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68-778: The Christopher Inn was built on the site of the Alfred Kelley mansion . Built in 1838, and used as a Catholic school in the early 1900s, the mansion was demolished c. 1961, its remains a scattered throughout the Cuyahoga Valley National Park . By 1963, the Christopher Inn was completed on the site. it was one of the taller buildings in Columbus at the time. It was owned and developed by the Pontifical College Josephinum ,

136-416: A Catholic seminary in Columbus. The hotel's name evoked Saint Christopher , the patron saint of travelers. The hotel opened on July 29, 1963; its general manager at opening was Henry I. Orringer. The building quickly became an icon of downtown Columbus. In 1962, Columbus hotels spent about $ 5 million in upgrades to decor, air conditioning, and other alterations. The hotels were aiming to meet competition from

204-569: A Selinote (1851). The controversy was to inspire von Klenze's "Aegina" room at the Munich Glyptothek of 1830, the first of his many speculative reconstructions of Greek colour. Hittorff lectured in Paris in 1829–1830 that Greek temples had originally been painted ochre yellow, with the moulding and sculptural details in red, blue, green and gold. While this may or may not have been the case with older wooden or plain stone temples, it

272-592: A bold, pedimented portico with arched openings. The symmetrical façade is divided into two equal halves. Much Greek Revival architecture used the Greek Doric order in the earlier version found in buildings leading up to the Parthenon in Athens. This contrasted significantly with later Greek Hellenistic architecture and Roman architecture . Greek Doric columns are typically rather thick, often tapering towards

340-587: A competition for a monument to the king that would promote "morality and patriotism." Friedrich Gilly 's unexecuted design for a temple raised above the Leipziger Platz caught the tenor of high idealism that the Germans sought in Greek architecture and was enormously influential on Karl Friedrich Schinkel and Leo von Klenze . Schinkel was in a position to stamp his mark on Berlin after the catastrophe of

408-473: A deliberate riposte to France, where it never really caught on. By comparison, Greek Revival architecture in France was never popular with either the state or the public. What little there is started with Charles de Wailly 's crypt in the church of St Leu-St Gilles (1773–80), and Claude Nicolas Ledoux 's Barriere des Bonshommes (1785–89). First-hand evidence of Greek architecture was of very little importance to

476-838: A developer who built the Christopher Inn , and the Kelley house was offered for free to anyone willing to move it. In March 1961, the Ohio Historical Society and Franklin County Historical Society joined up with the Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts to form the Kelley House Committee, Inc., a group of preservationists aiming to preserve the mansion. The Kelley House Committee attempted to raise $ 100,000 to save and move

544-737: A number of decorative styles known variously as Neoclassical , Empire , Russian Empire, and Regency architecture in Great Britain. Greek Revival architecture took a different course in a number of countries, lasting until the 1860s and the American Civil War and later in Scotland . Modern-day architects are recreating this design by building houses similar to the Greek Revival. These houses are characterized by their symmetrical and balanced proportions, typically featuring

612-432: A panoramic view of downtown Columbus. Rough stone walls were used throughout the lower levels, along with free-hanging staircases with red and gold carpets. The lobby had a wide view of Broad Street, while the mezzanine overlooked a 36-foot (11 m) circular pool and a landscaped stone terrace. The hotel's restaurant, Henry's, was described as 'stylish and modern'. Alfred Kelley mansion The Alfred Kelley mansion

680-465: A property with plenty of marshland, so Kelley, a self-made engineer and architect, designed a drainage system there. This included a large vaulted tunnel from the house's cellar to Fifth Street. The work may have delayed the house's construction, which began in 1836 and was completed in June 1838. At the time of construction, it was the most ornate house in the city, and built in the Greek Revival style at

748-400: A simple, symmetrical, and dignified design, presumably the work of Kelley himself. Its main portico, two stories in height, projected outward from the building. The portico's pediment was topped with a stepped parapet, an unusual feature. The other sides of the building each had recessed entrances, two stories in height, supported by two columns. The building had ten columns in total, all of

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816-545: Is looked upon as the last phase in the development of Neoclassical architecture , which was drawn from Roman architecture . The term was first used by Charles Robert Cockerell in a lecture he gave as an architecture professor at the Royal Academy of Arts in London in 1842. With newfound access to Greece and Turkey , or initially to the books produced by the few who had visited the sites, archaeologist–architects of

884-729: Is tempting to see the Greek Revival as the expression of Regency authoritarianism, then the changing conditions of life in Britain made Doric the loser of the Battle of the Styles , dramatically symbolized by the selection of Charles Barry 's Gothic design for the Palace of Westminster in 1836. Nevertheless, Greek continued to be in favour in Scotland well into the 1870s in the singular figure of Alexander Thomson , known as Greek Thomson. Following

952-593: The Academy and University of Athens , the Zappeion , and the National Library of Greece . The most prominent architects in this style were northern Europeans such as Christian and Theophil Hansen and Ernst Ziller and German-trained Greeks such as Stamatios Kleanthis and Panagis Kalkos . Despite the prestige of ancient Greece among Europe's educated elite, most people had minimal direct knowledge of

1020-511: The Act of Union , the Napoleonic Wars , and the clamour for political reform. William Wilkins 's winning design for the public competition for Downing College, Cambridge announced the Greek style was to become a dominant idiom in architecture, especially for public buildings of this sort. Wilkins and Robert Smirke went on to build some of the most important buildings of the era, including

1088-595: The Bank of Pennsylvania . Latrobe's design for the U.S. Capitol was an imaginative interpretation of the classical orders not constrained by historical precedent, incorporating American motifs such as corncobs and tobacco leaves. This idiosyncratic approach became typical of the American attitude to Greek detailing. His overall plan for the Capitol did not survive, though many of his interiors did. He also did notable work on

1156-652: The Greek War of Independence , Romantic Nationalist ideology encouraged the use of historically Greek architectural styles in place of Ottoman or pan-European ones. Classical architecture was used for secular public buildings, while Byzantine architecture was preferred for churches. Examples of Greek Revival architecture in Greece include the Old Royal Palace (now the home of the Parliament of Greece ),

1224-480: The Ionic order and each constructed from a single piece of stone, said to weigh 10,000 lbs. Kelley's property, which cost him $ 917 in 1831, had 18 acres (7.3 ha), from Broad Street north to Long Street, and from Fifth Street east to Seventh Street (now Grant Avenue). The house fronted Broad Street, where his property spanned 918 ft (280 m). The property was deemed "Kelley's Folly" when purchased, as it

1292-686: The Monumental Church and the Washington Monument , as well as George Hadfield and Gabriel Manigault . At the same time, the popular appetite for the Greek was sustained by architectural pattern books, the most important of which was Asher Benjamin's The Practical House Carpenter (1830). This guide helped create the proliferation of Greek homes seen especially in northern New York State and in Connecticut's former Western Reserve in northeastern Ohio . The discovery that

1360-697: The National Register of Historic Places , while noting that the disassembled house did not strictly comply with the register's criteria. Around 1973, the Western Reserve Historical Society agreed to take the stones and place them in a field at their own historical village museum in Bath Township , near Akron. Around 1973, twenty truckloads of the mansion's stones were moved to the Hale Farm and Village. Many of

1428-572: The Porte , British travellers, artists and architects went to Greece and Turkey in ever larger numbers to study ancient Greek monuments and excavate or collect antiquities. The Greek War of Independence ended in 1832; Lord Byron 's participation and death during this had brought it additional prominence. The style was attractive in Russia because they shared the Eastern Orthodox faith with

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1496-735: The Theatre Royal , Covent Garden (1808–1809), the General Post Office (1824–1829) and the British Museum (1823–1848), the Wilkins Building of University College London (1826–1830), and the National Gallery (1832–1838). One of the greatest British proponents of the style was Decimus Burton . In London , twenty three Greek Revival Commissioners' churches were built between 1817 and 1829,

1564-399: The Christopher Inn, as well as from the new Columbus Plaza Hotel , both of which opened in 1963. By 1986, there were several changes in ownership and proposals to update or expand the hotel, including a space needle and rotating restaurant . By the 1980s, new high-rises dwarfed the hotel, and its size was too small for the larger crowds Columbus was drawing in. It went into foreclosure and

1632-638: The French occupation ended in 1813; his work on what is now the Altes Museum , Konzerthaus Berlin , and the Neue Wache transformed that city. Similarly, in Munich von Klenze's Glyptothek and Walhalla memorial were the fulfilment of Gilly's vision of an orderly and moral German world. The purity and seriousness of the style was intended as an assertion of German national values and partly intended as

1700-515: The French, due to the influence of Marc-Antoine Laugier 's doctrines that sought to discern the principles of the Greeks instead of their mere practices. It would take until Labrouste 's Neo-Grec of the Second Empire for Greek Revival architecture to flower briefly in France. Following the travels to Greece , Nicholas Revett, a Suffolk architect, and the better remembered James Stuart in

1768-473: The Greeks had painted their temples influenced the later development of the style. The archaeological dig at Aegina and Bassae in 1811–1812 by Cockerell, Otto Magnus von Stackelberg , and Karl Haller von Hallerstein had disinterred painted fragments of masonry daubed with impermanent colours. This revelation was a direct contradiction of Winckelmann 's notion of the Greek temple as timeless, fixed, and pure in its whiteness. In 1823, Samuel Angell discovered

1836-500: The Greeks. The historic centre of Saint Petersburg was rebuilt by Alexander I of Russia , with many buildings giving the Greek Revival a Russian debut. The Saint Petersburg Bourse on Vasilievsky Island has a temple front with 44 Doric columns. Quarenghi 's design for the Manege "mimics a 5th-century BC Athenian temple with a portico of eight Doric columns bearing a pediment and bas reliefs". Leo von Klenze 's expansion of

1904-619: The Scioto Big Run at Big Run Park. After eight months, the stone blocks were moved to the Ohio State Fairgrounds , where it was proposed they could be used in the proposed Ohio Village . In 1971, after sitting in the fairgrounds parking lot for about four years, the Ohio Exposition Commission ordered the stones to be moved or buried. In 1972, the Ohio Historical Society nominated the ruins to

1972-1011: The Supreme Court interior (1806–1807), and his masterpiece was the Basilica of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Baltimore (1805–1821). Latrobe claimed, "I am a bigoted Greek in the condemnation of the Roman architecture", but he did not rigidly impose Greek forms. "Our religion," he said, "requires a church wholly different from the temple, our legislative assemblies and our courts of justice, buildings of entirely different principles from their basilicas; and our amusements could not possibly be performed in their theatres or amphitheatres." His circle of junior colleagues became an informal school of Greek revivalists, and his influence shaped

2040-704: The Temple of Apollo on the Cycladic island of Delos , in the collection of books that he (and Stuart in some cases) produced, largely funded by special subscription by the Society of Dilettanti. See more in Terry Friedman's book The Georgian Parish Church , Spire Books, 2004. Seen in its wider social context, Greek Revival architecture sounded a new note of sobriety and restraint in public buildings in Britain around 1800 as an assertion of nationalism attendant on

2108-482: The ancient Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century. The monuments of Greek antiquity were known chiefly from Pausanias and other literary sources. Visiting Ottoman Greece was difficult and dangerous business prior to the period of stagnation beginning with the Great Turkish War . Few tourists visited Athens during the first half of the 18th century, and none made any significant study of

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2176-512: The appeal of ancient Greece rose in the 19th century along with the growing acceptance of democracy. This made Greek architecture suddenly more attractive in both the North and the South, for differing ideological purposes: for the North, Greek architecture symbolized the freedom of the Greeks; in the South it symbolized the cultural glories enabled by a slave society. Thomas Jefferson owned a copy of

2244-455: The architectural ruins. It was not until the expedition to Greece funded by the Society of Dilettanti of 1751 by James Stuart and Nicholas Revett that serious archaeological inquiry began in earnest. Stuart and Revett's findings, published in 1762 (first volume) as The Antiquities of Athens , along with Julien-David Le Roy's Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Grèce (1758) were

2312-597: The assembly of Greek buildings in Helsinki city centre is particularly notable. At the cultural edges of Europe, in the Swedish region of western Finland, Greek Revival motifs might be grafted on a purely Baroque design, as in the design for Oravais Church by Jacob Rijf, 1792. A Greek Doric order, rendered in the anomalous form of pilasters , contrasts with the hipped roof and boldly scaled cupola and lantern, of wholly traditional Baroque inspiration. In Austria , one of

2380-731: The best examples of this style is the Parliament Building designed by Theophil Hansen . In Canada , Montreal architect John Ostell designed a number of prominent Greek Revival buildings, including the first building on the McGill University campus and Montreal's original Custom House, now part of the Pointe-à-Callière Museum . The Toronto Street Post Office , completed in 1853, is another Canadian example. While some 18th-century Americans had feared Greek democracy, sometimes called mobocracy ,

2448-466: The city now enjoys a striking visual uniformity, and as such is sometimes whimsically referred to as "the Athens of the North". Within Regency architecture the style already competed with Gothic Revival and the continuation of the less stringent Palladian and Neoclassical styles of Georgian architecture , the other two remaining more common for houses, both in towns and English country houses . If it

2516-411: The city. The cylindrical hotel was mid-century modern , given its simple style, ample use of windows, and open interiors. It was described as a motor inn due to its size and parking accommodations beneath the hotel floors. The Christopher Inn had 16 floors, 137 pie-slice rooms, and a heated pool. 710 glass panels were used throughout the entire building. The hotel neighbored Memorial Hall , which became

2584-557: The coloured metopes of Temple C at Selinunte , Sicily and published them in 1826. The French architect Jacques Ignace Hittorff witnessed the exhibition of Angell's find and endeavoured to excavate Temple B at Selinus. His imaginative reconstructions of this temple were exhibited in Rome and Paris in 1824 and he went on to publish these as Architecture polychrome chez les Grecs (1830) and later in Restitution du Temple d'Empedocle

2652-721: The construction (1833) of the row of Greek temples at Sailors' Snug Harbor on Staten Island . These had varied functions within a home for retired sailors. From 1820 to 1850, the Greek Revival style dominated the United States, such as the Benjamin F. Clough House in Waltham, Massachusetts . It could also be found as far west as Springfield, Illinois . Examples of vernacular Greek Revival continued to be built even farther west, such as in Charles City, Iowa . This style

2720-707: The early 1750s, intellectual curiosity quickly led to a desire among the elite to emulate the style. Stuart was commissioned after his return from Greece by George Lyttelton to produce the first Greek building in England, the garden temple at Hagley Hall (1758–59). A number of British architects in the second half of the century took up the expressive challenge of the Doric from their aristocratic patrons, including Benjamin Henry Latrobe (notably at Hammerwood Park and Ashdown House ) and Sir John Soane , but it remained

2788-497: The first accurate surveys of ancient Greek architecture. The rediscovery of the three relatively easily accessible Greek temples at Paestum in Southern Italy created huge interest throughout Europe, and prints by Piranesi and others were widely circulated. The Napoleonic Wars denied access to France and Italy to traditional Grand Tourists, especially from Britain. Aided by close diplomatic relations between Britain and

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2856-427: The first volume of The Antiquities of Athens . He never practiced in the style, but he played an important role in introducing Greek Revival architecture to the United States. In 1803, Thomas Jefferson appointed Benjamin Henry Latrobe as surveyor of public building, and Latrobe designed a number of important public buildings in Washington, D.C. and Philadelphia , including work on the United States Capitol and

2924-434: The full range of ornamentation, and colour, on ancient Greek temples emerged over the period. Architects were aware of the large pedimental sculptures and metope reliefs, and copied these expensive elements when funds allowed, but far less often had the full range of antefixes and akroterions . Greek temples normally had no windows except perhaps in the roof, posing a problem for modern buildings for most purposes, which

2992-488: The height of its popularity. The Columbus Dispatch called it the "first pretentious house built in Columbus". In June 1838, the Kelley family moved in; Kelley lived there until his death 21 years later. During the Canal Fund financial crisis in 1842, Kelley pledged his property, including the mansion, to save Ohio from bankruptcy. Until 1859, the house served numerous hospitality functions for state and local leaders. Shortly before Kelley's death, he made several changes to

3060-405: The house was included in a tour of old, historic, and architecturally interesting houses in Columbus, sponsored by the Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts . The house was the starting point of the tour, noted as a fine and early example of Greek Revival architecture. The Kelley mansion was abandoned around 1959, and vandals ruined much of its interior. Around 1960, the building and its land were sold to

3128-417: The house, including the construction of ells at its rear. It served as the governor's mansion for James E. Campbell , from 1890 to 1892; meanwhile Kelley's widow and son maintained it until 1906. The son, Alfred Kelley II, moved in with his wife in 1876 and lived there until 1906. In 1907 the Roman Catholic Diocese of Columbus purchased the building, and it became St. Joseph's Cathedral School. In 1949,

3196-447: The house. Fundraising was not successful, and in August 1961, the preservation committee decided to dismantle the house and store the pieces until enough money could be raised. About 300 photographs were taken of the building, and measurements and drawings were taken for its 3,000 stone blocks. The house was taken down under supervision in September 1961. The committee asked for additional time on numerous occasions, and decided to move

3264-405: The house; after years and several moves, the stone remnants were placed at the Hale Farm and Village near Akron in 1973, where they remain today. The Alfred Kelley house was a two-story house, measuring 65 feet (20 m) square and 40 feet (12 m) tall. It was built with a warm gray sandstone from Eastern Ohio, designed in the Greek Revival style at the height of its popularity. It had

3332-447: The location for the Center of Science and Industry (now known by its acronym, COSI ) in 1964. Next to that is the Midland Building , and across the street was the first Wendy's restaurant (today the Catholic Foundation and Jubilee Museum ). Its decor was modern at its opening in 1963, but had become dated by 1977. Custom furniture was designed for each room, fitting their rounded corners. Each room had floor-to-ceiling glass walls with

3400-412: The most notable being St.Pancras church by William and Henry William Inwood . In Scotland the style was avidly adopted by William Henry Playfair , Thomas Hamilton and Charles Robert Cockerell, who severally and jointly contributed to the massive expansion of Edinburgh 's New Town , including the Calton Hill development and the Moray Estate . Such was the popularity of the Doric in Edinburgh that

3468-417: The next generation of American architects. Greek revival architecture in the United States also included attention to interior decoration. The role of American women was critical for introducing a wholistic style of Greek-inspired design to American interiors. Innovations such as the Greek-inspired "sofa" and the " klismos chair" allowed both American women and men to pose as Greeks in their homes, and also in

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3536-482: The numerous portraits of the period that show them lounging in Greek-inspired furniture. The second phase in American Greek Revival saw the pupils of Latrobe create a monumental national style under the patronage of banker and philhellene Nicholas Biddle , including such works as the Second Bank of the United States by William Strickland (1824), Biddle's home "Andalusia" by Thomas U. Walter (1835–1836), and Girard College , also by Walter (1833–1847). New York saw

3604-455: The palace that is now the Hermitage Museum is another example of the style. During the late period of the Ottoman Empire, Greek Revival Architecture had its examples in the empire. The prominent examples are Istanbul Archaeology Museums (1891) The style was generally popular in northern Europe, and not in the south (except for Greece itself), at least during the main period. Examples can be found in Poland , Lithuania , and Finland , where

3672-429: The period studied the Doric and Ionic orders. Despite its universality rooted in ancient Greece, the Greek Revival idiom was considered an expression of local nationalism and civic virtue in each country that adopted it, and freedom from the lax detail and frivolity that then characterized the architecture of France and Italy , two countries where the style never really took architecturally. Greek Revival architecture

3740-444: The private enthusiasm of connoisseurs up to the first decade of the 19th century. An early example of Greek Doric architecture married with a more Palladian interior, is the facade of the Revett-designed rural church of Ayot St Lawrence in Hertfordshire, commissioned in 1775 by Lord Lionel Lyde of the eponymous manor. The Doric columns of this church, with their "pie-crust crimped" details, are taken from drawings that Revett made of

3808-407: The project in the 1960s, was putting together drawings to recreate it, though incorporating modern technology. The original drawings are kept by the Ohio History Connection , which received them along with design documents for 54 other projects in 1985. The Christopher Inn was designed by Karlsberger & Associates, along with Leon Ransom, the first known African American architect of prominence in

3876-409: The stone blocks to Wolfe Park in Columbus, where the committee hoped to rebuild the house, creating a museum and memorial to Kelley. The large sandstone blocks remained in Wolfe Park for over four years when the city deemed them an eyesore; the committee still asked for more time. In 1966, the city ordered the stones to be removed, and so five truckloads of the mansion's stones were dumped on the banks of

3944-402: The stones were missing or weathered; the markings for reassembly were worn off. The initiative to save the Kelley Mansion failed, though it spurred many of the same preservationists to successfully save the Union Station arch several years later. The Christopher Inn was itself demolished in 1988, and is now the site of surface parking lots. Greek Revival Greek Revival architecture

4012-414: The top, always fluted , and have complicated rules for the entablature above the columns. Additionally, the columns go straight down to the floor ( stylobate ) with no distinct base - this last aspect was often skipped by architects who followed the other Greek conventions, for example in the Brandenburg Gate . The understanding of actual Greek architecture was based on ruined buildings, and awareness of

4080-440: Was a style that began in the middle of the 18th century but which particularly flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in northern Europe , the United States , and Canada , as well as in Greece itself following its independence in 1821. It revived many aspects of the forms and styles of ancient Greek architecture , in particular the Greek temple . A product of Hellenism , Greek Revival architecture

4148-402: Was a historic house in Downtown Columbus, Ohio . It was the home of Alfred Kelley , built in 1838. The house stayed in the family for decades, and was later an Ohio governor's mansion, and further on, a Catholic school. It was abandoned in the 1950s, and was deconstructed in 1961 in order to build the Christopher Inn (extant from 1963 to 1988). A preservation committee tried to move and rebuild

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4216-470: Was definitely not the case with the more luxurious marble temples, where colour was used sparingly to accentuate architectural highlights. Henri Labrouste also proposed a reconstruction of the temples at Paestum to the Académie des Beaux-Arts in 1829, decked out in startling colour, inverting the accepted chronology of the three Doric temples, thereby implying that the development of the Greek orders did not increase in formal complexity over time, i.e.,

4284-436: Was embraced in Great Britain , Germany , and the United States , where the idiom was regarded as being free from ecclesiastical and aristocratic associations and was appealed to each country's emerging embrace of classical liberalism . The taste for all things Greek in furniture and interior design, sometimes called Neo-Grec , reached its peak in the beginning of the 19th century when the designs of Thomas Hope influenced

4352-403: Was generally brushed aside. Many buildings that needed to fulfill modern functions concentrated on having an impressive temple-style front, giving the other faces of the building a more practical design up to the cornice . In Germany, Greek Revival architecture is predominantly found in two centres, Berlin and Munich . In both locales, Doric was the court style rather than a popular movement and

4420-416: Was heavily patronised by Frederick William II of Prussia and Ludwig I of Bavaria as the expression of their desires for their respective seats to become the capital of Germany. The earliest Greek building was the Brandenburg Gate (1788–91) by Carl Gotthard Langhans , who modelled it loosely on the Propylaea in Athens . Ten years after the death of Frederick the Great , the Berlin Akademie initiated

4488-411: Was remote from most of Columbus at the time, and was mostly a wetland. The mansion was built from 1835 or 1836 to 1838 for Alfred Kelley . Kelley was a notable politician and lawyer, responsible for the Ohio and Erie Canal and Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad . The house cost a reported $ 15,000 to construct, and involved transporting stone via flatboats . The house was constructed on

4556-429: Was sold in a sheriff's sale in February 1988. It was torn down from April to June of that year, only to become a parking lot, now used by the School Employees Retirement System. S.G. Loewendick & Sons , responsible for demolishing many Columbus landmarks, demolished the hotel. In January 2020, it was reported that a former member of Karlsberger & Associates wanted to rebuild the hotel. Clyde Gosnell, who worked on

4624-420: Was very popular in the south of the US, where the Palladian colonnade was already popular in façades, and many mansions and houses were built for the merchants and rich plantation owners; Millford Plantation is regarded as one of the finest Greek Revival residential examples in the country. Other notable American architects to use Greek Revival designs included Latrobe's student Robert Mills , who designed

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