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69-434: Chris Cunningham (born 15 October 1970) is a British video artist and music video director who directed music videos for electronic musicians such as Autechre , Squarepusher , and Aphex Twin and Björk . Early in his career he worked as a comic book artist. He has created art installations and directed short movies. In the mid 2000s, Cunningham began doing music production work, and has also designed album artwork for

138-822: A Korean-American artist who studied in Germany, is widely regarded as a pioneer in video art. In March 1963 Nam June Paik showed at the Galerie Parnass in Wuppertal the Exposition of Music – Electronic Television . In May 1963 Wolf Vostell showed the installation 6 TV Dé-coll/age at the Smolin Gallery in New York and created the video Sun in your head in Cologne. Originally Sun in your head

207-434: A brand new vocal for it. In 2008, Cunningham produced a fashion shoot for Dazed & Confused using Grace Jones as a model to create "Nubian versions" of Rubber Johnny. In an interview for BBC's "The Culture Show", it was suggested that the collaboration may expand into a video project. In regards to the collaboration, Cunningham stated "For me, Grace has the strongest iconography of any artist in music. She’s definitely

276-569: A distorted and radically dissonant image. Another representative piece, Joan Jonas ' Vertical Roll , involved recording previously-recorded material of Jonas dancing while playing the videos back on a television, resulting in a layered and complex representation of mediation. Much video art in the United States was produced out of New York City, with The Kitchen , founded in 1972 by Steina and Woody Vasulka (and assisted by video director Dimitri Devyatkin and Shridhar Bapat ), serving as

345-671: A full list see below). The majority of these exhibitions were initiatives of the Royal Academy that travelled to museums in the United States and Europe. While still at the Royal Academy Rosenthal curated a number of exhibitions in Germany, including Zeitgeist at the Martin-Gropius-Bau , Berlin with Christos M. Joachimides in 1982, Metropolis, again at the Martin-Gropius-Bau , Berlin, in 1991, and Nationalschätze aus Deutschland: Von Luther zum Bauhaus at

414-741: A great deal from Morley. In 1974, Rosenthal was appointed a Curator at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA), London. During his two-year period at the Institute he organised two key exhibitions and made lasting working relationships, in particular with the Berlin-based art critic Christos M. Joachimides and German artist Joseph Beuys . Between 30 October and 24 November 1974 Rosenthal organised an exhibition with Joachimides of new radical German art called Art into Society; Society into Art: Seven German Artists . Art into Society took place as

483-513: A hope in hell of doing it right. I went back to see him in London just after he'd finished the Bjork video , and I sat on a couch beside this dead sex little Bjork robot, except it was wearing Aphex Twin 's head. We talked." In 2000, Cunningham and William Gibson began work on the script for Gibson's 1984 novel Neuromancer . However, because Neuromancer was due to be a big budget studio film, it

552-525: A long career retrospective essay for White Cube Gallery on the painter George Baselitz. The same year he wrote on the painter Raqib Shaw for Ropac Gallery in Paris and on Joseph Beuys for the exhibition Stag Monuments also for Ropac Gallery, Paris. He is an advisor to the Leiden Gallery in New York, a major private collection of 17th-century Dutch Leiden School paintings centred on Rembrandt. He

621-500: A medium can also be combined with other forms of artistic expression such as Performance art . This combination can also be referred to as "media and performance art" when artists "break the mold of video and film and broaden the boundaries of art". With increased ability for artists to obtain video cameras, performance art started being documented and shared across large amounts of audiences. Artists such as Marina Abramovic and Ulay experimented with video taping their performances in

690-510: A mirroring effect for many members of the audience who were doing the same thing. Export believed the television could complicate the relationship between subject, spectator, and television. In the United Kingdom David Hall 's "TV Interruptions" (1971) were transmitted intentionally unannounced and uncredited on Scottish TV, the first artist interventions on British television. As the prices of editing software decreased,

759-1091: A monthly programme of art and culture, every evening at 20:21, across a global network of billboards in London , Tokyo and Seoul . In 1989, Rosenthal married Manuela Mena Marques , former Deputy Director of the Prado , Madrid, and former Senior Curator of Eighteenth-Century Painting and Goya. Together they have two daughters. Throughout his career Rosenthal has been a member of numerous boards, these include member: Opera Board, Royal Opera House , 1994–98; board, Palazzo Grassi , Venice, 1986– 2004; Comité Scientifique, Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris, 2000–05; Trustee, Thyssen Bornemisza Foundation, 2002–2012 (Rosenthal publicly resigned in protest at Baroness Thyssen Bornemisza 's sale of Constable's The Lock ); Baltic Centre for Contemporary Art , Gateshead, 2004–06; and currently English National Ballet , 2012 – ongoing. Throughout his career Rosenthal has received numerous awards in recognition of his services to art and culture, including

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828-472: A new generation of artists for whom the arrival of lighter equipment such as Handycams favored a more direct expression. Artists such as Pipilotti Rist , Tony Oursler , Carsten Höller , Cheryl Donegan, Nelson Sullivan were able, as others in the 1960s, to leave their studios easily to film by hand without sophistication, sometimes mixing found images with their own ( Douglas Gordon , Pierre Bismuth , Sylvie Fleury , Johan Grimonprez, Claude Closky ) and using

897-586: A new way of expression. One of the key differences between video art and theatrical cinema is that video art does not necessarily rely on many of the conventions that define theatrical cinema. Video art may not employ the use of actors , may contain no dialogue , may have no discernible narrative or plot , and may not adhere to any of the other conventions that generally define motion pictures as entertainment. This distinction also distinguishes video art from cinema's subcategories such as avant garde cinema, short films , or experimental film . Nam June Paik ,

966-564: A nexus for many young artists. An early multi-channel video art work (using several monitors or screens) was Wipe Cycle by Ira Schneider and Frank Gillette . Wipe Cycle was first exhibited at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York in 1969 as part of an exhibition titled "TV as a Creative Medium". An installation of nine television screens, Wipe Cycle combined live images of gallery visitors, found footage from commercial television, and shots from pre-recorded tapes. The material

1035-475: A part of a German Month of events that included lectures by critical theorists of the Frankfurt School of Philosophy. Artists included Joseph Beuys , Hans Haacke , Klaus Staeck , Albrecht D, KP Brehmer KP Brehmer , Dieter Hacker and Gustav Metzger , whose work was to urge artists to strike for three years to "bring down the art system". Apart from a brief visit to Ireland, Beuys remained present in

1104-574: A place whose membership and traditions give it a massive leaning towards the conservative into a world-class, influential venue for exhibitions of contemporary art." Since his resignation from the Royal Academy Rosenthal has continued to curate exhibitions and write on established and emerging contemporary artists. In June 2011, Julian Schnabel, curated by Rosenthal, opened at Venice Museo Correr. In 2012, he curated an exhibition of recent Baselitz paintings for Villa Schöningen in Berlin and also contributed

1173-472: A present but simple post-production. The presentation of the works was also simplified with the arrival of monitors in the exhibition rooms and distribution in VHS . The arrival of this younger generation announced the feminist and gender issues to come, but also the increasingly hybrid use of different media (transferred super 8 films, 16mm, digital editing, TV show excerpts, sounds from different sources, etc). At

1242-632: A solicitor," Rosenthal has said. "I did: Cherie Blair . My biggest regret is not having seen their faces when they received her letter." In 2008, Rosenthal finally resigned from his post at the Royal Academy. It is disputed whether or not he was pushed or left of his own accord. He stayed a further two years in an advisory role, curating an exhibition of Cranach in 2008 and Anish Kapoor in 2009. Writing in The Guardian , art critic Jonathan Jones commented that "The Royal Academy will be an infinitely poorer place without Sir Norman Rosenthal." “He turned

1311-615: A standalone discipline typically situated in relation to film and older broadcast curricula. Current models found in universities like Northeastern and Syracuse show video arts offering baseline competencies in lighting, editing and camera operation. While these fundamentals can feed into and support existing film or TV production areas, recent growth of entertainment media through CGI and other special effects situate skills like animation, motion graphics and computer aided design as upper level courses in this emerging area. Norman Rosenthal Sir Norman Rosenthal (born 8 November 1944)

1380-603: A third of the works presented at Art Unlimited (the section of Art Basel dedicated to large-scale works) were video installations between 2000 and 2015. The same is true for most biennials. A new generation of artists such as Pipilotti Rist , Francis Alys , Kim Sooja , Apichatpong Weerasethakul , Omer Fast , David Claerbout , Sarah Morris , Matthew Barney , were presented alongside the previous generations ( Roman Signer , Bruce Nauman , Bill Viola , Joan Jonas , John Baldessari ). Some artists have also widened their audience by making movies ( Apichatpong Weerasethakul who won

1449-865: A variety of musicians. Cunningham worked on a never completed movie adaptation of William Gibson 's cyberpunk novel Neuromancer . His style is noted for its use of robotics, body horror and Mickey mousing (syncing action with music). Between circa 1990 and 1992, he worked as a comic book artist for 2000 AD working under the pseudonym "Chris Halls" (Halls is his stepfather's surname). He worked on comics including Aliens and Judge Dredd Megazine . His contributions included cover paintings and strips . Also from around 1990, he worked on films including model-making, prosthetic make-up and concept illustrations. He work on films including Hardware (1990) and Dust Devil (1992) for Richard Stanley , Nightbreed (1990) for Clive Barker , and Alien (1992) for David Fincher . After seeing Cunningham's work on

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1518-471: Is a 68 minute long interpretation of the cold war and the role of terrorists, made almost exclusively with original television and film excerpts on hijacking. More generally, during the first decade, one of the most significant steps in the video art domain, was achieved with its strong presence in contemporary art exhibitions at the international level. During this period, it was common to see artist videos in group shows, on monitors or as projections. More than

1587-541: Is a British independent curator and art historian. From 1970 to 1974 he was Exhibitions Officer at Brighton Museum and Art Gallery . In 1974 he became a curator at the Institute of Contemporary Arts , London, leaving in 1976. The following year, in 1977, he joined the Royal Academy in London as Exhibitions Secretary where he remained until his resignation in 2008. Rosenthal has been a trustee of numerous different national and international cultural organisations since

1656-502: Is an anchor” (2004) she lets her foot dry in cement before attempting to break free on camera. Gilmore has said to have mimicked expression styles from the 1960s and 1970s with inspirations like Marina Abramovic as she adds extremism and struggle to her work. Some artists experimented with space when combining Video art and Performance art. Ragnar Kjartannson , an Icelandic artist, filmed an entire music video with 9 different artists, including himself, being filmed in different rooms. All

1725-726: Is currently working with New York-based curator Alex Gartenfeld on the exhibition Empire State, a survey of New York art today, which will run at the Palaexpo, Rome from April – September 2013. In May 2013, a major solo exhibition of Anish Kapoor curated by Rosenthal will open at Martin-Gropius-Bau , Berlin. In September 2020, Rosenthal became chairman of the CIRCA Approval Council, an art platform based in London's Piccadilly Circus . Founded in October 2020 by British-Irish artist Josef O'Connor , they commission and stream

1794-402: Is now definitely not happening." Cunningham took a sabbatical from filmmaking to learn about music production and recording and to develop his own music projects. In 2005, Cunningham released the short film Rubber Johnny as a DVD accompanied by a book of photographs and drawings. Rubber Johnny , a six-minute experimental short film cut to a soundtrack by Aphex Twin remixed by Cunningham,

1863-611: Is rumoured that Cunningham pulled out due to being a first time director without final cut approval. He also felt that too much of the original book's ideas had been cannibalised by other recent films. By 18 November 2004, the Neuromancer film project had been canned. On the FAQ on the William Gibson Board, Gibson stated about the adaptation "... The most recently rumoured version, to have been directed by Chris Cunningham,

1932-578: The 2010 Cannes Film Festival "Palm d'or") or by curating large public events ( Pipilotti Rist 's Swiss National Expo02 In 2003, Kalup Linzy created Conversations Wit De Churen II: All My Churen , a soap opera satire that has been credited as creating the video and performance sub-genre Although Linzy's work is genre defying his work has been a major contribution to the medium. Ryan Trecartin , an experimental young video-artist, uses color, editing techniques and bizarre acting to portray what The New Yorker calls "a cultural watershed". Video art as

2001-588: The Anthony d'Offay Gallery for the Apocalypse: Beauty & Horror in Contemporary Art exhibition curated by Norman Rosenthal and Max Wigram at the Royal Academy of Arts in 2000. The Anthony d'Offay Gallery also commissioned Monkey Drummer , a 2½ minute piece intended for exhibition as a companion to Flex at the 2000 Apocalypse exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts : however,

2070-619: The Bundeskunsthalle , Bonn in 2005-6. Rosenthal was notoriously unpopular with Royal Academicians. Many felt their work had been ignored by the Exhibitions Secretary, and was only displayed in the annual Summer Exhibition with which Rosenthal played no part." I want the best exhibitions. That's that," Rosenthal told Fiona Maddocks in an article for the Evening Standard in 1998. "OK. Strictly speaking all

2139-880: The Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, the Museum Ludwig in Cologne and the Centre pour l'Image Contemporaine (center for contemporary images) in Geneva. By the end of the century, institutions and artists worked on the expanding spectrum of the media, 3d imagery, interactivity, cd-roms, Internet, digital post production etc. Different themes emerged such as interactivity and nonlinearity. Some artists combined physical and digital techniques, such as Jeffrey Shaw 's "Legible City" (1988–91). Others by using Low-Tech interactivity such as Claude Closky 's online "+1" or "Do you want Love or Lust" in 1996 coproduced by

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2208-572: The Dia Art Foundation . But these steps start to move away from the so called video art towards the New media art and Internet art . As the available amount of footage and the editing techniques evolved, some artists have also produced complex narrative videos without using any of their own footage: Marco Brambilla 's Civilization (2008) is a collage, or a "video mural" that portrays heaven and hell. Johan Grimonprez 's Dial H-I-S-T-O-R-Y

2277-792: The World Wide Video festival in The Hague, the Biennale de l'Image in Geneva or Ars Electronica in Linz developed and underlined the importance of creation in this field. From the beginning of the 90's, contemporary art exhibitions integrate artists' videos among other works and installations. This is the case of the Venice Biennale (Aperto 93) and of NowHere at the Louisiana Museum , but also of art galleries where

2346-473: The 18th century, but he soon changed his subject to art criticism of German Expressionism—for these subjects he was supervised by Francis Carsten and James Joll . He was, however, not to finish his thesis: in 1970 a vacancy came up in the UK for Exhibitions Officer at Brighton Museum and Art Gallery , which at the time was under the directorship of John Morley. Rosenthal remained in the post for four years and learnt

2415-435: The 1970s and the 1980s. In a piece titled “Rest energy” (1980) both Ulay and Marina suspended their weight so that they pulled back a bow and arrow aimed at her heart, Ulay held the arrow, and Marina the bow. The piece was 4:10 which Marina described as being “a performance about complete and total trust”. Other artists who combined Video art with Performance art used the camera as the audience. Kate Gilmore experimented with

2484-604: The 1980s; he is currently on the board of English National Ballet . In 2007, he was awarded a knighthood in the Queen's Birthday Honours List . Rosenthal is well known for his support of contemporary art, and is particularly associated with the German artists Joseph Beuys , Georg Baselitz , Anselm Kiefer and Julian Schnabel , the Italian painter Francesco Clemente , and the generation of British artists that came to prominence in

2553-930: The 1995 film version of Judge Dredd , Stanley Kubrick head-hunted Cunningham to work on A.I. Artificial Intelligence . For Kubrick, Cunningham designed and supervised animatronic prototypes of David; the central robot child character. Cunningham worked for over a year on the film. However, around this time Kubrick put the film on hold, with Cunningham going on to pursue a career as a director. Cunningham has had close ties to Warp Records since his first video for Autechre , "Second Bad Vilbel" in 1995 and Squarepusher 's "Come On My Selector" in 1998, which received airplay on MTV 's Amp and MTV's Chill Out Zone in Europe. Videos for Aphex Twin 's " Come to Daddy " and " Windowlicker " are perhaps his best known. His video for Björk 's " All Is Full of Love " won multiple awards, including an MTV music video award for Breakthrough Video and

2622-690: The Academicians are equal," he continued, "But it's an open secret that some are more equal than others: Tracey Emin , Norman Foster , Zaha Hadid , David Hockney , Gary Hume , Anish Kapoor , Tom Phillips , Richard Rogers , the 'Angel of the North man'." In an interview on BBC Omnibus in 1997 he questioned the significance of the artist John Ward, a Royal Academician, and was felt to have ridiculed an elderly Victor Pasmore . That month three Academicians resigned – Michael Sandle (who subsequently rejoined), Craigie Aitchison and Gillian Ayres . Two cited

2691-795: The Chevalier in 1987; the Iron Cross Order of Merit (Germany) in 1991; Cavaliere Ufficiale, Order of Merit (Italy) in 1992; Officier, l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France) in 2003; the German British Forum Award in 2003; and the Order of Aztec Eagle (Mexico) in 2006. He was made an Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Art , London in 1987, received a Hon. DLitt from Southampton University in 2003, and an Hon. DLitt from Leicester University in 2006. In 2007 he

2760-580: The ICA office wall. Beneath it, a title reads: "This is Norman’s Blood." In 1977, The Spectator published a short polemical article Rosenthal wrote called "The Future of the RA". In it he criticised the organisation for its lack of driving philosophy. It had fantastic galleries, but lacked money and vision. Partly as a result of this article Rosenthal was eventually offered a job as Exhibitions Secretary by then President Hugh Casson . Rosenthal's first exhibition at

2829-539: The Royal Academy in 1978, at the suggestion of Bryan Robertson , was on the American painter Robert Motherwell . It was followed by a major exhibition on Post-Impressionism in 1979–80, and in 1981 A New Spirit in Painting, an exhibition of neo-Expressionist painting co-curated with Christos M Joachimides and Sir Nicholas Serota . Considered to be one of Rosenthal's greatest achievements, this exhibition foregrounded

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2898-453: The access the general public had to utilize these technologies increased. Video editing software became so readily available that it changed the way artists worked with the medium. Simulteanously, with the arrival of independent televisions in Europe and the emergence of video clips, artists also used the potential of special effects, high quality images and sophisticated editing ( Gary Hill , Bill Viola ). Festivals dedicated to video art such as

2967-502: The artists could hear each other through a pair of headphones so that they could play the song together, the piece was titled "The visitors" (2012). Some artists, such as Jaki Irvine and Victoria Fu have experimented with combining 16 mm film , 8 mm film and video to make use of the potential discontinuity between moving image, musical score and narrator to undermine any sense of linear narrative. Since 2000, video arts programs have begun to emerge among colleges and universities as

3036-457: The award for Best Special Effects at the 1998 MTV Music Video Awards. Cunningham also came out of a seven-year hiatus from making music videos to direct the video for " Sheena Is a Parasite " by the Horrors . His video installation Flex was first shown in 2000 at the Royal Academy of Arts , and subsequently at the Anthony d'Offay Gallery and other art galleries. Flex was commissioned by

3105-864: The early 1990s known as the YBAs (Young British Artists). Norman Rosenthal was born in Cambridge on 8 November 1944, the son of Jewish refugees Paul Rosenthal (born 1904 in Nové Zámky, Slovakia) and Käthe Zucker (born 1907 in Mühlhausen, Thuringia, Germany). Zucker emigrated to London first, in August 1939. Paul Rosenthal came with the Free Czech Army two years later in 1941. The couple moved from Cambridge to North West London after their first son, Norman,

3174-606: The fall of the Colonel's Dictatorship in Athens the previous year. Artists, including Stephen Antonakos , Vlassis Caniaris , Chryssa , Jannis Kounellis , Pavlos, Lucas Samaras , Panayiotis Vassilakis (Takis) and Costas Tsoclis, sought to "examine the facts of a spiritual as well as an actual immigration". As Director of Exhibitions, Rosenthal famously was beaten up by Keith Allen and his anti-establishment friends. To this day flecks of blood remain preserved beneath plexiglass on

3243-509: The formal qualities of video and employed video synthesizers to create abstract works. Kate Craig , Vera Frenkel and Michael Snow were important to the development of video art in Canada. Much video art in the medium's heyday experimented formally with the limitations of the video format. For example, American artist Peter Campus ' Double Vision combined the video signals from two Sony Portapaks through an electronic mixer, resulting in

3312-424: The gallery for the majority of the exhibition: he engaged in conversations with the audience on how to achieve democracy, sketching out his ideas onto numerous chalkboards subsequently strewn across the floor. The following year, in 1975, Rosenthal again worked with Joachimides on the exhibition Eight Artists, Eight Attitudes, Eight Greeks between 5 November and 4 December. It coincided with a Greek Month to celebrate

3381-467: The headline attractions at Warp 20 in Paris on 8 May 2009 with other performances scheduled at festivals in UK, and a number of European cities later in the year. Chris Cunningham Live continued in June 2011, with performances in London, Barcelona, and Sydney, Australia. During this period Cunningham also made another short film for Warp Films , Spectral Musicians , which remains unreleased. The short film

3450-708: The most inspiring person I’ve worked with so far". In November 2008, Cunningham followed on with another photoshoot for Vice Magazine . Cunningham was married to Warpaint 's bassist Jenny Lee Lindberg in 2010. By 2016, they were currently no longer together. Cunningham has created photography and cover artwork for various people including Björk 's " All Is Full of Love ", Aphex Twin 's " Windowlicker " and " Come to Daddy ". Cunningham has directed music videos, commercials and short films. His commercials for companies and brands, include Gucci , Sony ( PlayStation ), Levi's , Telecom Italia , Nissan , and Orange . The video collection The Work of Director Chris Cunningham

3519-773: The piece was not finished in time. In it an automaton with nine appendages and the head of a monkey plays the drums to "Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount", the 10th track on Aphex Twin 's 2001 album drukqs . Monkey Drummer debuted as part of Cunningham's installation at the 49th International Exhibition of Art at the 2001 Venice Biennale , which consisted of a loop of Monkey Drummer , Flex , and his video for Björk 's " All Is Full of Love ". In 2002 both Flex and Monkey Drummer were exhibited by 5th Gallery in Dublin, Ireland, in an exhibition curated by Artist/Curator Paul Murnaghan, In an August 1999 Spike Magazine interview, cyberpunk author William Gibson stated "He (Chris)

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3588-409: The positioning of the camera. In her video “Anything” (2006) she films her performance piece as she is constantly trying the reach the camera which is staring down at her. As the 13-minute video goes on, she continues to tie together pieces of furniture while constantly attempting to reach the camera. Gilmore added an element of struggle to her art which is sometimes self-imposed, in her video “My love

3657-629: The same time, museums and institutions more specialized in video art were integrating digital technology, such as the ZKM in Karlsruhe, directed by Peter Weibel , with numerous thematic exhibitions, or the Centre pour l'Image Contemporaine with its biennial Version (1994-2004) directed by Simon Lamunière . With the arrival of digital technology and the Internet, some museums have federated their databases such as http://www.newmedia-art.org/ produced by

3726-466: The second album by the Horrors . In the summer of 2008, due to scheduling conflicts with his feature film script writing he could not work on the rest of the album which was subsequently recorded by Geoff Barrow from Portishead . In 2008, he produced and arranged a new version of 'I Feel Love' for the Gucci commercial that he also directed. He travelled to Nashville to work with Donna Summer to record

3795-510: The treatment of Pasmore as one of their chief reasons for going. The inclusion of Myra, Marcus Harvey 's contentious portrait of Myra Hindley , in the Sensation exhibition and Rosenthal himself were other reasons cited. In 2004, Rosenthal was nearly sacked by Lawton Fitt , an ex-Goldmann Sachs banker who took the role of the Royal Academy's Secretary. "Fitt and two others sent me a fax saying my services were no longer required and I should find

3864-621: The two nights at the Japanese electronic music festival Electraglide  [ ja ] . These performances evolved into Chris Cunningham Live , a 55-minute long performance piece combining original and remixed music and film. It features remixed, unreleased and brand new videos and music dynamically edited together into a new live piece spread over three screens. The sound accompanying these images includes Cunningham's first publicly performed compositions interspersed with his remixes of other artist's work. Chris Cunningham Live debuted as one of

3933-642: The work of painters Georg Baselitz and Anselm Kiefer , and set the agenda for a "return to painting" in the early 1980s. In 1997, Rosenthal co-curated the very controversial exhibition Sensation: Young British Artists from the Saatchi Collection with Charles Saatchi . Besides these two most notorious exhibitions, for with which Rosenthal is most readily identified, he organised over thirty exhibitions ranging from Art in Plantagenet England 1200–1400 in 1987 to Anish Kapoor in 2009 (for

4002-733: Was alternated from one monitor to the next in an elaborate choreography. On the West coast, the San Jose State television studios in 1970, Willoughby Sharp began the "Videoviews" series of videotaped dialogues with artists. The "Videoviews" series consists of Sharps' dialogues with Bruce Nauman (1970), Joseph Beuys (1972), Vito Acconci (1973), Chris Burden (1973), Lowell Darling (1974), and Dennis Oppenheim (1974). Also in 1970, Sharp curated "Body Works", an exhibition of video works by Vito Acconci , Terry Fox , Richard Serra , Keith Sonnier , Dennis Oppenheim and William Wegman which

4071-588: Was born in 1944. Rosenthal's father, Paul Rosenthal, managed a Czech emigrants' club in Little Venice . It was his mother particularly who nurtured his love of culture. When he was nine she took him to see The Marriage of Figaro at Covent Garden . Weekends were often spent walking from their home in north-west London to visit the National Gallery and Kenwood House in Hampstead. Rosenthal

4140-577: Was brought to my attention by someone else. We were told, third-hand, that he was extremely wary of the Hollywood process, and wouldn't return calls. But someone else told us that Neuromancer had been his The Wind in the Willows , that he'd read it when he was a kid. I went to London and we met." Gibson is also quoted in the article as saying "Chris is my own 100 percent personal choice...My only choice. The only person I've met who I thought might have

4209-921: Was educated at Westminster City School , London. From 1963 to 1966 he read History at the University of Leicester under Jack Simmons and W.G. Hoskins , author of The Making of the English Landscape . In 1965, at the age of 19, Rosenthal organised his first exhibition, Artists in Cornwall , at the Leicester Museum and Art Gallery as part of the University of Leicester's University Arts Festival. After graduation he returned to London. Seeking employment, he walked into Agnew & Sons Ltd, art dealers and print publishers on Bond Street , and enquired whether any positions were available. He

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4278-400: Was given the job of researcher and librarian on the spot, beginning work immediately. Rosenthal remained with Agnew & Sons for three years, until 1968. The following year, he won a German state studentship and left London to pursue a PhD at the School of Slavonic and East European Studies at the Free University of Berlin . Initially, his research subject was German peasant emancipation in

4347-426: Was made on 16mm film and transferred 1967 to videotape. Video art is often said to have begun when Paik used his new Sony Portapak to shoot footage of Pope Paul VI 's procession through New York City in the autumn of 1965 Later that same day, across town in a Greenwich Village cafe, Paik played the tapes and video art was born. Prior to the introduction of consumer video equipment, moving image production

4416-411: Was nominated for a Grammy for Best Short Form Music Video. It was also the first ever music video to win a Gold Pencil at the D&AD Awards. It can still be seen at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. His video for Aphex Twin 's " Windowlicker " was nominated for the "Best Video" award at the Brit Awards 2000. He also directed Madonna 's " Frozen " video which became an international hit and won

4485-762: Was only available non-commercially via 8mm film and 16mm film . After the Portapak's introduction and its subsequent update every few years, many artists began exploring the new technology. Many of the early prominent video artists were those involved with concurrent movements in conceptual art, performance, and experimental film. These include Americans Vito Acconci , Valie Export , John Baldessari , Peter Campus , Doris Totten Chase , Maureen Connor , Norman Cowie , Dimitri Devyatkin , Frank Gillette , Dan Graham , Gary Hill , Joan Jonas , Bruce Nauman , Nam June Paik , Bill Viola , Shigeko Kubota , Martha Rosler , William Wegman , and many others. There were also those such as Steina and Woody Vasulka who were interested in

4554-432: Was presented at Tom Marioni's Museum of Conceptual Art , San Francisco, California. In Europe, Valie Export 's groundbreaking video piece, "Facing a Family" (1971) was one of the first instances of television intervention and broadcasting video art. The video, originally broadcast on the Austrian television program "Kontakte" February 2, 1971,[11] shows a bourgeois Austrian family watching TV while eating dinner, creating

4623-408: Was released in November 2004 as part of the Directors Label set. This DVD includes selected highlights from 1995 to 2000. Video artist Video art is named for the original analog video tape , which was the most commonly used recording technology in much of the form's history into the 1990s. With the advent of digital recording equipment, many artists began to explore digital technology as

4692-606: Was set to Squarepusher 's "My Fucking Sound" from his album Go Plastic ; and to a piece called "Mutilation Colony" which was written especially for the short, and was released on the studio album Do You Know Squarepusher . In 2007, an excerpt from Flex was shown in the Barbican 's exhibition Seduced: Art and Sex from Antiquity to Now curated by Martin Kemp , Marina Wallace and Joanne Bernstein. alongside other pieces by Bacon , Klimt , Rembrandt , Rodin and Picasso . In December 2007 Cunningham produced two tracks, "Three Decades" and "Primary Colours", for Primary Colours ,

4761-411: Was shot between 2001 and 2004. Shot on DV night-vision, it was made in Cunningham's own time as a home movie of sorts, and took three and half years of weekends to complete. The Telegraph called it "like a Looney Tunes short for a generation raised on video nasties and rave music". In 2005, Cunningham played a 45-minute audio visual piece performed live in Tokyo and Osaka in front of 30,000+ fans over

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