (12,960 ft). The páramo with an area of 5,771.1 hectares (14,261 acres) lies east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , southwest of the Pisba National Natural Park and north of Siscuinsí Lake . Farther to

2592-564: Is growing in a wider altitude distribution. Chusquea tessellata is characteristic of the Eastern Ranges. On the Ocetá Páramo, formerly written as Oseta, various species have been described by Thomas van der Hammen ; Bryum argenteum , Breutelia polygastrica , Calamagrostis effusa , Ceratodon stenocarpus , Didymodon laevigatus , Leptodontium flexifolium and Sphagnum sancto-josephense . Other flora occurring on

2736-408: Is one of the most important finds from the Herrera Period, dating from 400 BCE onwards, into the age of the Muisca. At the site, the remains of 2200 individual people, 274 complete ceramic pots, stone tools , seeds of cotton , maize , beans and curuba , 634 fragmented and intact spindles and 100 tunjos not used for offerings were found. The Muisca Confederation is the accepted name for

2880-479: Is present. El Pulpito del Diablo (English: "The Devil's Pulpit") is a raised mesa-type hill to the south of the main hiking trail on the Páramo de Ocetá. The Playa or Valle de Frailejones or Jardines de Ocetá (English: "Frailejon Beach or Valley" or "Ocetá Gardens") is a relatively flat portion on the páramo where a large quantity of frailejones are growing. The frailejones grow 1 centimetre (0.39 in)

3024-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

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3168-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

3312-629: Is the Laguna Negra and the Calicanto, Tejar and Morro Rivers as well as numerous creeks ( quebradas ) have their origin on the Páramo de Ocetá. The Penagos waterfall feeds the Laguna Negra. The Ocetá Páramo is part of the El Cocuy sub-basin , an inverted basin in the Eastern Ranges. During the Hauterivian , the El Cocuy and Tablazo sub-basins formed a continuous basin due to the flooding of

3456-584: The hoa of Hunza , the iraca of the sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi , the Tundama of Tundama , and several other independent caciques . The most important rulers at the time of the conquest were psihipqua Tisquesusa , hoa Eucaneme , iraca Sugamuxi and Tundama in the northernmost portion of their territories. The Muisca were organised in small communities of circular enclosures ( ca in their language Muysccubbun ; literally "language of

3600-430: The Altiplano Cundiboyacense started around 12,500 years BP with the oldest human evidence found at El Abra , near Zipaquirá . Other archaeological sites of the preceramic are Tequendama , Tibitó , Checua and Aguazuque . At the time of the arrival of the first hunter-gatherers, the area was still populated by Pleistocene megafauna , such as Cuvieronius , Haplomastodon and Equus amerhippus . During

3744-893: The Aztec Empire . Cortés's mother (Catalina Pizarro Altamirano) was related to the family of Francisco Pizarro , the later conquistador of the Inca Empire . After unsuccessful attempts to establish Spanish settlements in La Guajira and San Sebastián de Urabá (close to the present municipality Necoclí ) on January 20, 1510, the first remaining settlement was Turbaco , founded on December 8, 1510. The first cities founded on Colombian soil that still exist today, were Santa Marta (and its northern corregimiento Taganga ) on July 29, 1525, by Rodrigo de Bastidas and Cartagena , then called San Sebastián de Cartagena by Pedro de Heredia on June 1, 1533. Shortly before Cartagena, Mahates

3888-495: The Battle of Vargas Swamp by Simón Bolívar would be fought. Maldonado, enforced with 2000 yanakunas ; indigenous prisoners of war from Peru and submitted people from Bacatá and Ramiriquí , was accompanied by the Muisca whose ears and hand had been cut off by Tundama. The Spanish conquistador with his superior weapons, cavalry and the inside knowledge of the earless Muisca killed 4000 guecha warriors of Tundama. Seeing this battle

4032-594: The Cayman Islands on May 10, he arrived in Jamaica on June 25. Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres , who had sailed to the New World on February 13, 1502, with 32 ships, the biggest fleet of the time, had become governor of Hispaniola. A distant relative of him, the 19-year young Hernán Cortés from Medellín, Spain , left for Hispaniola in 1504. He would later become famous as the conquistador who brought down

4176-593: The Eastern Ranges of the Andes, far away from the Caribbean coast . The savanna was an ancient lake, that existed until the latest Pleistocene and formed a highly fertile soil for their agriculture. The Muisca were a deeply religious civilisation with a polytheistic society and an advanced astronomical knowledge, which was represented in their complex lunisolar calendar . Men and women had specific and different tasks in their relatively egalitarian society; while

4320-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

4464-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

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4608-512: The Miocene , establishing the current ecosystem in the Pliocene , the vegetation became that of a páramo. The typical flora of a páramo are frailejones , that are plants of the genus Espeletia . The lower altitude parts of the páramo are characterised by Espeletia barclayana , Espeletia jaramilloi , Espeletia congestiflora and Espeletia argentea , while Espeletia grandiflora

4752-507: The Muisca , where father Juan Domingo de las Casas held his first sermon . The climate of Chipatá, at 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) altitude, was much more pleasant than the hot lower valleys of the Opón River and Gonzalo decided to stay for five months in the town to allow his soldiers to rest and regain strength. The local Muisca of Chipatá brought the Spanish soldiers new mantles, as the ones taken from Santa Marta had worn down due to

4896-590: The Muisca religion , was a temple filled with gold, emeralds, cloths, and mummies . On his way to Suamox, presently called Sogamoso, the troops spent the night in Paipa . On August 25, 1537, other sources state a date in early September, the troops arrived in the Iraca Valley around Suamox. While Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ordered his men to leave the Sun Temple for the time being, two of his soldiers entered

5040-602: The Panche in the Battle of Tocarema , fought on August 20, 1538, in Tocarema, currently part of Cachipay . In this battle, the Spanish had allied with Sagipa , the new and last zipa . De Quesada with only 50 soldiers and Sagipa 12,000 to 20,000 guecha warriors strong beat the Panche on 20 August 1538 and celebrated the victory. Sagipa was held by the new Spanish rulers on accusation of his illegal rule. The Spanish demanded

5184-716: The Socha Formation in the Peña de Ortí , and the Late Cretaceous Guadalupe sandstone and shale formations, Guaduas Formation , and the organic shales of the Chipaque Formation . The Guaduas Formation contains coal seams that are mined in the area. The Cretaceous-Paleocene Guaduas Formation is the most important source for the rich coal deposits in the Andean interior of Colombia. During

5328-515: The Tenza Valley , to the east of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense where the majority of the Muisca lived, they extracted emeralds in Chivor and Somondoco . The economy of the Muisca was rooted in their agriculture with main products maize , yuca , potatoes , and various other cultivations elaborated on elevated fields (in their language called tá ). Agriculture had started around 3000 BCE on

5472-482: The caciques were conspiring against him, he sent out several expeditions of soldiers. His captain Juan de Céspedes went south to conquer Fusagasugá and to found Pasca on July 15, 1537. Hernán was sent north and Gonzalo himself went northeast, to search for the mythical Land of Gold El Dorado . There he didn't find golden cities, but emeralds the Muisca were extracting in Chivor and Somondoco . First foundation

5616-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

5760-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

5904-413: The thunderstorms . After eight months of horrible jungle experience where they advanced just 150 kilometres (93 mi), the heavily reduced troops reached La Tora , now called Barrancabermeja. Easier to defend, the settlement was taken as a place of rest for about three months and to bury the 100 more dead soldiers of which many were thrown in the river to become food for the crocodiles. Plagued by

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6048-453: The zipa . The Spanish soldiers beat the Muisca warriors and continued southwest across the Bogotá savanna towards Cajicá . Here they had an overview of the vast plains of the savanna, dotted with farmfields on elevated terraces. The intermontane valley was populated with numerous bohíos , circular houses with a conical roof made of reed. The climate of the high plains was pleasant for

6192-577: The Altiplano, following the preceramic Herrera Period and a long epoch of hunter-gatherers since the late Pleistocene. The earliest archaeological evidence of inhabitation in Colombia, and one of the oldest in South America, has been found in El Abra , dating to around 12,500 years BP . The main part of the Muisca civilisation was concentrated on the Bogotá savanna , a flat high plain in

6336-469: The Altiplano; Iguaque , Suesca , Fúquene , Tota , the Siecha Lakes , and the most important; Lake Guatavita . It was in this circular lake, located at an altitude of 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) within the boundaries of present-day municipality of Sesquilé , that the initiation ritual of the new zipa was performed. This ceremony, where the new zipa would cover himself in gold dust and from

6480-573: The Andes, all searching for the mythical land of gold, were starting from later Venezuela , led by Bavarian and other German conquistadors and from the south, starting in the previously founded Kingdom of Quito in what is now Ecuador . The conquest of the Muisca started in March 1537, when the greatly reduced troops of de Quesada entered Muisca territories in Chipatá , the first settlement they founded on March 8. The expedition went further inland and up

6624-544: The Caribbean Mosquito Coast of later Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica , reaching the bay of Almirante on October 16. In this region, currently known as Bocas del Toro , he made first contact with the Chibcha -speaking Ngäbe people , learning about the resources of gold. After getting in conflict with the cacique of the area, El Quibían , Columbus and his men had to flee the region and set sail back to Hispaniola on April 16, 1503. After sighting

6768-686: The Colombian Andes , as first European explorers. The army with the brothers de Quesada and more than 700 soldiers and 80 horses went first east and then south passing the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta on their right hand over land and another, of more than 200 men, embarked in boats and ascended the Magdalena River from Ciénaga , in search of its origin. The list of the soldiers that eventually made it to Funza has been compiled by Juan Florez de Ocáriz (1612–1692). The land army

6912-474: The Herrera Period, that is commonly defined as from 800 BCE to 800 CE, the agriculture that started before was further developed. Evidence for this has been uncovered in among others the Thomas van der Hammen Reserve , named after Dutch geologist and botanist Thomas van der Hammen . It was in the Herrera Period that pottery became widespread and from the 5th century CE onwards, the habit of mummification

7056-633: The Moon (personalised by Chía ) and her husband, the Sun (solar god Sué ) were the most important. Two main temples were constructed to honour these deities; in Chía the Moon Temple and in sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi the Sun Temple respectively. Both temples were built according to astronomical parameters . Most of the other sacred sites were natural in character; the many lakes that existed on

7200-513: The Muisca impressed the Spanish conquistadors and made them even more curious to find out who was the leader of the civilisation. While the Muisca regarded the European conquerors with distrust, they were also curious about them and where they came from. The Spanish settlers, still around 150 kilometres (93 mi) away from the southern Muisca capital Bacatá , continued south and reached the Altiplano Cundiboyacense , where they marched through

7344-490: The Muisca. They served as "baths" where the Muisca women bore their babies. Close to the Tortolitas, Muisca petroglyphs have been found. The Peña de Otí (English: "Rock of Otí") is an outcrop of alternating shales and sandstones of the Socha Formation . It is observed to the southwest from the main trail leading to the Mirador de los Cóndores on the páramo. The rocks of the Peña de Otí were used to construct

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7488-603: The New Kingdom of Granada in the second half of the sixteenth century to continue his quest for El Dorado in the Llanos Orientales , Huila and Tolima . Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada died in Mariquita in 1579. Before embarking on a ship on the Magdalena River to take them to Cartagena , the three conquistadors founded their place of harbour; Panche settlement Guataquí on April 6, 1539. Tundama , who ruled

7632-403: The Ocetá Páramo is indicated with a gate called Portal de la Gloria . It is possible to access the páramo by horse and do wild camping on the páramo. The use of a trained guide is recommended, as the journey contains many paths and the sudden mist can be cold and dangerous due to the loss of orientation. The best months to visit the páramo are November and December. An alternative route towards

7776-622: The Ocetá Páramo starts in Mongua and reaches the Laguna Negra first. Spanish conquest of the Muisca The Spanish conquest of the Muisca took place from 1537 to 1540. The Muisca were the inhabitants of the central Andean highlands of Colombia before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors . They were organised in a loose confederation of different rulers ; the psihipqua of Muyquytá , with his headquarters in Funza ,

7920-621: The Santander-Floresta paleohigh. The main uplift in the Eastern Ranges occurred between the late Oligocene and Pleistocene , with increased tectonic uplift in the Plio-Pleistocene. The Neogene compression led to the formation of alluvial fans in the intermontane valleys of the Eastern Cordillera. Pollen analysis has shown the transition from lowland tropical forests to colder mountainous vegetation over

8064-592: The Spanish Crown were the Tairona , who inhabited the area around Santa Marta, with their descendants presently living on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and in Tayrona National Park . On April 6, 1536, triggered by the stories of the mythical "City of Gold" El Dorado , Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada organised two groups of conquistadors to set foot towards the inner highlands of

8208-718: The Spanish beat the zaque and the big and strong Muisca ruler was taken captive to Suesca . There he was tortured and the Spanish soldiers hoped he would reveal where he hid his precious properties. The absence of Quemuenchatocha paved the route for his nephew Aquiminzaque to succeed him as ruler of the northern Muisca, a practice common in Muisca traditions . When Quemuenchatocha was finally released from captivity in Suesca, he fled to Ramiriquí , where he died shortly after. The Spanish soldiers found gold, emeralds, silver , mantles, and other valuables in Tunja. They were not able to take all

8352-432: The Spanish conquerors was revealed to Tisquesusa by the mohan Popón, from the village of Ubaque . He told the Muisca ruler that foreigners were coming and Tisquesusa would die "bathing in his own blood". When Tisquesusa was informed of the advancing invasion of the Spanish soldiers, he sent a spy to Suesca to find out more about their army strength, weapons, and with how many warriors they could be beaten. The zipa left

8496-554: The Spanish conquistadors with valuable peace offers. While this was happening, Quemuenchatocha had hidden his treasures from the Spanish. Hunza was located in a valley not as green as the Bogotá savanna . The advantage of the Spanish weaponry and the use of the horses quickly beat the Muisca warriors. When Gonzalo arrived at the main bohío of Quemuenchatocha, he found the Muisca ruler sitting in his throne and surrounded by his closest companions. All men were dressed in expensive mantles and adorned with golden crowns. On August 20, 1537,

8640-442: The Spanish troops and Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada baptised the flatlands Valle de los Alcázares . The expedition halted in Chía where they spent the Holy Week . After that week in April 1537, de Quesada ordered his men towards Funza , the site of the domain of the zipa . Although the army of the brothers De Quesada was reduced to 170 men, the hundreds of guecha warriors couldn't resist the superior Spanish arms and were defeated. In

8784-421: The Spanish who resided in the coastal city of Santa Marta , founded by Rodrigo de Bastidas in 1525, were informed about this legend , a large expedition in the quest for this El Dorado (city or man of gold) was organised in the spring of 1536. A delegation of more than 900 men left the tropical city of Santa Marta and went on a harsh expedition through the heartlands of Colombia in search of El Dorado and

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8928-407: The Ubaté-Chiquinquirá Valley, passing through Barbosa , close to Saboyá . That town would later become the first encomienda of Pedro de Galeano, the brother of Martín Galeano , who were both taking part in the expedition. Saboyá means in Chibcha "Taste of the mantles", referring to the mantles that were elaborated by the Muisca from traded cotton . Following the course of the Suárez River ,

9072-486: The advanced status of the Muisca society formed the main motive for the Spanish conquistadors to leave the relative safety of Santa Marta and commence the strenuous expedition inland. The first time the mainland of the continent of South America was sighted by European eyes, was at the third voyage of Christopher Columbus in August 1498. During the first half of the month, he explored the Paria Peninsula , presently part of eastern Venezuela . On this voyage, Columbus saw

9216-432: The army continued south towards Simijaca , the first settlement in the modern department of Cundinamarca . The troops stayed on the eastern bank of the Suárez River and reached Lake Fúquene , presently much smaller than in the 1530s. The water level estimated in the time of the expedition was 10 metres (33 ft) to 15 metres (49 ft) higher than today. The caciques of the settlements Simijaca and, further along

9360-485: The army of de Quesada at the banks of the Magdalena two months later. The lower parts of the Magdalena River were inhabited by numerous indigenous groups who resisted the Spanish conquistadors with canoes , fighting using poisoned arrows. This held the Spanish troops back and the reduced army joined forces on land in Sompallón , where they had lost already 100 men. The two conquistadors who reached this area first were Juan de Sanct Martín and Juan de Céspedes . Many of

9504-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

9648-418: The basis for the -not so much- legend of El Dorado ; the "Man of Gold", also interpreted as "The City of Gold". The specialised goldworking of the Muisca was known far outside the Confederation and many golden offer pieces ( tunjos ) have been found in various sites, making them the most common objects in museums around the world . The area of the Muisca did not contain many gold deposits and their gold

9792-453: The boats had arrived. The messengers returned with sad news; the majority of boats had shipwrecked in the mouth of the Magdalena and the soldiers who survived and made it onshore fell prey to the poisoned arrows of the indigenous groups and the crocodiles along the river. The remaining ships left for Cartagena de Indias . Ortún Velázquez de Velasco and Luis de Manjarrés made it back to Santa Marta where they obtained new boats. They joined

9936-400: The capital Bacatá and took shelter in Nemocón which directed the Spanish troops to there, during this march attacked by more than 600 Muisca warriors. When Tisquesusa retreated in his fort in Cajicá he allegedly told his men he would not be able to combat against the strong Spanish army in possession of weapons that produced "thunder and lightning". He chose to return to Bacatá and ordered

10080-475: The capital of the New Kingdom of Granada , named after his home region of Granada , Spain. That same month, on August 20, the zipa who succeeded his brother Tisquesusa upon his death; Sagipa , allied with the Spanish to fight the Panche , eternal enemies of the Muisca in the southwest. In the Battle of Tocarema, the allied forces claimed victory over the bellicose western neighbours. In late 1538, other conquest undertakings resulted in more founded settlements in

10224-433: The capital to be evacuated, resulting in an abandoned site when the Spanish arrived. In search for the Muisca ruler the conquistadores went north to find Tisquesusa in the surroundings of Facatativá where they attacked him at night. Tisquesusa was thrusted by the sword of one of de Quesada's soldiers but without knowing he was the zipa he let him go, after taking the expensive mantle of the ruler. Tisquesusa fled hurt into

10368-640: The churches and convent in Monguí. Legends about the Peña include tales of witches dancing with the devil on October 31, the origin of the scratches on the rock face from the devil who was riding a donkey on the hilltop and fell down, when the hoofs created the scratches and that the hill opened one day revealing the Calicanto Bridge and church made of gold. The end of the world would come when the hill closed again. The Caja del Rey (English: "The King's Box")

10512-416: The civilisation that produced all this precious gold. The leader of the first and main expedition under Spanish flag was Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , with his brother Hernán second in command. Several other soldiers were participating in the journey, who would later become encomenderos and take part in the conquest of other parts of Colombia. Other contemporaneous expeditions into the unknown interior of

10656-409: The coast and it took them eight days to reach the lakes of Tamalameque . The indigenous people there, who had suffered from the conquest expedition of Bavarian conquistador Ambrosius Ehinger six years earlier, revolted defending the local population. They were submitted to the rule of de Quesada. The troops rested in this area for a while and Gonzalo sent a delegation to the Magdalena River to see if

10800-466: The conquest expeditions; Gonzalo de Quesada, Nikolaus Federmann (in Spanish called De Federmán) and Sebastián de Belalcázar, met in Bosa and agreed to travel back to Spain to ask for compensation for their exploration for the Spanish Crown. Gonzalo assigned Hernán as interim governor of the New Kingdom and chose the first mayor and council for the capital. The chaplain of the team of Federmann, Juan Verdejo,

10944-467: The course of the Opon River , but soon discovered it was not navigable anymore. Gonzalo decided to continue over land and they found a canoe with ceramic pots with salt and cloths . This was a sign they came closer to a great civilisation and it motivated the troops to march on. Gonzalo ordered 40 of his weakest men and 150 soldiers to return to Santa Marta. Those who returned fell into the hands of

11088-504: The disgruntled soldiers wanted to return to the relative safety of Santa Marta, but father Juan Domingo de las Casas persuaded the soldiers to continue, at the risk of being called cowards if they refused. The expedition split in two again, with one part ascending further the Magdalena River and the main part through the thick forests of the right bank of the river. Here they encountered many natural dangers, such as jaguars , wild boar , snakes , mosquitoes , spiders , stinky grisons , and

11232-545: The expedition entered Nemocón , the second-most important salt -producing town in the Muisca Confederation. When the troops of de Quesada arrived in Nemocón, the local inhabitants brought them food like deer , pigeons , rabbits , guinea pigs , beans , tubers , and other aliments, new to the Spanish. When the troops of de Quesada were in Nemocón, they were first attacked by the Muisca guecha warriors of

11376-507: The first part of the binomial species name for each species within the genus. The composition of a genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

11520-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

11664-412: The former Muisca Confederation . Knowledge of the conquest expeditions in Muisca territories has been provided and compiled by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , main conquistador, and scholars Pedro de Aguado , Juan Rodríguez Freyle , Juan de Castellanos , Pedro Simón , Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita , Joaquín Acosta , Liborio Zerda , and Jorge Gamboa Mendoza . The pre-Columbian history of

11808-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

11952-405: The harsh circumstances of their expedition. Some of the members of the expedition were already half-naked. In Chipatá, the Spanish for the first time learnt to drink chicha , the fermented alcoholic beverage of the Muisca. Using the enslaved indigenous people of the coast who understood forms of Chibcha , Gonzalo and Hernán were informed where the civilisation producing those fine mantles and salt

12096-462: The heart of the Andes. Two other expeditions that were taking place at the same time; of De Belalcázar from the south and Federmann from the east, reached the newly founded capital and the three leaders embarked in May 1539 on a ship on the Magdalena River that took them to Cartagena and from there back to Spain. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada had installed his younger brother Hernán as new governor of Bogotá and

12240-458: The hot climate, mosquitos, and illnesses and conscious that the broad river extended upwards, the expedition continued south. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was convinced they would reach the lands full of gold they heard about at the Caribbean coast and motivated his delegation of soldiers, that at this time had an average age of 27 years old, to walk on. From Barrancabermeja, the troops followed

12384-413: The indigenous groups along the way and few of them made the journey back to the Caribbean city. The brothers de Quesada marched on with 70 of the original horses and sent ahead the conquistadors Juan de Céspedes , Antonio de Lebrija and Alférez Anton de Olalla. They found a valley with scattered houses . Early 1537, after passing through Aguada , the expedition reached Chipatá , the first settlement of

12528-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

12672-457: The last 5 million years. The youngest uplifted eastern chain of the Colombian Andes formed the provenance area for the Magdalena River . In the vicinity of the area of Ocetá, to the southwest in Iza and Paipa for the Eastern Cordillera unique volcanic and magmatic activity is noted from 4.7 to 2.1 Ma. The stratigraphical units encountered on the Ocetá Páramo are Paleocene sandstones and shales of

12816-541: The latter organised new conquest campaigns in search of El Dorado during the second half of 1539 and 1540. His captain Gonzalo Suárez Rendón founded Tunja on August 6, 1539, and captain Baltasar Maldonado , who had served under de Belalcázar, defeated the cacique of Tundama at the end of 1539. The last zaque Aquiminzaque was decapitated in early 1540, establishing the new rule over

12960-453: The lover of Zoratama ), Martín Galeano , Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano , Ortún Velázquez de Velasco , Antonio de Lebrija , Gonzalo Macías , Juan de Céspedes , and Juan Maldonado . Historians usually divide the journey, filled with difficulty in two stages: the first from Santa Marta to Barrancabermeja, and the second from Barranca to the Muisca territory. Around 800 soldiers left Santa Marta on April 5, 1536, of whom only 173 survived when

13104-528: The main ingredient of the diet of the Muisca and pre-Muisca , has been extensively hunted and captured over time. The Páramo de Ocetá was a sacred place for the Muisca , who inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and surrounding areas before the Spanish conquest . The region of Monguí was populated by the Sanoa tribe. Along the route from Monguí to the highest point of the Ocetá Páramo,

13248-458: The many creeks and rivers tributary to the Magdalena swimming, where the caymans formed another risk. Apart from the natural hazards, also the indigenous people attacked the Spanish with their arrows, clubs and canoes. At night, when the soldiers were sleeping unprotected in their hammocks , the jaguars attacked and killed them, and in many cases the screams of the men were not heard because of

13392-477: The many spines and poisonous plants in the forest. Even anteaters had attacked the troops and almost killed a horse. Pioneers with machetes were sent ahead to create pathways through the dense jungle, a task that could take up to 8 days for a path crossed by the army in hours. The troops took shelter from the heavy rains below trees and ate fruits and wild roots to survive. Many of the soldiers became ill and died due to snake bites and jaguar attacks. They crossed

13536-421: The meantime, zipa Tisquesusa sent messengers to the caciques in the Muisca Confederation to inform them of the arrival of the light-skinned heavily armed men. The caciques considered the invaders sacred and didn't dare to attack them. Funza was conquered and founded on April 20, 1537. Of the more than 900 soldiers who left Santa Marta a year earlier, only 162 survived the harsh expedition. The arrival of

13680-492: The men used spears, poisoned arrows , and golden knives. Although gold deposits were not abundant on the Altiplano, through trading the Muisca obtained large amounts of the precious metal which they elaborated into fine art , of which the Muisca raft and the many tunjos (offer pieces) were the most important. The Muisca raft pictures the initiation ritual of the new zipa , that took place in Lake Guatavita . When

13824-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

13968-427: The most distinguished soldiers. Masses were organised to honour the many dead soldiers during the campaign and part of the treasure was given to Juan de las Casas. De Quesada was not pleased to hear about the advancement of another group of conquistadors in the east, led by Nikolaus Federmann , coming from later Venezuela across the Llanos Orientales . Another team of conquerors, commanded by Sebastián de Belalcázar ,

14112-477: The mountains past Facatativá , in the west of the Bogotá savanna, and died of his wounds there. His body was only discovered a year later because of the black vultures circling over it. Upon the death of Tisquesusa, his son Hama and daughter Machinza hid the sister of the zipa , Usaca, in one of the settlements on the Bogotá savanna. When one of the conquistadors, Juan María Cortés, found out about this, his prepared

14256-582: The mouth of the Orinoco River , which water mass he rightly interpreted as a sign the continent must be large. The Orinoco River drainage basin extends to the west into the terrain of the Muisca, via the rivers Meta and its tributaries Lengupá , Upía and Cusiana . Although the country of Colombia is named after Columbus, he never saw the land pertaining to present-day Colombia, while on his fourth and final voyage, he landed in Panama that until 1903

14400-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

14544-680: The north, east and west of the Altiplano, produced the basis for their art and cloth and ceramics production . The Muisca were unique in South American civilisations in their production of golden coins, called tejuelo . Other than the other great civilisations of pre-Columbian Americas , such as the Aztec , Maya and Inca , the people did not construct large stone architecture , yet built their bohíos and temples of clay, wooden poles and reed in small communities on artificially elevated areas. The Muisca adored various deities, of which

14688-421: The northeast are the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy and to the southwest Lake Tota . The climate varies between 0 °C (32 °F) in winter nights and 17 °C (63 °F) on sunny days. Foggy blankets are common in the area. Páramos are "sponges"; sources of water for lower lying terrains and the Ocetá Páramo is no exception. In the upper part of the páramo, marshes and small lakes exist. The biggest waterbody

14832-464: The northernmost part of the Muisca Confederation from an island in the former lake around Tundama , already got notice of the burning of the Sun Temple, two years earlier and the submission of the neighbouring indigenous groups , the Panche , Guane and others and told his guecha warriors not to bow for the Spanish invaders. When one of his warriors suggested surrender was the best option, Tundama cut off his ears and left hand. The cacique declared

14976-413: The payments not enough and before the end of the year Maldonado killed Tundama with a large hammer. Genus Genus ( / ˈ dʒ iː n ə s / ; pl. : genera / ˈ dʒ ɛ n ər ə / ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses . In binomial nomenclature , the genus name forms

15120-509: The people"), with a central square where the bohío of the cacique was located. They were called "Salt People" because of their extraction of salt in various locations throughout their territories, mainly in Zipaquirá , Nemocón , and Tausa . For the main part self-sufficient in their well-organised economy , the Muisca traded with the European conquistadors valuable products as gold , tumbaga (a copper - silver -gold alloy), and emeralds with their neighbouring indigenous groups . In

15264-417: The precious pieces and many were secretly taken away by the Muisca, using folded deer skins. They hid the valuables in nearby hills. After the victory of Gonzalo de Quesada of the important city of Hunza, with some of his men he continued to Suamox , the sacred City of the Sun, ruled by the iraca called Sugamuxi . The Temple of the Sun , built to worship the Sun god Sué , one of the two main deities in

15408-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

15552-453: The páramo are Pentacalia vernicosa , Ageratina tinifolia , Bidens andicola , Lupinus luisanae var. ocetensis , Viola sp. , Arnica sp. and various types of mosses and lychen . Among the fauna that can be observed on the páramo are Andean condor , black agouti , eastern cottontail , frogs , mountain paca , spectacled bear , white-tailed deer . The spectacled bear is very rare and possibly extinct. The white tailed deer,

15696-617: The páramo that can be viewed from the Cerro de Águilas or the Mirador de Cóndores . The lake drains towards Mongua and it is possible to reach from that village. Legend tells that a young boy is living in the lake, whose singing can be heard close to the Penagos waterfall. The Ocetá Páramo is mostly accessed from Monguí along the Camino de la Otra Vida ; a full-day hike, ascending and back descending 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), that takes between six and eleven hours. A steep and pebbly access to

15840-501: The route Fúquene and Tausa , were loyal to the zipa of Bacatá and the conquistadors were increasingly interested in the richness of that area. After Fúquene, they entered Guachetá and founded the modern town on March 12, continued to Lenguazaque that was founded the next day, and arrived in Suesca , founding that city on March 14. Suesca would become the seat of Gonzalo Jiménez and his place of death 42 years later. After Suesca,

15984-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

16128-544: The same route as his first, he landed on the Colombian mainland on May 3, 1502, founding the first colony in South America; Santa Cruz today part of Bahia Honda . The colony didn't last more than three months due to various factors. The indigenous Wayuu resisted ferociously and the Spanish explorers couldn't find enough food and fresh water in the barren desert region to maintain the colony. De Ojeda set sail towards Santo Domingo in Hispaniola . His failure to establish

16272-629: The same year Cali (July 25) by Sebastián de Belalcázar . The latter also founded Popayán in December of the same year. Jamundí , south of Cali , was founded on March 23 by Juan de Ampudia and Pedro de Añasco . The first expedition into the terrains controlled by the Muisca started on April 6, 1536. The army of conquistadors was led by marrano Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada with his brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada second in command. Other notable captains and soldiers were Gonzalo Suárez Rendón , Juan de San Martín , Lázaro Fonte (who would become

16416-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

16560-417: The slopes of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense into later Boyacá and Cundinamarca . The towns of Moniquirá (Boyacá), Guachetá , and Lenguazaque (Cundinamarca) were founded before the conquistadors arrived at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna in Suesca . En route towards the domain of zipa Tisquesusa , the Spanish founded Cajicá and Chía . In April 1537 they arrived at Funza , where Tisquesusa

16704-535: The south after conquering Peru and the Kingdom of Quito as part of the expedition by De Belalcázar, Baltasar Maldonado , entered the territories of Tundama and offered him a peace proposal if he would surrender. Tundama, informed by the Spanish murders of zipa Tisquesusa and zaque Quemuenchatocha, did not accept and Maldonado attacked Tundama and his army on the island in Vargas Swamp, where 280 years later

16848-621: The southern Muisca capital Bacatá , meaning "Enclosure outside of the farmfields". The newly established country, part of the Spanish Empire was called New Kingdom of Granada , after the place of birth of the brothers de Quesada in Andalusia ; Kingdom of Granada . After the expeditions into the Muisca territories and to the north, submitting Hunza and Sugamuxi, and the foundation of Bogotá, various other journeys were organised. Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada himself went west and submitted

16992-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

17136-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

17280-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

17424-406: The temple at night and found the mummies sitting on elevated platforms inside. Their torches accidentally set the temple, made of wooden poles and clay, on fire. Before, the conquistadors had looted the temple and taken more than 300 kilograms (660 lb) of gold, worth 80,000 ducats at the time, not taking into account the emeralds , fine cloths, and other valuables. At the start of 1538, when

17568-560: The territories inhabited by the Muisca on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense and neighbouring Tenza and Ubaque valleys to the east. The confederation of rulers , with as most important the zipa of Bacatá , zaque of Hunza , iraca of Sugamuxi and the Tundama of Tundama , among various independent caciques , covered an area of approximately 25,000 square kilometres (9,700 sq mi). Population estimates range from 300,000 to 2,000,000 inhabitants. The Muisca were mainly

17712-407: The territories of the zaque , who ruled from Hunza . When the Spanish conquerors entered the outskirts of Hunza and found a hill with poles where bodies were dangling, they named it Cerro de la Horca ("Gallow Hill"). At the time of the conquest Quemuenchatocha was the zaque and he ordered his men to not submit to the European invaders or show them the way to his bohío . He sent messengers to

17856-422: The troops reached Muisca territory, 11 months later. Expedition from the east and southwest were undertaken simultaneously. In the years around the main expedition of the de Quesadas, two other major exploration routes into the heart of Colombia were followed; one under German order, headed by Federmann from the northeast, and one led by de Belalcázar from the south. The first indigenous group that submitted to

18000-441: The troops were exhausted after almost two years in foreign terrain, the soldiers asked what was their payment for the conquest they had done. De Quesada divided the conquered treasures between his men; 40,000 pieces of fine gold, 562 emeralds, and tumbaga (gold-copper-silver alloys). Foot soldiers received 520 pieces each, horse riders double the amount, captains 2,080 pieces, generals 3,640, and some pieces were given as prizes for

18144-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

18288-460: The vast amounts of gold of the heritage of Tisquesusa. Initially Sagipa denied and went into hiding. When Sagipa saw the Muisca lost faith in his rule he surrendered to De Quesada. Outraged by his refusal to hand over the treasure Sagipa was tortured with iron bars. In early 1539 the last zipa died in the Spanish camp in Bosa as a result of the torments by the Spanish rulers. The three leaders of

18432-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

18576-484: The western area. Ciudad de Piedra or Ciudad Perdida (English: "The Stone or Lost City"), not to be confused with its famous counterpart in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta , is a series of rock formations of 15 metres (49 ft) high, 20 metres (66 ft) wide and 200 metres (660 ft) long. In the Ciudad de Piedra , a tabular stone, thought to have served for human sacrifices , called Mesa de los Sacrificios

18720-551: The women took care of the sowing, preparation of food , the extraction of salt, and the elaboration of mantles and pottery , the men were assigned to harvesting, warfare , and hunting . The guecha warriors were tasked with the defence of the Muisca territories, mainly against their western neighbours; the Muzo ("Emerald People") and the bellicose Panche . To impress their enemies, the Muisca warriors wore mummies of important ancestors on their backs, while fighting. In their battles,

18864-416: The world and one of the treasures of Colombia. The Ocetá Páramo is considered the most beautiful páramo in the world and one of the national treasures of Colombia. It is located at 230 kilometres (140 mi) from the Colombian capital Bogotá and 93 kilometres (58 mi) from the departmental capital Tunja . Colombia is the country with the most páramos in the world; more than 60% of the Andean ecosystem

19008-701: Was Engativá , presently a locality of Bogotá, on May 22, 1537. Passing through Suba , Chía , Cajicá , Tocancipá , Gachancipá , Guatavita , and Sesquilé , he arrived in Chocontá , founding the modern town on June 9. The journey went eastward into the Tenza Valley through Machetá , Tibiritá , Guateque , Sutatenza , and Tenza , founded on San Juan ; June 24. On the same day, Hernán founded Sutatausa . Gonzalo continued northwest through La Capilla and Úmbita . He arrived in Turmequé that he founded on July 20. In August 1537 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada entered

19152-426: Was accidentally burned by two soldiers of the army of de Quesada in early September. Meanwhile, other soldiers from the conquest expedition went south and conquered Pasca and other settlements. The Spanish leader returned with his men to the Bogotá savanna and planned new conquest expeditions executed in the second half of 1537 and first months of 1538. On August 6, 1538, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada founded Bogotá as

19296-525: Was beaten by the Spanish. This formed the onset for further expeditions, starting a month later towards the eastern Tenza Valley and the northern territories of zaque Quemuenchatocha . On August 20, 1537, the zaque was submitted in his bohío in Hunza . The Spanish continued their journey northeastward into the Iraka Valley , where the iraca Sugamuxi fell to the Spanish troops and the Sun Temple

19440-406: Was coming from the south, originating from Quito . Gonzalo sent Hernán to meet the southern group who had traveled through the hot valley of Neiva . One and a half-year after the victory of the conquistadors on Tisquesusa , in the area of Teusaquillo , the modern capital of Colombia was founded. Although some historians set the date at April 27, 1539, the common and celebrated date of foundation

19584-533: Was common for the higher classes. Archaeological evidence of the Herrera Period has been found in numerous places on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, among others in Sopó , Soacha , Usme , Iza , Gámeza , Facatativá ( Piedras del Tunjo Archaeological Park ), Moniquirá ( El Infiernito ), Chía , Chita , Chiscas , Soatá , Jericó , Sativasur , Covarachía , Sativanorte and El Cocuy . The site in Soacha

19728-467: Was denied port in the Caribbean capital, Columbus sailed in the direction of Jamaica and from there to Guanaja , one of the Bay Islands off the coast of later Honduras , arriving one month later. On August 14, 1502, he landed as first European on the mainland of Central America , at a settlement that would later be called Puerto Castilla . Over the course of the next two months, Columbus explored

19872-423: Was founded on April 17, 1533. Malambo , Atlántico was discovered in 1529 by Jerónimo de Melo and Silos , Norte de Santander by Ambrosius Ehinger in 1530. In 1535, Tolú and Sincelejo , Sucre were founded by Alonso de Heredia on July 25, and Antonio de la Torre y Miranda on October 4 respectively. In the south of what is now Colombia, Yumbo , Valle del Cauca was founded in 1536 by Miguel Muñoz and in

20016-412: Was fruitless, Tundama fled to Cerinza to ally with the cacique from there and prepared a new attack on the Spanish and indigenous troops, losing again. The caciques of northern Boyacá convinced Tundama to not fight anymore and Tundama surrendered to the Spanish troops. Maldonado demanded huge quantities of gold and emeralds to pay his loss to the Spanish. When handing over the valuables, Maldonado deemed

20160-584: Was led by Gonzalo with Hernán second in command. The first indigenous group encountered, were the Chimila . Continuing south, the troops had to cross inhospitable terrains full of creeks and part of their supplies and equipment was lost when crossing the Ariguaní River . The difficulties of the expedition only increased when the conquerors went further inland. They reached the indigenous settlement of Chiriguaná , lost their indigenous guides brought from

20304-519: Was located. Chipatá was the first settlement of the later New Kingdom of Granada , founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada on March 8, 1537. Shortly after, the rested and reinforced troops set foot to higher terrains towards the south. Different from the scattered and unorganised indigenous groups they encountered before, advancing into the Muisca Confederation , they found a much better organised society and economy . The agriculture of

20448-523: Was named priest. Most of the soldiers of the expeditions of Federmann and De Belalcázar decided to stay in Bogotá, reinforcing the reduced troops of De Quesada. Without having found El Dorado , three years after his departure from Santa Marta, in mid May 1539, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada returned to the Caribbean coast, to sail to Spain from Cartagena. After writing his book about the conquest, Epítome de la conquista del Nuevo Reino de Granada between 1548 and 1559, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada would return to

20592-483: Was obtained mostly through trade with their neighbours at the frequent markets they organised in various settlements throughout the Altiplano. Emeralds were other precious pieces both extracted within the Confederation in the Tenza Valley and traded with their western neighbours, the Muzo , called "The Emerald People". The legend of El Dorado , the fine goldworking, abundance of salt and emeralds, and

20736-758: Was part of the current republic. The second time the Orinoco was spotted, was by Amerigo Vespucci who took part in the first expedition that landed on Colombian soil, that of Alonso de Ojeda . Vespucci, as part of a Portuguese expedition, went east and south from the Orinoco and De Ojeda with three ships went west. The first Colombian landmass sighted by De Ojeda was the peninsula of La Guajira in late August 1499. De Ojeda misinterpreted this part of later Colombia as an island , that he called Coquivacoa (currently known as Cabo de la Vela ; "Cape of Sails"). De Ojeda's second voyage commenced in January 1502 and following

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